梯度磁场在生物大分子研究中的应用
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摘要
磁场作为一种物理环境,广泛应用于各行各业.随着磁体技术的飞速发展,磁场在科学研究与实践应用中的重要性日趋凸显.在生物大分子研究方向,磁场也发挥了重要的作用.其中,梯度磁场作为磁场的一种,由于其提供的资源除磁场外,还有磁场梯度,使其具备除常规磁场效应(择优取向、晶体质量改善等)外的其他应用价值(如溶液的对流控制、晶体质量改善、分离纯化等),因此备受关注.梯度磁场环境下涉及生物大分子的研究,主要集中在生物大分子的结晶、分离与纯化,以及自组装等方向.充分利用梯度磁场,可以实现高质量的生物大分子晶体生长、高效低成本的生物大分子分离与纯化等重要应用.因此,梯度磁场在生物大分子结构解析技术、生物药物制备技术等方向具有十分重要的价值.本文将从梯度磁场物理环境对生物大分子溶液体系的基础性影响角度出发,回顾并讨论梯度磁场在生物大分子研究中的应用,并对该领域的发展前景进行了预期.
As a kind of physical environment, magnetic fields are widely used in many different fields, ranging from scientific research to industrial production. With the rapid development of magnetic technology, the importance of magnetic fields in scientific research and practical applications has become increasingly prominent. One notable research field is the application of magnetic fields in the research of biological macromolecules. In this research field, gradient magnetic fields, as one kind of magnetic fields, have attracted much attention and have been widely used in various research fields because they can induce effects caused not only by a magnetic field but also by a magnetic field gradient. This feature makes magnetic fields applicable in many research areas, except for those directly related to the magnetic field itself. So far, the application-based research of gradient magnetic fields involving biological macromolecules has mainly focused on the crystallization, separation and purification as well as the self-assembly of biological macromolecules. Since biological macromolecules usually need to complete various processes in their solution state, the influence of gradient magnetic fields on biological macromolecules is mainly realized through their influence on the solution system. It has been found that a gradient magnetic field can affect convection in biological macromolecular solutions through Lorentz forces and magnetization forces; in practice, partial or even complete suppression of convection can often be observed. In addition, other conditions or parameters of solutions are significantly affected by the gradient magnetic field. For example, in a gradient magnetic field, the following phenomena may occur:(1) superparamagnetic particles in the solution are strongly attracted by the magnetization force, and quick clustering of these particles can happen;(2) the solution itself may have some kind of solution structure;(3) the aggregation of biological macromolecules may show a preferred orientation in the magnetic field direction;(4) the diffusion coefficient of biological macromolecules in the solution will decrease;(5) the solution's viscosity will increase, and so on. As a result of these effects, the following phenomena can be observed: during the crystallization of biological macromolecules, a preferred orientation of the crystals and crystal quality improvement of the biological macromolecules can happen; in the process of separation and purification of biological macromolecules, high-purity and highly bioactive macromolecules can be obtained rapidly and efficiently; and, in the process of the self-assembly of biological macromolecules, abnormal behaviours can occur. Based on these specific effects, the utilization of gradient magnetic fields can be further explored in more professional applications. Currently, the most common applications include the utilization of gradient magnetic fields for obtaining highquality protein crystals and the achievement of highly efficient and low-cost separation and purification of biological macromolecules. It is obvious that gradient magnetic fields have very important application value in biological macromolecular structure analysis technology, biological drug preparation and preservation technology, theoretical studies involving biomolecular phase separation and nucleation processes, and many other directions. In this paper, the fundamental effects of the gradient magnetic field on the solution of biological macromolecules are reviewed, the applications based on the effects are discussed, and the future prospects in this field are anticipated.
