On Cost Aware Cloudlet Placement for Mobile Edge Computing
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摘要
As accessing computing resources from the remote cloud inherently incurs high end-to-end(E2E) delay for mobile users, cloudlets, which are deployed at the edge of a network, can potentially mitigate this problem. Although some research works focus on allocating workloads among cloudlets, the cloudlet placement aiming to minimize the deployment cost(i.e., consisting of both the cloudlet cost and average E2E delay cost) has not been addressed effectively so far. The locations and number of cloudlets have a crucial impact on both the cloudlet cost in the network and average E2E delay of users. Therefore, in this paper,we propose the Cost Aware cloudlet PlAcement in moBiLe Edge computing(CAPABLE) strategy, where both the cloudlet cost and average E2E delay are considered in the cloudlet placement.To solve this problem, a Lagrangian heuristic algorithm is developed to achieve the suboptimal solution. After cloudlets are placed in the network, we also design a workload allocation scheme to minimize the E2E delay between users and their cloudlets by considering the user mobility. The performance of CAPABLE has been validated by extensive simulations.
As accessing computing resources from the remote cloud inherently incurs high end-to-end(E2E) delay for mobile users, cloudlets, which are deployed at the edge of a network, can potentially mitigate this problem. Although some research works focus on allocating workloads among cloudlets, the cloudlet placement aiming to minimize the deployment cost(i.e., consisting of both the cloudlet cost and average E2E delay cost) has not been addressed effectively so far. The locations and number of cloudlets have a crucial impact on both the cloudlet cost in the network and average E2E delay of users. Therefore, in this paper,we propose the Cost Aware cloudlet PlAcement in moBiLe Edge computing(CAPABLE) strategy, where both the cloudlet cost and average E2E delay are considered in the cloudlet placement.To solve this problem, a Lagrangian heuristic algorithm is developed to achieve the suboptimal solution. After cloudlets are placed in the network, we also design a workload allocation scheme to minimize the E2E delay between users and their cloudlets by considering the user mobility. The performance of CAPABLE has been validated by extensive simulations.
As accessing computing resources from the remote cloud inherently incurs high end-to-end(E2E) delay for mobile users, cloudlets, which are deployed at the edge of a network, can potentially mitigate this problem. Although some research works focus on allocating workloads among cloudlets, the cloudlet placement aiming to minimize the deployment cost(i.e., consisting of both the cloudlet cost and average E2E delay cost) has not been addressed effectively so far. The locations and number of cloudlets have a crucial impact on both the cloudlet cost in the network and average E2E delay of users. Therefore, in this paper,we propose the Cost Aware cloudlet PlAcement in moBiLe Edge computing(CAPABLE) strategy, where both the cloudlet cost and average E2E delay are considered in the cloudlet placement.To solve this problem, a Lagrangian heuristic algorithm is developed to achieve the suboptimal solution. After cloudlets are placed in the network, we also design a workload allocation scheme to minimize the E2E delay between users and their cloudlets by considering the user mobility. The performance of CAPABLE has been validated by extensive simulations.
引文
[1]M.Satyanarayanan,P.Bahl,R.Caceres,and N.Davies,"The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing,"IEEE Pervasive Computing,vol.8,pp.4,2009.
[2]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Application aware workload allocation for edge,"IEEE Internet of Things Journal,vol.5,no.3,pp.2 146-2 1 53,Jun.2018.
[3]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Towards workload balancing in fog computing empowered IoT,"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering,DOI:10.1109/TNSE.2018.2852762,2018.
[4]P.Zhang,M.Zhou,and G.Fortino,"Security and trust issues in fog computing:A survey,"Future Generation Computer Systems,vol.88,pp.16-27,Nov.2018.
[5]Y.Zhang,D.Niyato,and P.Wang,"Offloading in mobile cloudlet systems with intermittent connectivity,"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,vol.14,no.12,pp.25 16-2529,2015.
[6]L.Gu,D.Zeng,S.Guo,A.Barnawi,and Y.Xiang,"Cost efficient resource management in fog computing supported medical cyberphysical system,"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing,vol.5,no.1,pp.108-1 19,2017.
[7]A.Kiani and N.Ansari,"Edge computing aware NOMA for 5G networks,"IEEE Internet of Things Journal,vol.5,no.2,pp.1299-1306,Apr.2018.
