不同施氮量和分施比例对棉花幼苗生长和水分利用效率的影响及其根源ABA调控效应
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摘要
研究了分根交替供水(APRI)条件下不同施氮量(高氮HN 200kg/hm~2、中氮MN 120kg/hm~2和低氮LN 80kg/hm~2)和分区氮肥施用比例(1:3,2:2和0:4)处理下,经历干旱胁迫后棉花幼苗(品种:汴棉5号)株高、茎粗、根冠生物量、气体交换参数、水分利用效率(WUE)、总根长和根系表面积以及根源脱落酸(ABA)含量的变化。以期进一步明确根源ABA对棉花幼苗生长和WUE调控的生理生态效应。结果表明:施氮量和氮肥分施显著增强了干旱条件下根源ABA对棉花幼苗生长和WUE的调控作用,但根源ABA对氮利用效率无显著影响。高氮处理下棉花幼苗生长受到干旱的影响最小,具有最好的生长状态和最大的根源ABA含量,但其WUE最低;而低氮处理下的棉花幼苗生长最弱但具有最大的WUE。无论施氮量为何,0:4施氮比例棉花幼苗在干旱条件下生长最弱,1:3施氮比例幼苗则生长最好,且具有最大的WUE和根源ABA含量、根系总长度和表面积;2:2和1:3施氮比例的棉花幼苗在根冠生长和叶面积上未表现出明显的差异;0:4和1:3施肥比例的棉花幼苗在气孔导度、蒸腾速率、WUE和根源ABA含量上差异不明显。因此,施用氮肥以及适当施肥比例能够诱导根源ABA产生更强的信号作用,调控棉花幼苗减少水分消耗、维持更好的根系形态(根长和表面积以及细根比例的维持和增长)和光合能力来维系干旱条件下植株更好的生长和更高的WUE,尤其1:3施肥比例下。虽然干旱条件下低氮耦合1:3施氮比例具有最大的WUE,但中氮耦合1:3施氮处理可以在得到最高生物量的同时得到较高的WUE,同时做到高产、省水和节约氮肥。
Different nitrogen levels( high nitrogen,HN 200 kg/hm~2; medium nitrogen,MN 120 kg/hm~2; and low nitrogen,LN 80 kg/hm~2) and nitrogen distribution ratios( 1:3,2:2,and 0:4) were applied to cotton seedlings( variety:B). These cotton seedlings were then cultured using alternative partial root-zone irrigation( APRI) and subjected to a 15-day-drought stress. Plant height, stem width, root and shoot biomass, gas exchange parameters( including net photosynthetic rate [Pn],stomatal conductance [Gs],transpiration rate [Tr],and intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide [Ci ]),leaf area,water use efficiency( WUE),total root length,root surface area,nitrogen use efficiency( NUE),and root-sourced( root tissue and root xylem sap) ABA concentrations of cotton seedlings were determined. The aim of this experiment was to clarify the available regulation of root-sourced ABA to cotton seedling growth and WUE. Theresults showed that nitrogen application with a suitable distribution ratio improved the regulation of root-sourced ABA to growth and WUE of cotton seedlings under drought stress,although NUE was not significantly related to root-sourced ABA.The HN-treated cotton seedlings showed the highest growth and biomass and had the largest root-sourced ABA concentrations and NUE but the smallest WUE. The LN-treated cotton seedlings showed the least growth and the lowest biomass,but had the highest WUE. Irrespective of nitrogen levels,the 0:4-distributed cotton seedlings were the weakest,but the 1:3-distributed were the strongest with the highest NUE,WUE,and root-sourced ABA concentration. There were no obvious differences of growth,root and shoot morphology,and leaf area between 1:3-distributed and 2:2-distributed cotton seedlings.The Pn of cotton seedlings was not affected by different nitrogen distribution ratios,and Ci was not influenced by different nitrogen levels or distribution ratios. The differences of gas exchange parameters, WUE, and root-sourced ABA concentration between 0:4-distributed and 1:3-distributed cotton seedlings were not significant. Therefore,less water consumption( less stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) and enhanced root morphology( larger total root length,root surface area,and higher fine root proportion) were stimulated by root-sourced ABA directly or indirectly to maintain better growth and higher WUE of cotton seedlings under drought stress,especially in the 1:3-distribution ratio of nitrogen.Although the 1:3-distributed cotton seedlings with LN had the highest WUE,those with MN had greater NUE,biomass,WUE. This treatment combination could realize higher production,less water consumption,and nitrogen application simultaneously.
