人工照明对鸟类影响研究综述
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摘要
人工照明在全球范围内的迅速增长造成的光污染对野生鸟类,尤其夜间迁徙的候鸟产生了非常严重的生态影响。因此,国内外开展了夜间人工照明对鸟类影响的研究。本文从人工照明导致候鸟撞击建筑、干扰鸟类定向机制、破坏鸟类生物节律以及扰乱鸟类生化指标四个方面归纳总结了光生态国内外研究动态,并分析了这些研究中所存在的不足。最后阐述了我国候鸟光生态研究亟待解决的问题与该研究的发展方向。
Artificial lighting has grown rapidly on a global scale. The resulting light pollution had a very serious ecological effect on wild birds, particularly migratory birds that travel at night. Therefore, the research about the effects of artificial lighting on birds was carried out both at home and abroad. This paper reviews the artificial eco-light research from four aspects:(1)the artificial light leads to more bird collisions;(2)the artificial light disrupts the magnetic-direction mechanism of birds;(3)the artificial light disrupts daily sleeping shift of birds;(4) the artificial light affects the biochemical criterion of birds. The paper also summarizes the shortages of all the above researches and indicates the present problems and research direction of this field.
Artificial lighting has grown rapidly on a global scale. The resulting light pollution had a very serious ecological effect on wild birds, particularly migratory birds that travel at night. Therefore, the research about the effects of artificial lighting on birds was carried out both at home and abroad. This paper reviews the artificial eco-light research from four aspects:(1)the artificial light leads to more bird collisions;(2)the artificial light disrupts the magnetic-direction mechanism of birds;(3)the artificial light disrupts daily sleeping shift of birds;(4) the artificial light affects the biochemical criterion of birds. The paper also summarizes the shortages of all the above researches and indicates the present problems and research direction of this field.
引文
[1]HOLKER F,MOSS T,GRIEFAIM B.The Dark Side of Light:A Transdisciplinary Research Agenda for Light Pollution Policy[J].Conservation Ecology:A peerreviewed Journal of Integrative Science and Fundamental Policy Research,2010,15(4):634.
[2]RICH Catherine,LONGCORE Travis.Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting[J].Electronic Green Journal,2005,23:62-114.
[3]ERICKSON Wallace P,JOHNSON Gregory D,YOUNG Jr David P.A Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions1 Fatality Rates[J].Most,2005,34:1029-1042.
[4]http://batteryparkcity.com/news/tribute-in-light-fowlsbird-flight/.
[5]ALLEN J A.Destruction of birds by light-houses[J].Bullentin of the Nuttall Ornitbological Club,1880,5:131-138.
[6]COCHRAN W W,Graber R R.Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower[J].Wilson Bulletin,1958,70(4):378-380.
[7]BALDWIN D H.Enquiry into the mass mortality of nocturnal migrants in Ontario[J].Ontario Nat,1965,3:3-11.
[8]JONES J,FRANCIS C M.The effects of lightcharacteristics on avian mortality at lighthouses[J].Journal of Avian Biology,2003.34(4):328-333.
[9]MARQUENIE J M,F.van de Laar.Protecting migrating birds from offshore production[J].Shell E&P Newsletter:January issue.2004.
[10]POOT H,Ens B.J.,Vries H.de,et al.Green light for nocturnally migrating birds[J].Ecology and Society,2008,13(2):1-14.
[11]GEHRING,J,KERLINGER P.,Manville A.M.Communication towers,lights,and birds:successful methods of reducing the frequency of avian collisions[J].Ecological Applications,2009,19(2):505-514.
[12]VERHEIJEN FJ.Photopollution:artificial light optic spatial control systems fail to cope with.Incidents,causation,remedies[J].Experimental Biology,1985,44(1):1-18.
[13]EVANS OGDEN L.J.Collision course:the hazards of lighted structures and windows to migrating birds[R].Fatal Lights Awareness Program,1996.