[8]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Towards traffic load balancing in drone-assisted communications for IoT,"IEEE Internet of Things Journal,vol.6,no.2,pp.3633-3640,Apr.2019.
[9]L.A.Tawalbeh,W.Bakheder,and H.Song,"A mobile cloud computing model using the cloudlet scheme for big data applications,"in Proc.PWC.IEEE 1st Int.Conf.Connected Health:Applications,Systems and Engineering Technologies(CHASE),Washington DC,USA,2016,pp.73-77.
[10]M.Quwaider and Y.Jararweh,"Cloudlet-based efficient data collection in wireless body area networks,"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory,vol.50,pp.57-71,2015.
[11]M.Satyanarayanan,P.Simoens,Y.Xiao,P.Pillai,Z.Chen,K.Ha,W.Hu,and B.Amos,"Edge analytics in the internet of things,"IEEE Pervasive Computing,vol.14,no.2,pp.24-3 1,20 1 5.
[12]X.Sun and N.Ansari,"PRIMAL:PRofIt Maximization Avatar pLacement for Mobile Edge Computing,"in Proc.of IEEE Int.Conf.on Communications(ICC),Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia,May 20 16.
[13]X.Sun,N.Ansari,and Q.Fan,"Green energy aware avatar migration strategy in green cloudlet networks,"in Proc.IEEE 7th Int.Con.f.on Cloud Computing Technology and Science,(CloudCom),Vancouver,Canada,Nov.2015.
[14]Q.Fan,N.Ansari,and X.Sun,"Energy driven avatar migration in green cloudlet networks,"IEEE Communications Letters,vol.2 1,no.7,pp.1601-1604,2017.
[15]Z.Xu,W.Liang,W.Xu,M.Jia,and S.Guo,"Efficient algorithms for capacitated cloudlet placements,"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,vol.27,no.10,pp.2866-2880,Oct.2016.
[16]Z.Xu,W.Liang,W.Xu,M.Jia,and S.Guo,"Capacitated cloudlet placements in wireless metropolitan area networks,"in Proc.40th IEEE Conf.on Local Computer Networks(LCN),Clearwater Beach,FL,Oct.2015,pp.570-578.
[17]M Jia,J.Cao,and W.Liang,"Optimal cloudlet placement and user to cloudlet allocation in wireless metropolitan area networks,"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing,vol.5,no.4,pp.725-737,201 7.
[18]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Cost aware cloudlet placement for big data processing at the edge,"in IEEE Int.Conf.on Communications(ICC),Paris,France,May 21-25,2017,pp.1-6.
[19]X.Jin,L.E.Li,L.Vanbever,and J.Rexford,"Softcell:scalable and flexible cellular core network architecture,"in Proc.of the 9th ACM conf.on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies,Santa Barbara,CA,Dec.09-12 2013,pp.163-1 74.
[20]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Workload allocation in hierarchical cloudlet networks,"IEEE Communications Letters,vol.22,no.4,pp.820-823,Apr.2018.
[21]X.Sun and N.Ansari,"Avaptive avatar handoff in the cloudlet network,"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing,DOI:10.1109/TCC.2017.2701794,2017.
[22]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Green energy aware user association in heterogeneous networks,"in Proc.of IEEE Conf.Wireless Communications and Networking, Doha,Qatar,Apr.20 1 6.
[23]N.L.Van Adrichem,C.Doerr,and F.A.Kuipers,"Opennetmon:network monitoring in openflow software-defined networks,"in Proc.IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium(NOMS),Krakow,Poland,May 2014,pp.1-8.
[24]C.Yu,C.Lumezanu,A.Sharma,Q.Xu,G.Jiang,and H.V.Madhyastha,"Software-defined latency monitoring in data center networks,"in Proc.Int.Conf.Passive and Active Network Measurement,vol.8995,Mar.2015,pp.360-372.
[25]J.Ghosh,S.J.Philip,and C.Qiao,"Sociological orbit aware location approximation and routing in manet,"in Proc.2nd Int.Conf.Broadband Networks,Boston,MA,Oct.2005,pp.64 1-650.