Different nitrogen levels( high nitrogen,HN 200 kg/hm~2; medium nitrogen,MN 120 kg/hm~2; and low nitrogen,LN 80 kg/hm~2) and nitrogen distribution ratios( 1:3,2:2,and 0:4) were applied to cotton seedlings( variety:B). These cotton seedlings were then cultured using alternative partial root-zone irrigation( APRI) and subjected to a 15-day-drought stress. Plant height, stem width, root and shoot biomass, gas exchange parameters( including net photosynthetic rate [Pn],stomatal conductance [Gs],transpiration rate [Tr],and intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide [Ci ]),leaf area,water use efficiency( WUE),total root length,root surface area,nitrogen use efficiency( NUE),and root-sourced( root tissue and root xylem sap) ABA concentrations of cotton seedlings were determined. The aim of this experiment was to clarify the available regulation of root-sourced ABA to cotton seedling growth and WUE. Theresults showed that nitrogen application with a suitable distribution ratio improved the regulation of root-sourced ABA to growth and WUE of cotton seedlings under drought stress,although NUE was not significantly related to root-sourced ABA.The HN-treated cotton seedlings showed the highest growth and biomass and had the largest root-sourced ABA concentrations and NUE but the smallest WUE. The LN-treated cotton seedlings showed the least growth and the lowest biomass,but had the highest WUE. Irrespective of nitrogen levels,the 0:4-distributed cotton seedlings were the weakest,but the 1:3-distributed were the strongest with the highest NUE,WUE,and root-sourced ABA concentration. There were no obvious differences of growth,root and shoot morphology,and leaf area between 1:3-distributed and 2:2-distributed cotton seedlings.The Pn of cotton seedlings was not affected by different nitrogen distribution ratios,and Ci was not influenced by different nitrogen levels or distribution ratios. The differences of gas exchange parameters, WUE, and root-sourced ABA concentration between 0:4-distributed and 1:3-distributed cotton seedlings were not significant. Therefore,less water consumption( less stomatal conductance and transpiration rate) and enhanced root morphology( larger total root length,root surface area,and higher fine root proportion) were stimulated by root-sourced ABA directly or indirectly to maintain better growth and higher WUE of cotton seedlings under drought stress,especially in the 1:3-distribution ratio of nitrogen.Although the 1:3-distributed cotton seedlings with LN had the highest WUE,those with MN had greater NUE,biomass,WUE. This treatment combination could realize higher production,less water consumption,and nitrogen application simultaneously.
引文
[1]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,Shen J L,Han W X,Zhang W F,Christie P,Goulding K.W T,Vitousek P M,Zhang F S.Significant acidification in major chinese croplands.Science,2010,327(5968):1008-1010.
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[3]杜太生,康绍忠,张建华.不同局部根区供水对棉花生长与水分利用过程的调控效应.中国农业科学,2007,40(11):2546-2555.
[4]Du T S,Kang S Z,Zhang J H,Hu X T.Yield and physiological responses of cotton to partial root-zone irrigation in the oasis field of northwest China.Agricultural Water Management,2006,84(1/2):41-52.
[5]Du T S,Kang S Z,Zhang J H,Li F S.Water use and yield responses of cotton to alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation in the arid area of northwest China.Irrigation Science,2008,26(2):147-159.
[6]潘丽萍,李彦,唐立松.局部根区灌溉对棉花主要生理生态特性的影响.中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2982-2986.
[7]Tang L S,Li Y,Zhang J H.Physiological and yield responses of cotton under partial rootzone irrigation.Field Crops Research,2005,94(2/3):214-223.
[8]杜太生,康绍忠,王振昌,王锋,杨秀英,苏兴礼.隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长、产量和水分利用效率的调控效应.作物学报,2007,33(12):1982-1990.
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[10]Tang L S,Li Y,Zhang J H.Biomass allocation and yield formation of cotton under partial rootzone irrigation in arid zone.Plant and Soil,2010,337(1/2):413-423.
[11]Bravdo B,Naor A,Zahavi T,Gal Y.The effect of water stress applied alternately to part of the wetting zone along the season(PRD-partial rootzone drying)on wine quality,yield and water relations of red wine grapes.Acta Horticulturae,2004,664:101-109.
[12]Chaves M M,Santos T P,Souza C R,Ortu1o M F,Rodrigues M L,Lopes C M,Maroco J P,Pereira J S.Deficit irrigation in grapevine improves water-use efficiency while controlling vigour and production quality.Annals of Applied Biology,2007,150(2):237-252.
