收入不平等对农村居民身心健康的影响——基于CGSS2015数据的实证分析
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摘要
为了全面推进"健康中国"发展战略,打赢脱贫攻坚战,农村居民健康不容忽视。虽然采用跨国数据进行的研究基本上证实了收入不平等对人口健康产生的不利影响,但采用跨地区和个体层面数据的研究仍未得出一致结论,因此本文利用CGSS2015数据,采用Ordered Logit模型分析了个体和群体收入不平等对农村居民自评健康和心理健康的影响。研究发现,个体收入不平等(Podder指数、Kakwani指数、全样本Yitzhaki指数)对农村居民自评和心理健康均存在显著负向影响,群体收入不平等(基尼系数)对农村居民自评和心理健康在整体上都存在"U型"影响关系,但这种"U型"关系的具体形状存在差异,在自评健康的"U型"关系中大部分样本位于其右侧,心理健康中大部分样本位于左侧。除此之外,部分个体层面、家庭层面、社会层面的变量对农村居民的身心健康也有影响。
In order to comprehensively promote the "Healthy China"strategy and win the tough fight against poverty,the health of rural residents cannot be ignored.Although studies using transnational data basically confirmed that income inequality has a negative impact on health,the studies which adopted the data in the regional level and individual level have not reached consistent conclusions.Therefore,this paper used CGSS2015 data and adopted the Ordered Logit model to analyze the impact of income inequality( both the income inequality in individual level and group level) on rural households' self-reported and mental health.The results show that individual-level income inequality( measured by Podder index,Kakwani index,and whole-sample Yitzhaki indexs) has a significant negative effect on rural households' self-reported and mental health,while group-level income inequality( measured by Gini coefficient) has a "U"shape effect.Specifically,most samples lie on the right side in the " U" relationship of self-reported health,while most samples are on the left side in the "U"relationship of mental health.In addition,some variables in the individual,family and social level also have significant effects on the self-reported and mental health of rural households.
In order to comprehensively promote the "Healthy China"strategy and win the tough fight against poverty,the health of rural residents cannot be ignored.Although studies using transnational data basically confirmed that income inequality has a negative impact on health,the studies which adopted the data in the regional level and individual level have not reached consistent conclusions.Therefore,this paper used CGSS2015 data and adopted the Ordered Logit model to analyze the impact of income inequality( both the income inequality in individual level and group level) on rural households' self-reported and mental health.The results show that individual-level income inequality( measured by Podder index,Kakwani index,and whole-sample Yitzhaki indexs) has a significant negative effect on rural households' self-reported and mental health,while group-level income inequality( measured by Gini coefficient) has a "U"shape effect.Specifically,most samples lie on the right side in the " U" relationship of self-reported health,while most samples are on the left side in the "U"relationship of mental health.In addition,some variables in the individual,family and social level also have significant effects on the self-reported and mental health of rural households.
引文
1. Adjayegbewonyo K,Kawachi I. Use of the Yitzhaki Index as a Test of Relative Deprivation for Health Outcomes:aReview of Recent Literature. Social Science&Medicine,2012,75(1):129~137
2 . Chakravarty S. R. Relative Deprivation and Satisfaction Ordering. Keio Economic Studies,1997(34):17~31
3 . Cuesta M B,Budría S. Income Deprivation and Mental Well-being:The Role of Non-cognitive Skills. Economics&Human Biology,2015,17:16~28
4 . Deaton A. Relative Deprivation,Inequality,and Mortality//National Bureau of Economic Research,Inc,2001
5 . Deaton A. Health,Inequality and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Literature,2003,41(1):113~158
6 . Eibner C,Evans W N. Relative Deprivation,Poor Health Habits,and Mortality. Journal of Human Resources,2005,40(3):591~620
7 . Fehr E,Schmidt K M. A Theory of Fairness,Competition,andCooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(3):817~868
8 . Grossman M. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. Journal of Political Economy,1972,80(2):223~255
