基于数据挖掘的及物性和单宾语句典型性关系研究
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摘要
本文以[±意愿]、[±生命]、[±源头]、[±具体]、[±瞬时]、[±受力]、[±变化]这七个及物性特征参数为变量解构单宾语句的语义表现,通过分析100例样本句在这些变量上的强弱表现以获得样本赋值数据。(1)SPSS软件的量化分析发现,及物性特征可降维成三个维度,分别对应于主语、谓语和宾语,三个维度具有良好的信度和效度;(2)通过分析样本句在及物性特征上的表现差异,100例样本句分为三个类别;(3)以数据挖掘软件Clementine构建及物性特征和单宾语句典型性类别之间的CART决策树,发现[±生命]、[±变化]、[±受力]和[±瞬时]是参与典型性类别决策的有效变量,这四个特征对单宾语句的类别判定至关重要。
The paper applies seven semantic parameters analysis of the transitive sentence and collects data from 100 Chinese transitive sentences according to their performance on each parameter. By using SPSS, the paper finds out:(1) the seven parameters fall into three dimensions, which are of good reliability and validity;(2) k-cluster method helps to divide the 100 sentences into three categories;(3) CART decision tree filters four parameters that have significant influence upon the decision of sentences' categories.
The paper applies seven semantic parameters analysis of the transitive sentence and collects data from 100 Chinese transitive sentences according to their performance on each parameter. By using SPSS, the paper finds out:(1) the seven parameters fall into three dimensions, which are of good reliability and validity;(2) k-cluster method helps to divide the 100 sentences into three categories;(3) CART decision tree filters four parameters that have significant influence upon the decision of sentences' categories.
引文
[1]孟琮,郑怀德,孟庆海,蔡文兰.汉语动词用法词典[Z].北京:商务印书馆,1999.
[2]秦晓晴.外语教学研究中的定量数据分析[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2003.
[3]荣泰生.AMOS与研究方法[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009.
[4]邵健.现代汉语主动宾句的认知研究[D].浙江:浙江大学博士学位论文,2012.
[5]邵健,张建理.单宾语句判定及次类关系的多维度量化研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2017,(1).
[6]王惠.从及物性系统看现代汉语的句式[A].语言学论丛(第十九辑)[C].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[7]吴义诚,李艳芝.语言及物性的构式研究[J].外国语,2014,(3).
[8]薛薇,陈欢歌.数据挖掘方法及应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2014.
[9]张建理,骆蓉.构式、整合与语言集约化---对Away构式的调查[J].外国语,2014,(6).
[10]周国光.汉语儿童习得述宾结构状况的考察[J].语言文字应用,1996,(3).
[11]Ambridge,B.,C.H.Noble&E.V.M.Lieven.The Semantics of the Transitive Causative Construction:Evidence from a Forced-choice Pointing Study with Adults and Children[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2014,(2).
[12]Bates,E.&B.MacWhinney.Competition,Variation,and Language Learning[A].Edited by Brian MacWhinney.Mechanisms of Language Acquisition[C].Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum,1987.
[13]Bates,E.&B.Mac Whinney.Functionalism and the Competition Model[A].Edited by Brian Mac Whinney&Elizabeth Bates.The Crosslinguistic Study of Sentence Processing[C]New York:Cambridge University Press,1989.
[14]Breiman.L.,J.H.Friedman,R.A.Olshen,&C.J.Stone.Classification and Regression Trees[M].California:Wadsworth,1984.
[15]Chan,A.,E.Lieven&M.Tomasello.Children’s Understanding of the Agent-patient Relations in the Transitive Construction:Cross-linguistic Comparisons between Cantonese,German,and English[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2009,(2).
[16]Comrie,B.Language Universals and Linguistic Typology[M].Blackwell:Oxford University Press,1989.
[17]Corrigan,R.The Internal Structure of English Transitive Sentences[J].Memory&Cognition,1986,(5).
[18]Corrigan,R.Children’s Identification of Actors and Patients in Prototypical and Non-prototypical Sentence Types[J].Cognitive Development,1988,(3).