[13]Du T S,Kang S Z,Zhang J H,Li F S,Yan B Y.Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation.Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(6):659-668.
[14]李平,齐学斌,樊向阳,吴海卿,乔冬梅,樊涛,赵志娟,黄仲冬,朱东海.分根区交替灌溉对马铃薯水氮利用效率的影响.农业工程学报,2009,25(6):92-95.
[15]Wang Y S,Liu F L,Andersen M N,Jensen C R.Improved plant nitrogen nutrition contributes to higher water use efficiency in tomatoes under alternate partial root-zone irrigation.Functional Plant Biology,2010,37(2):175-182.
[16]Zegbe J A,Serna-Pérez A.Partial rootzone drying maintains fruit quality of‘Golden Delicious’apples at harvest and postharvest.Scientia Horticulturae,2011,127(3):455-459.
[17]Lehrsch G A,Sojka R E,Westermann D T.Nitrogen Placement,Row Spacing,and Furrow Irrigation Water Positioning Effects on Corn Yield.Agronomy Journal,2000,92(6):1266-1275.
[18]Hu T T,Kang S Z,Zhang F C,Zhang J H.Alternate application of osmotic and nitrogen stresses to partial root system:effects on root growth and nitrogen use efficiency.Journal of Plant Nutrition,2006,29(12):2079-2092.
[19]Hu T T,Kang S Z,Li F S,Zhang J H.Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on the nitrogen absorption and utilization of maize.Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(2):208-214.
[20]Zhang J H,Jia W S,Zhang D P.Re-export and metabolism of xylem-delivered ABA in attached maize leaves under different transpirational fluxes and xylem ABA concentrations.Journal of Experimental Botany,1997,48(313):1557-1564.
[21]周秀杰,王海红,束良佐,祝鹏飞,申建波,李忠正,梁陈.局部根区水分胁迫下氮形态与供给部位对玉米幼苗生长的影响.应用生态学报,2010,21(8):2017-2024.
[22]梁宗锁,康绍忠,石培泽,潘英华,何立绩.隔沟交替灌溉对玉米根系分布和产量的影响及其节水效益.中国农业科学,2000,33(6):26-32.
[23]Skinner R H,Hanson J D,Benjamin J G.Nitrogen uptake and partitioning under alternate-and every-furrow irrigation.Plant and Soil,1999,210(1):11-20.
[24]阿丽艳·肉孜,郭仁松,杜强,武辉,张巨松.施氮量对枣棉间作棉花干物质积累、产量与品质的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):761-767.
[25]罗宏海,张宏芝,陶先萍,张亚黎,张旺锋.膜下滴灌条件下水氮供应对棉花根系及叶片衰老特性的调节.中国农业科学,2013,46(10):2142-2150.
[26]谢志良,田长彦,卞卫国.膜下滴灌水氮对棉花根系构型的影响.棉花学报,2009,21(6):508-514.
[27]Luo H H,Tao X P,Hu Y Y,Zhang Y L,Zhang W F.Response of cotton root growth and yield to root restriction under various water and nitrogen regimes.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2015,178(3):384-392.
[28]陶先萍,罗宏海,张亚黎,张旺锋.根域限制下水氮供应对膜下滴灌棉花叶片光合生理特性的影响.生态学报,2013,33(12):3676-3687.
[29]康绍忠,胡笑涛,蔡焕杰,冯绍元.现代农业与生态节水的理论创新及研究重点.水利学报,2004,35(12):1-7.
[30]Sadras V O.Does partial root-zone drying improve irrigation water productivity in theeld?A meta-analysis.Irrigation Science,2009,27(3):183-190.
[31]杜太生,康绍忠,张建华.交替灌溉的节水调质机理及同位素技术在作物水分利用研究中的应用.植物生理学报,2011,47(9):823-830.
[32]Kang S Z,Zhang J H.Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation:its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency.Journal of Experimental Botany,2004,55(407):2437-2446.
[33]Dodd I C,Egea G,Davies W J.Accounting for sap flow from different parts of the root system improves the prediction of xylem ABA concentration in plants grown with heterogeneous soil moisture.Journal of Experimental Botany,2008,59(15):4083-4093.
[34]李文娆,李小利,张岁岐,山仑.水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿和高粱根系水力学导度与水分利用效率的关系.生态学报,2011,31(5):1323-1333.