[14]EVANS O,L.J.Summary Report on the Bird Friendly Building Program:Effect of Light Reduction on Collision of Migratory Birds[R].Fatal Light Awareness Program,2002.
[15]CUSA Marine,JACKSON Donald A,Mesure Michael.Window collisions by migratory bird species:urban geographical patterns and habitat associations[J].Urban Ecosyst,2015(18):1427-1446.
[16]BURKHARDT D,Maier E.The spectral sensitivity of a passerine bird is highest in the UV[J].Naturwissenschaften,1989,76(2):82-83.
[17]WILTSCHKO W,Munro U.,ford H.et al.Red light disrupts magnetic orientation of migratory birds[J].Nature,1993,364(5):525-527.
[18]WILTSCHKO W,WILTSCHKO R.Migratory orientation of Euroupean Robins is affected by the wavelength of light as well as by a magnetic pulse[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology A,1995,177:363-369.
[19]WILTSCHKO W,WILTSCHKO R,MUNRO U.Lightdependent magnetoreception in birds:the effect of intensity of 565-nm green light[J].Naturwissenschaften,2000,87(8):366-369.
[20]WILTSCHKO W,WILTSCHKO R.Neuroethology,Sensory,Neural,and Behavioral Physiology:The effect of yellow and blue light on magnetic compass orientation in European robins,Erithacus rubecula[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology A,1999,184(3):295-299.
[21]WILTSCHKO Wolfgang,WILTSCHKO Roswitha.Magnetic compass orientation in birds and its physiological basis[J].Naturwissenschaften,2002,89:445-452.
[22]WILTSCHKO R,STAPPUT K,BISCHOF H.-J.,et al.Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds:increasing intensity of monochromatic light changes the nature of response[J].Frontiers in Zoology,2007,4(1):1-12.
[23]RAPPL R,WILTSCHKO R,WEINDLER P,et al.Orientation of Garden Warblers,Sylvia borin,under monochromatic light of various wavelengths[J].Auk,2000,117(1):256-260.
[24]MUHEIM R,BACKMAN J,AKESSON S.Magnetic compass orientation in European robins is dependent on both wavelength and intensity of light[J].The Journal of Experimental Biology,2002,205(24):3845-3856.
[25]POOT H,Ens B J,VRIES H de,et al.Green light for nocturnally migrating birds[J].Ecology and Society,2008,13(2):47.
[26]WILTSCHKO R,MUNRO U,FORD H,et al.Lightdependent magnetoreception:orientation behaviour of migratory birds under dim red light.The Journal of Experimental Biology,2008,211(20):3344-3350.
[27]WILTSCHKO R,DEHE L,GEHRING D,et al.Interaction between the visual and the magnetoreception system:different effects of bichromatic light regimes on the directional behavior of migratory birds[J].Journal of Physiology-Paris,2013,107(1-2):137-146.
[28]WILTSCHKO Roswitha,MUNRO Ursula,FORD Hugh,et al.Orientation of migratory birds under ultraviolet light[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology A,2014,200(5):399-407.
[29]LEOPOLD Aldo,EYNON Alfred E.Avian daybreak and evening song in relation to time and light intensity.
[30]BYRKJEDAL Ingvar,LISLEV Terje,VOGLER Stefanie.Do passerine birds utilise artificial light to prolong their diurnal activity during winter at northern latitudes.Ornis Norvegica,2012(35):37-42.
[31]BERGEN F,ABS M.Etho-ecological study of the singing activity of the blue tit(Parus caeruleus),great tit(Parus major)and chaffinch(Fringilla coelebs)[J].JOURNAL FUR ORNITHOLOGIE,1997,138(4):451.
[32]DOMINONI Davide M,CARMONA-WAGNER Esther O,HOFMANN Michaela,et al.Individual-based measurements of light intensity provide new insights into the effects of artificial light at night on daily rhythms of urban-dwelling songbirds[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2014,83(3):681-692.
[33]MILLER M W.Apparent effects of light pollution on singing behavior of American Robins[J].The Condor,2006,108(1):130-139.