[26]L.Yang,J.Cao,G.Liang,and X.Han,"Cost aware service placementand load dispatching in mobile cloud systems,"IEEE Transactio,ns on Computers,vol.65,no.5,pp.1440-1452,2016.
[27]P.B.Mirchandani and R.L.Francis,Discrete Location Theory,1990.
[28]G.Comujelos,R.Sridharan,and J.-M.Thizy,"A comparison of heuristics and relaxations for the capacitated plant location problem,"European Journal of Operational Research,vol.50,no.3,pp.280-297,1991.
[29]G.Ghiani,L.Grandinetti,F.Guerriero,and R.Musmanno,"A lagrangean heuristic for the plant location problem with multiple facilities in the same site,"Optimization Methods and Software,vol.17,no.6,pp.1059-1076,2002.
[30]M.L.Fisher,"The lagrangian relaxation method for solving integer programming problems,"Management Science,vol.27,no.1,pp.1-18,1981.
[31]L.Y.Wu,X.S.Zhang,and J.L.Zhang,"Capacitated facility location problem with general setup cost,"Computers&Operations Research,vol.33,no.5,pp.1226-1241,2006.
[32]R.Landa et al.,"The large-scale geography of internet round trip times,"in Proc.Con.f.IF IP Networking,Brooklyn,NY,May 2013,pp.1-9.
[33]R.Goonatilake and R.A.Bachnak,"Modeling latency in a network distribution,"Network and Commu,nicatio,n Technologies,vol.1,no.2,pp.1-1 1,2012.
1pkj=(the amount of time that user j is associated with BS k)/(the total time period)
[2]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Application aware workload allocation for edge,"IEEE Internet of Things Journal,vol.5,no.3,pp.2 146-2 1 53,Jun.2018.
[3]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Towards workload balancing in fog computing empowered IoT,"IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering,DOI:10.1109/TNSE.2018.2852762,2018.
[4]P.Zhang,M.Zhou,and G.Fortino,"Security and trust issues in fog computing:A survey,"Future Generation Computer Systems,vol.88,pp.16-27,Nov.2018.
[5]Y.Zhang,D.Niyato,and P.Wang,"Offloading in mobile cloudlet systems with intermittent connectivity,"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,vol.14,no.12,pp.25 16-2529,2015.
[6]L.Gu,D.Zeng,S.Guo,A.Barnawi,and Y.Xiang,"Cost efficient resource management in fog computing supported medical cyberphysical system,"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing,vol.5,no.1,pp.108-1 19,2017.
[7]A.Kiani and N.Ansari,"Edge computing aware NOMA for 5G networks,"IEEE Internet of Things Journal,vol.5,no.2,pp.1299-1306,Apr.2018.
[8]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Towards traffic load balancing in drone-assisted communications for IoT,"IEEE Internet of Things Journal,vol.6,no.2,pp.3633-3640,Apr.2019.
[9]L.A.Tawalbeh,W.Bakheder,and H.Song,"A mobile cloud computing model using the cloudlet scheme for big data applications,"in Proc.PWC.IEEE 1st Int.Conf.Connected Health:Applications,Systems and Engineering Technologies(CHASE),Washington DC,USA,2016,pp.73-77.
[10]M.Quwaider and Y.Jararweh,"Cloudlet-based efficient data collection in wireless body area networks,"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory,vol.50,pp.57-71,2015.
[11]M.Satyanarayanan,P.Simoens,Y.Xiao,P.Pillai,Z.Chen,K.Ha,W.Hu,and B.Amos,"Edge analytics in the internet of things,"IEEE Pervasive Computing,vol.14,no.2,pp.24-3 1,20 1 5.
[12]X.Sun and N.Ansari,"PRIMAL:PRofIt Maximization Avatar pLacement for Mobile Edge Computing,"in Proc.of IEEE Int.Conf.on Communications(ICC),Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia,May 20 16.
[13]X.Sun,N.Ansari,and Q.Fan,"Green energy aware avatar migration strategy in green cloudlet networks,"in Proc.IEEE 7th Int.Con.f.on Cloud Computing Technology and Science,(CloudCom),Vancouver,Canada,Nov.2015.
[14]Q.Fan,N.Ansari,and X.Sun,"Energy driven avatar migration in green cloudlet networks,"IEEE Communications Letters,vol.2 1,no.7,pp.1601-1604,2017.