As a kind of physical environment, magnetic fields are widely used in many different fields, ranging from scientific research to industrial production. With the rapid development of magnetic technology, the importance of magnetic fields in scientific research and practical applications has become increasingly prominent. One notable research field is the application of magnetic fields in the research of biological macromolecules. In this research field, gradient magnetic fields, as one kind of magnetic fields, have attracted much attention and have been widely used in various research fields because they can induce effects caused not only by a magnetic field but also by a magnetic field gradient. This feature makes magnetic fields applicable in many research areas, except for those directly related to the magnetic field itself. So far, the application-based research of gradient magnetic fields involving biological macromolecules has mainly focused on the crystallization, separation and purification as well as the self-assembly of biological macromolecules. Since biological macromolecules usually need to complete various processes in their solution state, the influence of gradient magnetic fields on biological macromolecules is mainly realized through their influence on the solution system. It has been found that a gradient magnetic field can affect convection in biological macromolecular solutions through Lorentz forces and magnetization forces; in practice, partial or even complete suppression of convection can often be observed. In addition, other conditions or parameters of solutions are significantly affected by the gradient magnetic field. For example, in a gradient magnetic field, the following phenomena may occur:(1) superparamagnetic particles in the solution are strongly attracted by the magnetization force, and quick clustering of these particles can happen;(2) the solution itself may have some kind of solution structure;(3) the aggregation of biological macromolecules may show a preferred orientation in the magnetic field direction;(4) the diffusion coefficient of biological macromolecules in the solution will decrease;(5) the solution's viscosity will increase, and so on. As a result of these effects, the following phenomena can be observed: during the crystallization of biological macromolecules, a preferred orientation of the crystals and crystal quality improvement of the biological macromolecules can happen; in the process of separation and purification of biological macromolecules, high-purity and highly bioactive macromolecules can be obtained rapidly and efficiently; and, in the process of the self-assembly of biological macromolecules, abnormal behaviours can occur. Based on these specific effects, the utilization of gradient magnetic fields can be further explored in more professional applications. Currently, the most common applications include the utilization of gradient magnetic fields for obtaining highquality protein crystals and the achievement of highly efficient and low-cost separation and purification of biological macromolecules. It is obvious that gradient magnetic fields have very important application value in biological macromolecular structure analysis technology, biological drug preparation and preservation technology, theoretical studies involving biomolecular phase separation and nucleation processes, and many other directions. In this paper, the fundamental effects of the gradient magnetic field on the solution of biological macromolecules are reviewed, the applications based on the effects are discussed, and the future prospects in this field are anticipated.
引文
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2 Yao L,Xu S J.Detection of magnetic nanomaterials in molecular imaging and diagnosis applications.Nanotechnol Rev,2014,3:247-268
3 Scheunert G,Heinonen O,Hardeman R,et al.A review of high magnetic moment thin films for microscale and nanotechnology applications.Appl Phys Rev,2016,3:011301
4 Vulusala G V S,Madichetty S.Application of superconducting magnetic energy storage in electrical power and energy systems:A review.Int J Energ Res,2018,42:358-368
5 Noh S H,Moon S H,Shin T H,et al.Recent advances of magneto-thermal capabilities of nanoparticles:From design principles to biomedical applications.Nano Today,2017,13:61-76
6 Jha P K,Xanthakis E,Jury V,et al.An overview on magnetic field and electric field interactions with ice crystallisation:Application in the case of frozen food.Crystals,2017,7:299
7 Otero L,Rodriguez A C,Mateos M P,et al.Effects of magnetic fields on freezing:Application to biological products.Compr Rev Food Sci F,2016,15:646-667
8 Zhang H,Liu X L,Zhang Y F,et al.Magnetic nanoparticles based cancer therapy:Current status and applications.Sci China Life Sci,2018,61:400-414
9 Zheng L,Chen L G,Huang H B,et al.An overview of magnetic micro-robot systems for biomedical applications.Microsyst Technol,2016,22:2371-2387
10 Mai T,Hilt J Z.Magnetic nanoparticles:Reactive oxygen species generation and potential therapeutic applications.J Nanopart Res,2017,19:253
11 Srinoi P,Chen Y T,Vittur V,et al.Bimetallic nanoparticles:Enhanced magnetic and optical properties for emerging biological applications.Appl Sci Basel,2018,8:1106