[34]SILVA Arnaud Da,SAMPLONIUS Jelmer M.,Schlicht Emmi,et al.Artificial night lighting rather than traffic noise affects the daily timing of dawn and dusk singing in common European songbirds[J].Behavioral Ecology,2014,25(5):1037-1047.
[35]SILVA Arnaud Da,VALCU Mihai,KEMPENAERS Bart.Behavioural plasticity in the onset of dawn song under intermittentexperimental night lighting[J].Animal Behaviour,2016,117:155-165.
[36]SILVA Arnaud Da,VALCU Mihai,KEMPENAERS Bart.Light pollution alters the phenology of dawn and dusk singing in common European songbirds[J],Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B:Biological Sciences,2015,370(1667):31-39.
[37]RAAP Thomas,PINXTEN Rianne,EENS Marcel.Artificial light at night disrupts sleep in female great tits(Parus major)during the nestling period,and is followed by a sleep rebound[J].Environ Pollut,2016,215:125-134.
[38]KEMPENAERS B,et al.Artificial Night Lighting Affects Dawn Song,Extra-Pair Siring Success,and Lay Date in Songbirds[J].Current Biology,2010,20(19):1735-1739.
[39]JONG Maaike de,OUYANG JENNY Q,SILVA Arnaud Da.Effects of nocturnal illumination on lifehistory decisions and fitness in two wild songbird species[J].The Royal Society Publishing,2015,370:1-8.
[40]DOMINONI Davide,QUETTING Michael,PARTECKE Jesko.Long-Term Effects of Chronic Light Pollution on Seasonal Functions of European Blackbirds(Turdus merula)[J],PLo S ONE,2013,8(12):1-10.
[41]RUSS Anja,RGER Annika,KLENKE Reinhard.Seize the night:European Blackbirds(Turdus merula)extend their foraging activity under artificial illumination[J].Journal fur Ornithologie,2015,156(1):123-131.
[42]MADDOCKS S A,CHURCH S C,CUTHILL I C.The effects of the light environment on prey choice by zebra finches[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2001,204(14):2509-2515.
[43]DEEP Aman,KAREN Schwean-Lardner,CROWE Trever G,et al.Effect of light intensity on broiler behaviour and diurnal rhythms[J],Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2012,136:50-56.
[44]BENNETT A T D,et al.Ultraviolet plumage colors predict mate preferences in starlings[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1997,94(16):8618-8621.
[45]MADDOCKS Sam A,et al.Behavioural and physiological effects of absence of ultraviolet wavelengths on European starlings Sturnus vulgaris[J].Journal of avian biology,2001,33:103-106.
[46]JONG Maaike de,JENINGA Lizanne,OUYANG Jenny Q,et al.Dose-dependent responses of avian daily rhythms to artificial light at night[J].Physiology&Behavior,2016,155:172-179.
[47]RAAP Thomas,CASASOLE Giulia,PINXTEN Rianne,et al.Early life exposure to artificial light at night affects the physiological condition:An experimental study on the ecophysiology of free-living nestling songbirds[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:909-914.
[48]EVANS Jennifer E,CUTHILL Innes C,BENNETT Andrew T D.The effect of flicker from fluorescent lights on mate choice in captive birds[J].Animal Behaviour,2006,72:393-400.
[49]DOMINONI Davide M,GOYMANN Wolfgang,HELM Barbara,et al.Urban-like night illumination reduces melatonin release in European blackbirds(Turdus merula):implications of city life for biological timekeeping of songbirds[J].Frontiers in Zoology,2013,10(1):1-10.
[50]方院新,叶学龄,周建强.遂川千年鸟道中国3条候鸟南北迁徙大通道中的中部通道[J].森林与人类,2013(12):144-147.
[51]张淑萍,张正旺,徐基良,等.天津地区水鸟区系组成及多样性分析[J].生物多样性,2002,10(3):280-285.
[52]马剑,阚跃,刘刚,等.颐和园古典园林夜景照明技术研究[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2009.