[35]Netting A G,Theobald J C,Dodd I C.Xylem sap collection and extraction methodologies to determine in vivo concentrations of ABA and its bound forms by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Plant Methods,2012,8:11.
[36]Gonzalez-Dugo V,Durand J L,Gastal F.Water deficit and nitrogen nutrition of crops.A review.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2010,30(3):529-544.
[37]Jin K,Shen J B,Ashton R W,White R P,Dodd I C,Parry M A J,Whalley W R.Wheat root growth responses to horizontal stratification of fertiliser in a water-limited environment.Plant and Soil,2015,386(1/2):77-88.
[38]Dodd I C.Root-to-shoot signalling:assessing the roles of‘Up’in the up and down world of long-distance signalling in planta.Plant and Soil,2005,274(1/2):251-270.
[39]Dodd I C.Rhizosphere manipulations to maximize‘crop per drop’during deficit irrigation.Journal of Experimental Botany,2009,60(9):2454-2459.
[40]Boursiac Y,Léran S,Corratgé-Faillie C,Gojon A,Krouk G,Lacombe B.ABA transport and transporters.Trends in Plant Science,2013,18(6):325-333.
[2]李培岭,张富仓,贾运岗.不同沟灌方式棉花的水氮耦合效应.应用生态学报,2009,20(6):1346-1354.
[3]杜太生,康绍忠,张建华.不同局部根区供水对棉花生长与水分利用过程的调控效应.中国农业科学,2007,40(11):2546-2555.
[4]Du T S,Kang S Z,Zhang J H,Hu X T.Yield and physiological responses of cotton to partial root-zone irrigation in the oasis field of northwest China.Agricultural Water Management,2006,84(1/2):41-52.
[5]Du T S,Kang S Z,Zhang J H,Li F S.Water use and yield responses of cotton to alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation in the arid area of northwest China.Irrigation Science,2008,26(2):147-159.
[6]潘丽萍,李彦,唐立松.局部根区灌溉对棉花主要生理生态特性的影响.中国农业科学,2009,42(8):2982-2986.
[7]Tang L S,Li Y,Zhang J H.Physiological and yield responses of cotton under partial rootzone irrigation.Field Crops Research,2005,94(2/3):214-223.
[8]杜太生,康绍忠,王振昌,王锋,杨秀英,苏兴礼.隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长、产量和水分利用效率的调控效应.作物学报,2007,33(12):1982-1990.
[9]李培岭,张富仓,贾运岗.不同沟灌方式对棉花氮素吸收和氮肥利用的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2010,6(1):145-152.
[10]Tang L S,Li Y,Zhang J H.Biomass allocation and yield formation of cotton under partial rootzone irrigation in arid zone.Plant and Soil,2010,337(1/2):413-423.
[11]Bravdo B,Naor A,Zahavi T,Gal Y.The effect of water stress applied alternately to part of the wetting zone along the season(PRD-partial rootzone drying)on wine quality,yield and water relations of red wine grapes.Acta Horticulturae,2004,664:101-109.
[12]Chaves M M,Santos T P,Souza C R,Ortu1o M F,Rodrigues M L,Lopes C M,Maroco J P,Pereira J S.Deficit irrigation in grapevine improves water-use efficiency while controlling vigour and production quality.Annals of Applied Biology,2007,150(2):237-252.
[13]Du T S,Kang S Z,Zhang J H,Li F S,Yan B Y.Water use efficiency and fruit quality of table grape under alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation.Agricultural Water Management,2008,95(6):659-668.
[14]李平,齐学斌,樊向阳,吴海卿,乔冬梅,樊涛,赵志娟,黄仲冬,朱东海.分根区交替灌溉对马铃薯水氮利用效率的影响.农业工程学报,2009,25(6):92-95.
[15]Wang Y S,Liu F L,Andersen M N,Jensen C R.Improved plant nitrogen nutrition contributes to higher water use efficiency in tomatoes under alternate partial root-zone irrigation.Functional Plant Biology,2010,37(2):175-182.
[16]Zegbe J A,Serna-Pérez A.Partial rootzone drying maintains fruit quality of‘Golden Delicious’apples at harvest and postharvest.Scientia Horticulturae,2011,127(3):455-459.
[17]Lehrsch G A,Sojka R E,Westermann D T.Nitrogen Placement,Row Spacing,and Furrow Irrigation Water Positioning Effects on Corn Yield.Agronomy Journal,2000,92(6):1266-1275.