9 . Jones A M,Wildman J. Health,income and relative deprivation:Evidence from the BHPS. Journal of Health Economics,2008,27(2):308 ~324
10 . Judge K,Paterson I. Poverty,Income Inequality and Health. Treasury Working Paper,2001
11 . Kakwani N. The Relative Deprivation Curve and Its Applications. Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,1984,2(4):395~397
12 . Lhila A,Simon K I. Relative deprivation and child health in the USA. Social Science&Medicine,2010,71(4):777~785
13 . Li H,Zhu Y. Income,Income Inequality,and Health:Evidence from China. Journal of Comparative Economics,2006,34(4):668 ~693
14 . Lynch J,Smith G D,Harper S,et al. Is Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Part 1. A Systematic Review. Milbank Quarterly,2010,82(1):5~99
15 . Mangyo E,Park A. Relative Deprivation and Health:Which Reference Groups Matter? Journal of Human Resources,2011,46(3):459 ~481
16 . Mcewen L N,Kim C,Haan M N,et al. Are Health-related Quality-of-life and Self-rated Health associated with Mortality? Insights from Translating Research into Action for Diabetes(TRIAD). Primary Care Diabetes,2009,3(1):37~42
17 . Podder N. Relative Deprivation,Envy and Economic Inequality. Kyklos:International Review for Social Science,1996,49(3):353 ~376
18 . Reagan P B,Salsberry P J,Olsen R J. Does the Measure of Economic Disadvantage Matter? Exploring the Effect of Individual and Relative Deprivation on Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Social Science&Medicine,2007,64(10):2016~2029
19 . Ren G,Pan X. An Individual Relative Deprivation Index and Its Curve Considering Income Scope. Social Indicators Research,2016,126 (3):935~953
20 . Runciman WG. Relative Deprivation and Social Justice:a Study of Attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England. Berkeley:University of California Press,1966
21 . Smith H J,Pettigrew T F,Pippin G M,et al. Relative Deprivation A Theoretical and Meta-Analytic Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review,2012,16(3):203~232
22 . Wildman J. Income related inequalities in mental health in Great Britain:analysing the causes of health inequality over time. Journal of Health Economics,2003,22(2):295~312
23 . Wilkinson R G. Pickett K E. Income inequality and population health:A review and explanation of the evidence. Social Science&Medicine,2006,62(7):1768~1784
24 . Pickett K E,Wilkinson R G. Income inequality and health:a causal review. Social Science&Medicine,2015,128:316~326
25 . Yitzhaki S. Relative Deprivation and the Gini Coefficient. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1979,93(2):321~324
26 .封进,余央央.中国农村的收入差距与健康.经济研究,2007(1):26~35
27 .李卫平,石光,赵琨.我国农村卫生保健的历史、现状与问题.管理世界,2003(4):33~43
28 .李燕凌,王健,彭媛媛.双层多方博弈视角下农村公共产品多元合作机制研究———基于5省93个样本村调查的实证分析.农业经济问题,2017(6):45~55
29 .齐良书.收入、收入不均与健康:城乡差异和职业地位的影响.经济研究,2006(11):16~26
30 .任国强,王福珍,罗玉辉.收入、个体收入剥夺对城乡居民健康的影响———基于CGSS2010数据的实证分析.南开经济研究,2016(6):3~22
31 .任国强,黄云.相对剥夺对个体健康影响研究进展.经济学动态,2017(2):112~123
32 .任国强,黄云,周云波.个体收入剥夺如何影响城镇居民的健康?———基于CFPS城镇面板数据的实证研究.经济科学,2017(4):77~93
33 .王曲,刘民权.健康的价值及若干决定因素:文献综述.经济学(季刊),2005(4):1~52
34 .赵忠.我国农村人口的健康状况及影响因素.管理世界,2006(3):78~85
35 .周广肃,樊纲,申广军.收入差距、社会资本与健康水平———基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)的实证分析.管理世界,2014(7):12~21
(1)参见习近平在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告
(2)《2017世界卫生统计》报告,参考网址:https://www. sohu. com/a/142047869_489312
(3)国家统计局官网,http://www. stats. gov. cn/
(1)因为Kakwani指数的均值等于基尼系数
(1)例如,Deaton(2001)的研究表明由Kakwani指数测度的相对剥夺和死亡率显著相关,较高的相对剥夺增加了死亡率的概率,Eibner等(2005)采用Podder指数测度的相对剥夺也得出了相同的结论
(2)具体可参见齐良书(2006)
2 . Chakravarty S. R. Relative Deprivation and Satisfaction Ordering. Keio Economic Studies,1997(34):17~31
3 . Cuesta M B,Budría S. Income Deprivation and Mental Well-being:The Role of Non-cognitive Skills. Economics&Human Biology,2015,17:16~28
4 . Deaton A. Relative Deprivation,Inequality,and Mortality//National Bureau of Economic Research,Inc,2001
5 . Deaton A. Health,Inequality and Economic Development. Journal of Economic Literature,2003,41(1):113~158