[53]李媛.不同波长单色光对红喉歌鸲行为的影响[D].天津:天津大学.2011.
[54]马剑,刘博,刘刚,等.人工光照对迁徙类鸣禽行为影响个案实验研究[J].照明工程学报,2010,21(3):8-12.
[55]刘刚,李媛,马剑.日落前后天然光条件下红喉歌鸲行为观测研究[J].照明工程学报,2012,23(2):33-36.
[56]刘博,马剑,刘刚,等.颐和园夜间照明对雨燕影响的试验研究[J].照明工程学报,2009,20(2):1-5.
[57]刘刚.黑尾塍日没归巢观测阈值研究.中国科学技术协会第285次青年科学家论坛.2014.
[58]LIU Gang,WANG Lixiong,LI Yuan,et al.The Application of Infrared Monitoring Image Processing Technology in Eco-light Experiment[J].China Illuminating Engineering Journal,2013,8(1):44-48.
[2]RICH Catherine,LONGCORE Travis.Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting[J].Electronic Green Journal,2005,23:62-114.
[3]ERICKSON Wallace P,JOHNSON Gregory D,YOUNG Jr David P.A Summary and Comparison of Bird Mortality from Anthropogenic Causes with an Emphasis on Collisions1 Fatality Rates[J].Most,2005,34:1029-1042.
[4]http://batteryparkcity.com/news/tribute-in-light-fowlsbird-flight/.
[5]ALLEN J A.Destruction of birds by light-houses[J].Bullentin of the Nuttall Ornitbological Club,1880,5:131-138.
[6]COCHRAN W W,Graber R R.Attraction of nocturnal migrants by lights on a television tower[J].Wilson Bulletin,1958,70(4):378-380.
[7]BALDWIN D H.Enquiry into the mass mortality of nocturnal migrants in Ontario[J].Ontario Nat,1965,3:3-11.
[8]JONES J,FRANCIS C M.The effects of lightcharacteristics on avian mortality at lighthouses[J].Journal of Avian Biology,2003.34(4):328-333.
[9]MARQUENIE J M,F.van de Laar.Protecting migrating birds from offshore production[J].Shell E&P Newsletter:January issue.2004.
[10]POOT H,Ens B.J.,Vries H.de,et al.Green light for nocturnally migrating birds[J].Ecology and Society,2008,13(2):1-14.
[11]GEHRING,J,KERLINGER P.,Manville A.M.Communication towers,lights,and birds:successful methods of reducing the frequency of avian collisions[J].Ecological Applications,2009,19(2):505-514.
[12]VERHEIJEN FJ.Photopollution:artificial light optic spatial control systems fail to cope with.Incidents,causation,remedies[J].Experimental Biology,1985,44(1):1-18.
[13]EVANS OGDEN L.J.Collision course:the hazards of lighted structures and windows to migrating birds[R].Fatal Lights Awareness Program,1996.
[14]EVANS O,L.J.Summary Report on the Bird Friendly Building Program:Effect of Light Reduction on Collision of Migratory Birds[R].Fatal Light Awareness Program,2002.
[15]CUSA Marine,JACKSON Donald A,Mesure Michael.Window collisions by migratory bird species:urban geographical patterns and habitat associations[J].Urban Ecosyst,2015(18):1427-1446.
[16]BURKHARDT D,Maier E.The spectral sensitivity of a passerine bird is highest in the UV[J].Naturwissenschaften,1989,76(2):82-83.
[17]WILTSCHKO W,Munro U.,ford H.et al.Red light disrupts magnetic orientation of migratory birds[J].Nature,1993,364(5):525-527.
[18]WILTSCHKO W,WILTSCHKO R.Migratory orientation of Euroupean Robins is affected by the wavelength of light as well as by a magnetic pulse[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology A,1995,177:363-369.
[19]WILTSCHKO W,WILTSCHKO R,MUNRO U.Lightdependent magnetoreception in birds:the effect of intensity of 565-nm green light[J].Naturwissenschaften,2000,87(8):366-369.
