泰山顶(1534 m)夏季气溶胶粒径分布特征
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摘要
使用宽范围粒径谱仪对泰山顶2017年6月1～25日10 nm～10μm气溶胶数浓度粒径分布进行观测,结合PM(PM_(2. 5)和PM10)以及气象要素数据,分析了泰山顶气溶胶粒径分布特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明,观测期间泰山PM_(2. 5)和PM10的平均浓度分别为20. 7μg·m~(-3)和82. 4μg·m~(-3),PM_(2. 5)/PM10仅为25. 1%.数浓度、表面积浓度和体积分数平均为8 672. 8cm~(-3)、408. 3μm2·cm~(-3)和24. 2μm3·cm~(-3).数浓度谱分布为单峰型分布,表面积浓度和体积分数谱分布均为三峰型分布.数浓度和表面积浓度的主导粒径分别为10～20 nm和100～500 nm,体积分数的主导粒径为100～500 nm和2. 5～10μm.风向对PM和数浓度的影响要比风速的影响大.随着RH的增加,气溶胶数浓度谱由双峰型分布转变为单峰型分布,表面积浓度谱由单峰型分布转变为三峰型分布.
In this study,the size distribution of aerosol number concentration( 10 nm-10μm),particulate matter( PM_(2. 5) and PM10),and meteorological data were collected from June 1 to 25,2017,at the summit of Mountain Taishan by using a wide-range particle spectrometer( WPS), a β-ray continuous ambient particulate monitor, and an automatic weather station. Consequently, the characteristic of the aerosol size distribution and their impact factors were analyzed. The results indicated that the average mass concentration of PM_(2. 5) and PM10 were 20. 7 μg·m~(-3) and 82. 4 μg·m~(-3),respectively,and the ratio of PM_(2. 5)/PM10 was only 25. 1%.The average number concentration,surface area concentration,and volume concentration were 8 672. 8 cm~(-3),408. 3 μm2·cm~(-3),and24. 2 μm3·cm~(-3),respectively. The spectrum distribution was unimodal for number concentration,and trimodal for surface area and volume concentration. The dominant sizes of the number concentration and the surface area concentration were located at 10-20 nm and100-500 nm,respectively. The volume concentration had dominant sizes at 100-500 nm and 2. 5-10 μm. Wind direction was proved to have a greater influence on PM and number concentration compared with wind speed. With the enhancement of RH,the spectrum of number concentration was converted from bimodal to unimodal distribution,while the surface area concentration changed from unimodal to trimodal distribution.
In this study,the size distribution of aerosol number concentration( 10 nm-10μm),particulate matter( PM_(2. 5) and PM10),and meteorological data were collected from June 1 to 25,2017,at the summit of Mountain Taishan by using a wide-range particle spectrometer( WPS), a β-ray continuous ambient particulate monitor, and an automatic weather station. Consequently, the characteristic of the aerosol size distribution and their impact factors were analyzed. The results indicated that the average mass concentration of PM_(2. 5) and PM10 were 20. 7 μg·m~(-3) and 82. 4 μg·m~(-3),respectively,and the ratio of PM_(2. 5)/PM10 was only 25. 1%.The average number concentration,surface area concentration,and volume concentration were 8 672. 8 cm~(-3),408. 3 μm2·cm~(-3),and24. 2 μm3·cm~(-3),respectively. The spectrum distribution was unimodal for number concentration,and trimodal for surface area and volume concentration. The dominant sizes of the number concentration and the surface area concentration were located at 10-20 nm and100-500 nm,respectively. The volume concentration had dominant sizes at 100-500 nm and 2. 5-10 μm. Wind direction was proved to have a greater influence on PM and number concentration compared with wind speed. With the enhancement of RH,the spectrum of number concentration was converted from bimodal to unimodal distribution,while the surface area concentration changed from unimodal to trimodal distribution.