[19]Dodson.K&Tomasello,M.Acquiring the Transitive Construction in English:the Role of Animacy and Pronouns[J].Journal of Child Language,1998,(14).
[20]Goldberg,A.E.Constructions[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1995.
[21]Goldberg,A.E.Constructions at Work[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006.
[22]Hopper,P.J.,&Thompson,S.A.Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse[J].Language,1980,(2).
[23]Ibbotson,P.,&Tomasello,M.Prototype Constructions in Early Language Acquisition[J].Language and Cognition,2009,(1).
[24]Ibbotson,P.,Theakston,A.L.,Lieven,E.V.M.and Tomasello,M.Semantics of the Transitive Construction:Prototype Effects and Developmental Comparisons[J].Cognitive Science,2012,(7).
[25]Kittila,S.Remarks on the Basic Transitive Sentence[J].Language Sciences,2002,(2).
[26]Kittila,S.Defining Prototypical Transitivity[J].Lingua,2008,(12).
[27]Lakoff,G.Linguistic Gestalts[J].Chicago Linguistics Society,1977,(13).
[28]Lazard,G.Actancy[M].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,1998.
[29]N?ss,A.Prototypical Transitivity.Typological Studies in Language[M].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John.Benjamins Publishing Company,2007.
[30]Nordlinger,R.Transitivity in Murrinh-Patha[J].Studies in Language,2011,(3).
[31]Slobin,D.The Origin of Grammatical Encoding of Events[A].Edited by W.Deutsch.The Children’s Construction of Language[C].New York:Academic Press,1981.
[32]Slobin,D.The Language Making Capacity[A].Edited by D.Slobin.The Cross-linguistic Study of Language Acquisition[C].Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum,1985.
[33]Talmy,L.Rubber-sheet Cognition in Language[R].Proceedings of the 13th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society Papers,1977.
[34]Talmy,L.Lexicalization Patterns:Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms[A].Edited by Timothy Shopen.Language Typology and Syntactic Description(Vol.III):Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.
[35]Taylor,J.R.Linguistic Categorization:Prototypes in Linguistic Theory[M].Oxford University Press,1989.
[36]Theakston,A.L.,Maslen,R.,Lieven E.V.M.&M.Tomasello.The Acquisition of the Active Transitive Construction in English:A Detailed Case Study[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2012,(1).
[37]Tomasello,M.Constructing a Language:A Usage-based Theory of Language Acquisition[M].Cambridge,MA&London:Harvard University Press,1985.
[38]Tsunoda,T.Remarks on Transitivity[J].Journal of Linguistics,1985,(2).
[39]Tsunoda,T.Transitivity[A].Edited by Brown Keith and Miller,Jim.Concise Encyclopedia of Grammatical Relations[C].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1999.
(1)关于动词岛(verb-island)的提法可见Tomasello对于其女儿动词习得的个案研究中,详细论述可参看Tomasello, M.1992. First verbs:a case study of early grammatical development[M]. Cambridge:C.U.P.
[2]秦晓晴.外语教学研究中的定量数据分析[M].武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2003.
[3]荣泰生.AMOS与研究方法[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009.
[4]邵健.现代汉语主动宾句的认知研究[D].浙江:浙江大学博士学位论文,2012.
[5]邵健,张建理.单宾语句判定及次类关系的多维度量化研究[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2017,(1).
[6]王惠.从及物性系统看现代汉语的句式[A].语言学论丛(第十九辑)[C].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[7]吴义诚,李艳芝.语言及物性的构式研究[J].外国语,2014,(3).
[8]薛薇,陈欢歌.数据挖掘方法及应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2014.
[9]张建理,骆蓉.构式、整合与语言集约化---对Away构式的调查[J].外国语,2014,(6).
[10]周国光.汉语儿童习得述宾结构状况的考察[J].语言文字应用,1996,(3).
[11]Ambridge,B.,C.H.Noble&E.V.M.Lieven.The Semantics of the Transitive Causative Construction:Evidence from a Forced-choice Pointing Study with Adults and Children[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2014,(2).
[12]Bates,E.&B.MacWhinney.Competition,Variation,and Language Learning[A].Edited by Brian MacWhinney.Mechanisms of Language Acquisition[C].Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum,1987.