[18]Hu T T,Kang S Z,Zhang F C,Zhang J H.Alternate application of osmotic and nitrogen stresses to partial root system:effects on root growth and nitrogen use efficiency.Journal of Plant Nutrition,2006,29(12):2079-2092.
[19]Hu T T,Kang S Z,Li F S,Zhang J H.Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on the nitrogen absorption and utilization of maize.Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(2):208-214.
[20]Zhang J H,Jia W S,Zhang D P.Re-export and metabolism of xylem-delivered ABA in attached maize leaves under different transpirational fluxes and xylem ABA concentrations.Journal of Experimental Botany,1997,48(313):1557-1564.
[21]周秀杰,王海红,束良佐,祝鹏飞,申建波,李忠正,梁陈.局部根区水分胁迫下氮形态与供给部位对玉米幼苗生长的影响.应用生态学报,2010,21(8):2017-2024.
[22]梁宗锁,康绍忠,石培泽,潘英华,何立绩.隔沟交替灌溉对玉米根系分布和产量的影响及其节水效益.中国农业科学,2000,33(6):26-32.
[23]Skinner R H,Hanson J D,Benjamin J G.Nitrogen uptake and partitioning under alternate-and every-furrow irrigation.Plant and Soil,1999,210(1):11-20.
[24]阿丽艳·肉孜,郭仁松,杜强,武辉,张巨松.施氮量对枣棉间作棉花干物质积累、产量与品质的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):761-767.
[25]罗宏海,张宏芝,陶先萍,张亚黎,张旺锋.膜下滴灌条件下水氮供应对棉花根系及叶片衰老特性的调节.中国农业科学,2013,46(10):2142-2150.
[26]谢志良,田长彦,卞卫国.膜下滴灌水氮对棉花根系构型的影响.棉花学报,2009,21(6):508-514.
[27]Luo H H,Tao X P,Hu Y Y,Zhang Y L,Zhang W F.Response of cotton root growth and yield to root restriction under various water and nitrogen regimes.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science,2015,178(3):384-392.
[28]陶先萍,罗宏海,张亚黎,张旺锋.根域限制下水氮供应对膜下滴灌棉花叶片光合生理特性的影响.生态学报,2013,33(12):3676-3687.
[29]康绍忠,胡笑涛,蔡焕杰,冯绍元.现代农业与生态节水的理论创新及研究重点.水利学报,2004,35(12):1-7.
[30]Sadras V O.Does partial root-zone drying improve irrigation water productivity in theeld?A meta-analysis.Irrigation Science,2009,27(3):183-190.
[31]杜太生,康绍忠,张建华.交替灌溉的节水调质机理及同位素技术在作物水分利用研究中的应用.植物生理学报,2011,47(9):823-830.
[32]Kang S Z,Zhang J H.Controlled alternate partial root-zone irrigation:its physiological consequences and impact on water use efficiency.Journal of Experimental Botany,2004,55(407):2437-2446.
[33]Dodd I C,Egea G,Davies W J.Accounting for sap flow from different parts of the root system improves the prediction of xylem ABA concentration in plants grown with heterogeneous soil moisture.Journal of Experimental Botany,2008,59(15):4083-4093.
[34]李文娆,李小利,张岁岐,山仑.水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿和高粱根系水力学导度与水分利用效率的关系.生态学报,2011,31(5):1323-1333.
[35]Netting A G,Theobald J C,Dodd I C.Xylem sap collection and extraction methodologies to determine in vivo concentrations of ABA and its bound forms by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Plant Methods,2012,8:11.
[36]Gonzalez-Dugo V,Durand J L,Gastal F.Water deficit and nitrogen nutrition of crops.A review.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2010,30(3):529-544.
[37]Jin K,Shen J B,Ashton R W,White R P,Dodd I C,Parry M A J,Whalley W R.Wheat root growth responses to horizontal stratification of fertiliser in a water-limited environment.Plant and Soil,2015,386(1/2):77-88.
[38]Dodd I C.Root-to-shoot signalling:assessing the roles of‘Up’in the up and down world of long-distance signalling in planta.Plant and Soil,2005,274(1/2):251-270.
[39]Dodd I C.Rhizosphere manipulations to maximize‘crop per drop’during deficit irrigation.Journal of Experimental Botany,2009,60(9):2454-2459.
[40]Boursiac Y,Léran S,Corratgé-Faillie C,Gojon A,Krouk G,Lacombe B.ABA transport and transporters.Trends in Plant Science,2013,18(6):325-333.