引文
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[28]Deng C,Zhuang G,Huang K,et al.Chemical characterization of aerosols at the summit of mountain Tai in central east China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(14):7319-7332.
[29]Gao X M,Xue L K,Wang X F,et al.Aerosol ionic components at Mt.Heng in central southern China:abundances,size distribution,and impacts of long-range transport[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,433:498-506.
[30]Li W J,Chi J W,Shi Z B,et al.Composition and hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at Mt.Lu in south China:implications for acid precipitation[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,94:626-636.
[31]Li J J,Wang G H,Zhou B H,et al.Chemical composition and size distribution of wintertime aerosols in the atmosphere of Mt.Hua in central China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(6):1251-1258.
[32]Kulmala M,Vehkamki H,PetjT,et al.Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles:a review of observations[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2004,35(2):143-176.
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[34]Ristovski Z D,Morawska L,Hitchins J,et al.Particle emissions from compressed natural gas engines[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2000,31(4):403-413.
[2]Wang Y S,Yao L,Wang L L,et al.Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2014,57(1):14-25.
[3]胡睿,银燕,陈魁,等.南京雾、霾期间含碳颗粒物理化特征变化分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(6):2007-2015.Hu R,Yin Y,Chen K,et al.Insights into characteristics of carbonaceous particles during haze and fog events in Nanjing[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(6):2007-2015.
[4]Lighty J S,Veranth J M,Sarofim A F.Combustion aerosols:factors governing their size and composition and implications to human health[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2000,50(9):1565-1618.
[5]Tie X X,Wu D,Brasseur G.Lung cancer mortality and exposure to atmospheric aerosol particles in Guangzhou,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(14):2375-2377.
[6]Duan J Y,Wang Y Y,Xie X,et al.Influence of pollutants on activity of aerosol cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)during pollution and post-rain periods in Guangzhou,southern China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,642:1008-1019.
[7]Ma N,Zhao C S,Tao J C,et al.Variation of CCN activity during new particle formation events in the North China Plain[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2016,16(13):8593-8607.
[8]张小曳.中国大气气溶胶及其气候效应的研究[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(1):12-16.Zhang X Y.Aerosol over China and their climate effect[J].Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(1):12-16.
[9]Penner J E,Dickinson R E,O'Neill C A.Effects of aerosol from biomass burning on the global radiation budget[J].Science,1992,256(5062):1432-1434.
[10]Rosenfeld D,Sherwood S,Wood R,et al.Climate effects of aerosol-cloud interactions[J].Science,2014,343(6169):379-380.
[11]Quan J,Zhang Q,He H,et al.Analysis of the formation of fog and haze in North China Plain(NCP)[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(15):8205-8214.
[12]Wang M Y,Cao C X,Li G S,et al.Analysis of a severe prolonged regional haze episode in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,102:112-121.
[13]Wang H L,Zhu B,Shen L J,et al.Regional characteristics of air pollutants during heavy haze events in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16:2159-2171.
[14]Zhang J K,Huang X J,Wang Y S,et al.Characterization,mixing state,and evolution of single particles in a megacity of Sichuan Basin,southwest China[J].Atmospheric Research,2018,209:179-187.
[15]Liu Z R,Gao W K,Yu Y C,et al.Characteristics of PM2.5mass concentrations and chemical species in urban and background areas of China:emerging results from the CARE-China network[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2018,18(12):8849-8871.
[16]沈利娟,王红磊,李莉,等.嘉兴市春季一次持续雾霾过程中气象条件与污染物变化特征分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):2871-2880.Shen L J,Wang H L,Li L,et al.Observation analysis on the characteristics of meteorological elements and pollutants during a continuous fog and haze episode in spring in Jiaxing city[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(8):2871-2880.
[17]江琪,王飞,张恒德,等.2013~2015年北京市PM2.5、反应性气体和气溶胶粒径的特性分析[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(10):3647-3657.Jiang Q,Wang F,Zhang H D,et al.The characteristics of PM2.5、reactive gas and aerosol size distributions of Beijing from2013 to 2015[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(10):3647-3657.