[13]Bates,E.&B.Mac Whinney.Functionalism and the Competition Model[A].Edited by Brian Mac Whinney&Elizabeth Bates.The Crosslinguistic Study of Sentence Processing[C]New York:Cambridge University Press,1989.
[14]Breiman.L.,J.H.Friedman,R.A.Olshen,&C.J.Stone.Classification and Regression Trees[M].California:Wadsworth,1984.
[15]Chan,A.,E.Lieven&M.Tomasello.Children’s Understanding of the Agent-patient Relations in the Transitive Construction:Cross-linguistic Comparisons between Cantonese,German,and English[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2009,(2).
[16]Comrie,B.Language Universals and Linguistic Typology[M].Blackwell:Oxford University Press,1989.
[17]Corrigan,R.The Internal Structure of English Transitive Sentences[J].Memory&Cognition,1986,(5).
[18]Corrigan,R.Children’s Identification of Actors and Patients in Prototypical and Non-prototypical Sentence Types[J].Cognitive Development,1988,(3).
[19]Dodson.K&Tomasello,M.Acquiring the Transitive Construction in English:the Role of Animacy and Pronouns[J].Journal of Child Language,1998,(14).
[20]Goldberg,A.E.Constructions[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1995.
[21]Goldberg,A.E.Constructions at Work[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006.
[22]Hopper,P.J.,&Thompson,S.A.Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse[J].Language,1980,(2).
[23]Ibbotson,P.,&Tomasello,M.Prototype Constructions in Early Language Acquisition[J].Language and Cognition,2009,(1).
[24]Ibbotson,P.,Theakston,A.L.,Lieven,E.V.M.and Tomasello,M.Semantics of the Transitive Construction:Prototype Effects and Developmental Comparisons[J].Cognitive Science,2012,(7).
[25]Kittila,S.Remarks on the Basic Transitive Sentence[J].Language Sciences,2002,(2).
[26]Kittila,S.Defining Prototypical Transitivity[J].Lingua,2008,(12).
[27]Lakoff,G.Linguistic Gestalts[J].Chicago Linguistics Society,1977,(13).
[28]Lazard,G.Actancy[M].Berlin:Mouton de Gruyter,1998.
[29]N?ss,A.Prototypical Transitivity.Typological Studies in Language[M].Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John.Benjamins Publishing Company,2007.
[30]Nordlinger,R.Transitivity in Murrinh-Patha[J].Studies in Language,2011,(3).
[31]Slobin,D.The Origin of Grammatical Encoding of Events[A].Edited by W.Deutsch.The Children’s Construction of Language[C].New York:Academic Press,1981.
[32]Slobin,D.The Language Making Capacity[A].Edited by D.Slobin.The Cross-linguistic Study of Language Acquisition[C].Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum,1985.
[33]Talmy,L.Rubber-sheet Cognition in Language[R].Proceedings of the 13th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society Papers,1977.
[34]Talmy,L.Lexicalization Patterns:Semantic Structure in Lexical Forms[A].Edited by Timothy Shopen.Language Typology and Syntactic Description(Vol.III):Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.
[35]Taylor,J.R.Linguistic Categorization:Prototypes in Linguistic Theory[M].Oxford University Press,1989.
[36]Theakston,A.L.,Maslen,R.,Lieven E.V.M.&M.Tomasello.The Acquisition of the Active Transitive Construction in English:A Detailed Case Study[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2012,(1).
[37]Tomasello,M.Constructing a Language:A Usage-based Theory of Language Acquisition[M].Cambridge,MA&London:Harvard University Press,1985.
[38]Tsunoda,T.Remarks on Transitivity[J].Journal of Linguistics,1985,(2).
[39]Tsunoda,T.Transitivity[A].Edited by Brown Keith and Miller,Jim.Concise Encyclopedia of Grammatical Relations[C].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1999.
(1)关于动词岛(verb-island)的提法可见Tomasello对于其女儿动词习得的个案研究中,详细论述可参看Tomasello, M.1992. First verbs:a case study of early grammatical development[M]. Cambridge:C.U.P.