6 . Eibner C,Evans W N. Relative Deprivation,Poor Health Habits,and Mortality. Journal of Human Resources,2005,40(3):591~620
7 . Fehr E,Schmidt K M. A Theory of Fairness,Competition,andCooperation. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,114(3):817~868
8 . Grossman M. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. Journal of Political Economy,1972,80(2):223~255
9 . Jones A M,Wildman J. Health,income and relative deprivation:Evidence from the BHPS. Journal of Health Economics,2008,27(2):308 ~324
10 . Judge K,Paterson I. Poverty,Income Inequality and Health. Treasury Working Paper,2001
11 . Kakwani N. The Relative Deprivation Curve and Its Applications. Journal of Business&Economic Statistics,1984,2(4):395~397
12 . Lhila A,Simon K I. Relative deprivation and child health in the USA. Social Science&Medicine,2010,71(4):777~785
13 . Li H,Zhu Y. Income,Income Inequality,and Health:Evidence from China. Journal of Comparative Economics,2006,34(4):668 ~693
14 . Lynch J,Smith G D,Harper S,et al. Is Income Inequality a Determinant of Population Health? Part 1. A Systematic Review. Milbank Quarterly,2010,82(1):5~99
15 . Mangyo E,Park A. Relative Deprivation and Health:Which Reference Groups Matter? Journal of Human Resources,2011,46(3):459 ~481
16 . Mcewen L N,Kim C,Haan M N,et al. Are Health-related Quality-of-life and Self-rated Health associated with Mortality? Insights from Translating Research into Action for Diabetes(TRIAD). Primary Care Diabetes,2009,3(1):37~42
17 . Podder N. Relative Deprivation,Envy and Economic Inequality. Kyklos:International Review for Social Science,1996,49(3):353 ~376
18 . Reagan P B,Salsberry P J,Olsen R J. Does the Measure of Economic Disadvantage Matter? Exploring the Effect of Individual and Relative Deprivation on Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Social Science&Medicine,2007,64(10):2016~2029
19 . Ren G,Pan X. An Individual Relative Deprivation Index and Its Curve Considering Income Scope. Social Indicators Research,2016,126 (3):935~953
20 . Runciman WG. Relative Deprivation and Social Justice:a Study of Attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England. Berkeley:University of California Press,1966
21 . Smith H J,Pettigrew T F,Pippin G M,et al. Relative Deprivation A Theoretical and Meta-Analytic Review. Personality and Social Psychology Review,2012,16(3):203~232
22 . Wildman J. Income related inequalities in mental health in Great Britain:analysing the causes of health inequality over time. Journal of Health Economics,2003,22(2):295~312
23 . Wilkinson R G. Pickett K E. Income inequality and population health:A review and explanation of the evidence. Social Science&Medicine,2006,62(7):1768~1784
24 . Pickett K E,Wilkinson R G. Income inequality and health:a causal review. Social Science&Medicine,2015,128:316~326
25 . Yitzhaki S. Relative Deprivation and the Gini Coefficient. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1979,93(2):321~324
26 .封进,余央央.中国农村的收入差距与健康.经济研究,2007(1):26~35
27 .李卫平,石光,赵琨.我国农村卫生保健的历史、现状与问题.管理世界,2003(4):33~43
28 .李燕凌,王健,彭媛媛.双层多方博弈视角下农村公共产品多元合作机制研究———基于5省93个样本村调查的实证分析.农业经济问题,2017(6):45~55
29 .齐良书.收入、收入不均与健康:城乡差异和职业地位的影响.经济研究,2006(11):16~26
30 .任国强,王福珍,罗玉辉.收入、个体收入剥夺对城乡居民健康的影响———基于CGSS2010数据的实证分析.南开经济研究,2016(6):3~22
31 .任国强,黄云.相对剥夺对个体健康影响研究进展.经济学动态,2017(2):112~123
32 .任国强,黄云,周云波.个体收入剥夺如何影响城镇居民的健康?———基于CFPS城镇面板数据的实证研究.经济科学,2017(4):77~93
33 .王曲,刘民权.健康的价值及若干决定因素:文献综述.经济学(季刊),2005(4):1~52
34 .赵忠.我国农村人口的健康状况及影响因素.管理世界,2006(3):78~85
35 .周广肃,樊纲,申广军.收入差距、社会资本与健康水平———基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)的实证分析.管理世界,2014(7):12~21
(1)参见习近平在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告
(2)《2017世界卫生统计》报告,参考网址:https://www. sohu. com/a/142047869_489312
(3)国家统计局官网,http://www. stats. gov. cn/
(1)因为Kakwani指数的均值等于基尼系数
(1)例如,Deaton(2001)的研究表明由Kakwani指数测度的相对剥夺和死亡率显著相关,较高的相对剥夺增加了死亡率的概率,Eibner等(2005)采用Podder指数测度的相对剥夺也得出了相同的结论
(2)具体可参见齐良书(2006)
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