[18]周瑶瑶,马嫣,郑军,等.南京北郊冬季霾天PM2.5水溶性离子的污染特征与消光作用研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1926-1934.Zhou Y Y,Ma Y,Zheng J,et al.Pollution characteristics and light extinction effects of water-soluble ions in PM2.5during winter hazy days at north suburban Nanjing[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(6):1926-1934.
[19]Kang H Q,Zhu B,Su J F,et al.Analysis of a long-lasting haze episode in Nanjing,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2013,120-121:78-87.
[20]Wang H L,Zhu B,Zhang Z F,et al.Mixing state of individual carbonaceous particles during a severe haze episode in January2013,Nanjing,China[J].Particuology,2015,20:16-23.
[21]Wang H L,An J L,Shen L J,et al.Mechanism for the formation and microphysical characteristics of submicron aerosol during heavy haze pollution episode in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,490:501-508.
[22]杨洋,王红磊,侯雪伟,等.石家庄一次持续性霾过程形成原因及气溶胶垂直探空分析[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(3):824-832.Yang Y,Wang H L,Hou X W,et al.Characteristics and formation mechanism of a long-term haze episode and the vertical distribution of aerosol concentration in Shijiazhuang[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(3):824-832.
[23]孟静静,侯战方,张二勋,等.黄山PM10中二元羧酸类化合物的季节变化特征及其来源[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2688-2697.Meng J J,Hou Z F,Zhang E X,et al.Seasonal variation and sources of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in PM10from Mt.Huangshan[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2688-2697.
[24]银燕,陈晨,陈魁,等.黄山大气气溶胶微观特性的观测研究[J].大气科学学报,2010,33(2):129-136.Yin Y,Chen C,Chen K,et al.An observational study of the microphysical properties of atmospheric aerosol at Mt.Huang[J].Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences,2010,33(2):129-136.
[25]文彬,银燕,秦彦硕,等.夏季黄山不同高度大气气溶胶水溶性离子特征分析[J].环境科学,2013,34(5):1973-1981.Wen B,Yin Y,Qin Y S,et al.Chemical characteristics of water-soluble components of aerosol particles at different altitudes of the mount Huang in the summer[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(5):1973-1981.
[26]Wang H L,Zhu B,Shen L J,et al.Number size distribution of aerosols at Mt.Huang and Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta,China:effects of air masses and characteristics of new particle formation[J].Atmospheric Research,2014,150:42-56.
[27]徐宏辉,王跃思,杨勇杰,等.泰山顶夏季大气气溶胶中水溶性离子的浓度及其粒径分布研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(2):305-309.Xu H H,Wang Y S,Yang Y J,et al.Concentrations and size distributions of water soluble ions of atmospheric aerosol at the summit of Mount Tai[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(2):305-309.
[28]Deng C,Zhuang G,Huang K,et al.Chemical characterization of aerosols at the summit of mountain Tai in central east China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2011,11(14):7319-7332.
[29]Gao X M,Xue L K,Wang X F,et al.Aerosol ionic components at Mt.Heng in central southern China:abundances,size distribution,and impacts of long-range transport[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,433:498-506.
[30]Li W J,Chi J W,Shi Z B,et al.Composition and hygroscopicity of aerosol particles at Mt.Lu in south China:implications for acid precipitation[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,94:626-636.
[31]Li J J,Wang G H,Zhou B H,et al.Chemical composition and size distribution of wintertime aerosols in the atmosphere of Mt.Hua in central China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(6):1251-1258.
[32]Kulmala M,Vehkamki H,PetjT,et al.Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles:a review of observations[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2004,35(2):143-176.
[33]Harris S J,Maricq M M.Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2001,32(6):749-764.
[34]Ristovski Z D,Morawska L,Hitchins J,et al.Particle emissions from compressed natural gas engines[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2000,31(4):403-413.