[15]Z.Xu,W.Liang,W.Xu,M.Jia,and S.Guo,"Efficient algorithms for capacitated cloudlet placements,"IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,vol.27,no.10,pp.2866-2880,Oct.2016.
[16]Z.Xu,W.Liang,W.Xu,M.Jia,and S.Guo,"Capacitated cloudlet placements in wireless metropolitan area networks,"in Proc.40th IEEE Conf.on Local Computer Networks(LCN),Clearwater Beach,FL,Oct.2015,pp.570-578.
[17]M Jia,J.Cao,and W.Liang,"Optimal cloudlet placement and user to cloudlet allocation in wireless metropolitan area networks,"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing,vol.5,no.4,pp.725-737,201 7.
[18]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Cost aware cloudlet placement for big data processing at the edge,"in IEEE Int.Conf.on Communications(ICC),Paris,France,May 21-25,2017,pp.1-6.
[19]X.Jin,L.E.Li,L.Vanbever,and J.Rexford,"Softcell:scalable and flexible cellular core network architecture,"in Proc.of the 9th ACM conf.on Emerging Networking Experiments and Technologies,Santa Barbara,CA,Dec.09-12 2013,pp.163-1 74.
[20]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Workload allocation in hierarchical cloudlet networks,"IEEE Communications Letters,vol.22,no.4,pp.820-823,Apr.2018.
[21]X.Sun and N.Ansari,"Avaptive avatar handoff in the cloudlet network,"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing,DOI:10.1109/TCC.2017.2701794,2017.
[22]Q.Fan and N.Ansari,"Green energy aware user association in heterogeneous networks,"in Proc.of IEEE Conf.Wireless Communications and Networking, Doha,Qatar,Apr.20 1 6.
[23]N.L.Van Adrichem,C.Doerr,and F.A.Kuipers,"Opennetmon:network monitoring in openflow software-defined networks,"in Proc.IEEE Network Operations and Management Symposium(NOMS),Krakow,Poland,May 2014,pp.1-8.
[24]C.Yu,C.Lumezanu,A.Sharma,Q.Xu,G.Jiang,and H.V.Madhyastha,"Software-defined latency monitoring in data center networks,"in Proc.Int.Conf.Passive and Active Network Measurement,vol.8995,Mar.2015,pp.360-372.
[25]J.Ghosh,S.J.Philip,and C.Qiao,"Sociological orbit aware location approximation and routing in manet,"in Proc.2nd Int.Conf.Broadband Networks,Boston,MA,Oct.2005,pp.64 1-650.
[26]L.Yang,J.Cao,G.Liang,and X.Han,"Cost aware service placementand load dispatching in mobile cloud systems,"IEEE Transactio,ns on Computers,vol.65,no.5,pp.1440-1452,2016.
[27]P.B.Mirchandani and R.L.Francis,Discrete Location Theory,1990.
[28]G.Comujelos,R.Sridharan,and J.-M.Thizy,"A comparison of heuristics and relaxations for the capacitated plant location problem,"European Journal of Operational Research,vol.50,no.3,pp.280-297,1991.
[29]G.Ghiani,L.Grandinetti,F.Guerriero,and R.Musmanno,"A lagrangean heuristic for the plant location problem with multiple facilities in the same site,"Optimization Methods and Software,vol.17,no.6,pp.1059-1076,2002.
[30]M.L.Fisher,"The lagrangian relaxation method for solving integer programming problems,"Management Science,vol.27,no.1,pp.1-18,1981.
[31]L.Y.Wu,X.S.Zhang,and J.L.Zhang,"Capacitated facility location problem with general setup cost,"Computers&Operations Research,vol.33,no.5,pp.1226-1241,2006.
[32]R.Landa et al.,"The large-scale geography of internet round trip times,"in Proc.Con.f.IF IP Networking,Brooklyn,NY,May 2013,pp.1-9.
[33]R.Goonatilake and R.A.Bachnak,"Modeling latency in a network distribution,"Network and Commu,nicatio,n Technologies,vol.1,no.2,pp.1-1 1,2012.
1pkj=(the amount of time that user j is associated with BS k)/(the total time period)
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