[20]WILTSCHKO W,WILTSCHKO R.Neuroethology,Sensory,Neural,and Behavioral Physiology:The effect of yellow and blue light on magnetic compass orientation in European robins,Erithacus rubecula[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology A,1999,184(3):295-299.
[21]WILTSCHKO Wolfgang,WILTSCHKO Roswitha.Magnetic compass orientation in birds and its physiological basis[J].Naturwissenschaften,2002,89:445-452.
[22]WILTSCHKO R,STAPPUT K,BISCHOF H.-J.,et al.Light-dependent magnetoreception in birds:increasing intensity of monochromatic light changes the nature of response[J].Frontiers in Zoology,2007,4(1):1-12.
[23]RAPPL R,WILTSCHKO R,WEINDLER P,et al.Orientation of Garden Warblers,Sylvia borin,under monochromatic light of various wavelengths[J].Auk,2000,117(1):256-260.
[24]MUHEIM R,BACKMAN J,AKESSON S.Magnetic compass orientation in European robins is dependent on both wavelength and intensity of light[J].The Journal of Experimental Biology,2002,205(24):3845-3856.
[25]POOT H,Ens B J,VRIES H de,et al.Green light for nocturnally migrating birds[J].Ecology and Society,2008,13(2):47.
[26]WILTSCHKO R,MUNRO U,FORD H,et al.Lightdependent magnetoreception:orientation behaviour of migratory birds under dim red light.The Journal of Experimental Biology,2008,211(20):3344-3350.
[27]WILTSCHKO R,DEHE L,GEHRING D,et al.Interaction between the visual and the magnetoreception system:different effects of bichromatic light regimes on the directional behavior of migratory birds[J].Journal of Physiology-Paris,2013,107(1-2):137-146.
[28]WILTSCHKO Roswitha,MUNRO Ursula,FORD Hugh,et al.Orientation of migratory birds under ultraviolet light[J].Journal of Comparative Physiology A,2014,200(5):399-407.
[29]LEOPOLD Aldo,EYNON Alfred E.Avian daybreak and evening song in relation to time and light intensity.
[30]BYRKJEDAL Ingvar,LISLEV Terje,VOGLER Stefanie.Do passerine birds utilise artificial light to prolong their diurnal activity during winter at northern latitudes.Ornis Norvegica,2012(35):37-42.
[31]BERGEN F,ABS M.Etho-ecological study of the singing activity of the blue tit(Parus caeruleus),great tit(Parus major)and chaffinch(Fringilla coelebs)[J].JOURNAL FUR ORNITHOLOGIE,1997,138(4):451.
[32]DOMINONI Davide M,CARMONA-WAGNER Esther O,HOFMANN Michaela,et al.Individual-based measurements of light intensity provide new insights into the effects of artificial light at night on daily rhythms of urban-dwelling songbirds[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2014,83(3):681-692.
[33]MILLER M W.Apparent effects of light pollution on singing behavior of American Robins[J].The Condor,2006,108(1):130-139.
[34]SILVA Arnaud Da,SAMPLONIUS Jelmer M.,Schlicht Emmi,et al.Artificial night lighting rather than traffic noise affects the daily timing of dawn and dusk singing in common European songbirds[J].Behavioral Ecology,2014,25(5):1037-1047.
[35]SILVA Arnaud Da,VALCU Mihai,KEMPENAERS Bart.Behavioural plasticity in the onset of dawn song under intermittentexperimental night lighting[J].Animal Behaviour,2016,117:155-165.
[36]SILVA Arnaud Da,VALCU Mihai,KEMPENAERS Bart.Light pollution alters the phenology of dawn and dusk singing in common European songbirds[J],Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.Series B:Biological Sciences,2015,370(1667):31-39.
[37]RAAP Thomas,PINXTEN Rianne,EENS Marcel.Artificial light at night disrupts sleep in female great tits(Parus major)during the nestling period,and is followed by a sleep rebound[J].Environ Pollut,2016,215:125-134.