12 Galindo V,Gerbeth G,Ammon W V,et al.Crystal growth melt flow control by means of magnetic fields.Energ Convers Manage,2002,43:309-316
13 Shiraishi Y,Takano K,Matsubara J,et al.Growth of silicon crystal with a diameter of 400 mm and weight of 400 kg.J Cryst Growth,2001,229:17-21
14 Series R W,Hurle D T J.The use of magnetic-fields in semiconductor crystal-growth.J Cryst Growth,1991,113:305-328
15 Ganapathysubramanian B,Zabaras N.Control of solidification of non-conducting materials using tailored magnetic fields.J Cryst Growth,2005,276:299-316
16 Zhong C W,Wakayama N I.Effect of a high magnetic field on the viscosity of an aqueous solution of protein.J Cryst Growth,2001,226:327-332
17 Qi J W,Wakayama N I.The combined effects of magnetic field and magnetic field gradients on convection in crystal growth.Phys Fluids,2004,16:3450-3459
18 Yin D C,Inatomi Y,Kuribayashi K.Study of lysozyme crystal growth under a strong magnetic field using a mach-zehnder interferometer.J Cryst Growth,2001,226:534-542
19 Yanagiya S,Sazaki G,Durbin S D,et al.Effects of a magnetic field on the growth rate of tetragonal lysozyme crystals.J Cryst Growth,2000,208:645-650
20 Sazaki G,Durbin S D,Miyashita S,et al.Magnetic damping of the temperature-driven convection in NaCl aqueous solution using a static and homogeneous field of 10 T.Jpn J Appl Phys,1999,38:L842-L844
21 Yin D C.Protein crystallization in a magnetic field.Prog Cryst Growth Ch,2015,61:1-26
22 Ramachandran N,Leslie F W.Using magnetic fields to control convection during protein crystallization-analysis and validation studies.JCryst Growth,2005,274:297-306
23 Poodt P W G,Heijna M C R,Christianen P C M,et al.Using gradient magnetic fields to suppress convection during crystal growth.Cryst Growth Des,2006,6:2275-2280
24 Helliwell J R,Chayen N E.Crystallography:A down-to-earth approach.Nature,2007,448:658-659
25 Heijna M C R,Poodt P W G,Tsukamoto K,et al.Magnetically controlled gravity for protein crystal growth.Appl Phys Lett,2007,90:264105
26 Poodt P W G,Heijna M C R,Christianen P C M,et al.A comparison between simulations and experiments for microgravity crystal growth in gradient magnetic fields.Cryst Growth Des,2008,8:2200-2204
27 Wang L B,Wakayama N I.Dependence of aspect ratio on magnetic damping of natural convection in low-conducting aqueous solution in a rectangular cavity.Int J Heat Fluid Fl,2002,23:92-95
28 Zhong C W,Wang L B,Wakayama N I.Effect of a high magnetic field on protein crystal growth-Magnetic field induced order in aqueous protein solutions.J Cryst Growth,2001,233:561-566
29 Yin D C,Inatomi Y,Wakayama N I,et al.An investigation of magnetic field effects on the dissolution of lysozyme crystal and related phenomena.Acta Crystallogr D,2002,58:2024-2030
30 Pareja-Rivera C,CuéllarCruz M,Esturauescofet N,et al.Recent advances in the understanding of the influence of electric and magnetic fields on protein crystal growth.Cryst Growth Des,2017,17:135-145
31 Yan E K,Zhang C Y,He J,et al.An overview of hardware for protein crystallization in a magnetic field.Int J Mol Sci,2016,17:1906
32 Tsukui S,Kimura F,Kusaka K,et al.Neutron and X-ray single-crystal diffraction from protein microcrystals via magnetically oriented microcrystal arrays in gels.Acta Crystallogr D,2016,72:823-829
33 Klara S S,Saboe P O,Sines I T,et al.Magnetically directed two-dimensional crystallization of OmpF membrane proteins in block copolymers.J Am Chem Soc,2016,138:28-31
34 Rodriguez-Romero A,Esturau-Escofet N,Pareja-Rivera C,et al.Crystal growth of high-quality protein crystals under the presence of an alternant electric field in pulse-wave mode,and a strong magnetic field with radio frequency pulses characterized by X-ray diffraction.Crystals,2017,7:179
35 Sazaki G,Yoshida E,Komatsu H,et al.Effects of a magnetic field on the nucleation and growth of protein crystals.J Cryst Growth,1997,173:231-234
36 Moreno A,Quirozgarcia B,Yokaichiya F,et al.Protein crystal growth in gels and stationary magnetic fields.Cryst Res Technol,2007,42:231-236
37 Wakayama N I,Ataka M,Abe H.Effect of a magnetic field gradient on the crystallization of hen lysozyme.J Cryst Growth,1997,178:653-656
38 Okada H,Hirota N,Matsumoto S,et al.Development of a protein crystal formation system with a superconducting magnet.IEEE Trans Appl Supercon,2013,23:370010439
39 Gavira J A,Garcia-Ruiz J M.Effects of a magnetic field on lysozyme crystal nucleation and growth in a diffusive environment.Cryst Growth Des,2009,9:2610-2615
40 Yanagiya S I,Sazaki G E N,Durbin S D,et al.Effect of a magnetic field on the orientation of hen egg-white lysozyme crystals.J Cryst Growth,1999,196:319-324
41 Rothgeb T M,Oldfield E.Nuclear magnetic resonance of heme protein crystals.J Biol Chem,1981,256:1432-1446
42 Sakurazawa S,Kubota T,Ataka M.Orientation of protein crystals grown in a magnetic field.J Cryst Growth,1999,196:325-331
43 Astier J P,Veesler S,Boistelle R.Protein crystals orientation in a magnetic field.Acta Crystallogr D,1998,54:703-706
44 Tanimoto Y,Yamaguchi R,Kanazawa Y,et al.Magnetic orientation of lysozyme crystals.B Chem Soc Jpn,2002,75:1133-1134
45 Numoto N,Shimizu K,Matsumoto K,et al.Observation of the orientation of membrane protein crystals grown in high magnetic force fields.J Cryst Growth,2013,367:53-56
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