[38]KEMPENAERS B,et al.Artificial Night Lighting Affects Dawn Song,Extra-Pair Siring Success,and Lay Date in Songbirds[J].Current Biology,2010,20(19):1735-1739.
[39]JONG Maaike de,OUYANG JENNY Q,SILVA Arnaud Da.Effects of nocturnal illumination on lifehistory decisions and fitness in two wild songbird species[J].The Royal Society Publishing,2015,370:1-8.
[40]DOMINONI Davide,QUETTING Michael,PARTECKE Jesko.Long-Term Effects of Chronic Light Pollution on Seasonal Functions of European Blackbirds(Turdus merula)[J],PLo S ONE,2013,8(12):1-10.
[41]RUSS Anja,RGER Annika,KLENKE Reinhard.Seize the night:European Blackbirds(Turdus merula)extend their foraging activity under artificial illumination[J].Journal fur Ornithologie,2015,156(1):123-131.
[42]MADDOCKS S A,CHURCH S C,CUTHILL I C.The effects of the light environment on prey choice by zebra finches[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2001,204(14):2509-2515.
[43]DEEP Aman,KAREN Schwean-Lardner,CROWE Trever G,et al.Effect of light intensity on broiler behaviour and diurnal rhythms[J],Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2012,136:50-56.
[44]BENNETT A T D,et al.Ultraviolet plumage colors predict mate preferences in starlings[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,1997,94(16):8618-8621.
[45]MADDOCKS Sam A,et al.Behavioural and physiological effects of absence of ultraviolet wavelengths on European starlings Sturnus vulgaris[J].Journal of avian biology,2001,33:103-106.
[46]JONG Maaike de,JENINGA Lizanne,OUYANG Jenny Q,et al.Dose-dependent responses of avian daily rhythms to artificial light at night[J].Physiology&Behavior,2016,155:172-179.
[47]RAAP Thomas,CASASOLE Giulia,PINXTEN Rianne,et al.Early life exposure to artificial light at night affects the physiological condition:An experimental study on the ecophysiology of free-living nestling songbirds[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,218:909-914.
[48]EVANS Jennifer E,CUTHILL Innes C,BENNETT Andrew T D.The effect of flicker from fluorescent lights on mate choice in captive birds[J].Animal Behaviour,2006,72:393-400.
[49]DOMINONI Davide M,GOYMANN Wolfgang,HELM Barbara,et al.Urban-like night illumination reduces melatonin release in European blackbirds(Turdus merula):implications of city life for biological timekeeping of songbirds[J].Frontiers in Zoology,2013,10(1):1-10.
[50]方院新,叶学龄,周建强.遂川千年鸟道中国3条候鸟南北迁徙大通道中的中部通道[J].森林与人类,2013(12):144-147.
[51]张淑萍,张正旺,徐基良,等.天津地区水鸟区系组成及多样性分析[J].生物多样性,2002,10(3):280-285.
[52]马剑,阚跃,刘刚,等.颐和园古典园林夜景照明技术研究[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2009.
[53]李媛.不同波长单色光对红喉歌鸲行为的影响[D].天津:天津大学.2011.
[54]马剑,刘博,刘刚,等.人工光照对迁徙类鸣禽行为影响个案实验研究[J].照明工程学报,2010,21(3):8-12.
[55]刘刚,李媛,马剑.日落前后天然光条件下红喉歌鸲行为观测研究[J].照明工程学报,2012,23(2):33-36.
[56]刘博,马剑,刘刚,等.颐和园夜间照明对雨燕影响的试验研究[J].照明工程学报,2009,20(2):1-5.
[57]刘刚.黑尾塍日没归巢观测阈值研究.中国科学技术协会第285次青年科学家论坛.2014.
[58]LIU Gang,WANG Lixiong,LI Yuan,et al.The Application of Infrared Monitoring Image Processing Technology in Eco-light Experiment[J].China Illuminating Engineering Journal,2013,8(1):44-48.