干旱年份沙质草地生态系统净CO_2通量年变化特征
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摘要
草地生态系统是干旱半干旱区生态系统类型的重要组成部分,在区域生态系统碳平衡中起着极为重要的作用。采用涡度相关法对科尔沁沙质草地生态系统进行连续两年(2015和2016年)的碳通量观测,此两年恰逢研究区的相对干旱之年,年降水量约为历史平均值的60%。研究结果表明:1)年最大日均CO2吸收速率分别为-6.68和-9.58g·m~(-2)·d-1,年最大日均释放速率分别为5.69和5.21g·m~(-2)·d-1。2)生长季(5-9月)碳吸收量分别为-120.54和-139.83g·m~(-2),非生长季碳释放量分别为230.33和212.82g·m~(-2)。3)全年尺度上沙质草地生态系统表现为碳源,2015年净碳释放量(109.79g·m~(-2)·年-1)稍高于2016年(72.99g·m~(-2)·年-1)。4)生态系统净CO2交换量(NEE)与空气温度、土壤温度及土壤湿度存在显著相关关系,但不同年份同期NEE对环境温度和湿度的响应程度不尽一致。
Grassland ecosystems are a major component of terrestrial ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions and play an important role in regional carbon balances.Continuous observation(from 2015 to 2016)of carbon dioxide flux was conducted using the eddy covariance technique in the‘Horqin Sandy Land'grassland ecosystem.The study period coincided with the drought in the study area and the annual rainfall during the study was60% of the historical average.Key results were:1)The maximum daily absorption rates were-6.68 and-9.58 g·m~(-2)·d-1,respectively,in 2015 and 2016,while the release rate was 5.69 and 5.21 g·m~(-2)·d-1.2)The amount of CO2 absorption was-120.54 and-139.83 g·m~(-2) during growing season and the emission was 230.33 and 212.82 g·m~(-2) during the non-growing season.3)The Horqin sandy grassland ecosystem was a carbon source when considered from an annual perspective.The net carbon release in 2015(109.79 g·m~(-2)·yr-1)was slightly greater than that in 2016(72.99 g·m~(-2)·yr-1).4)There were significant correlations between net ecosystem exchange(NEE)and air temperature,soil temperature,and soil moisture.However,the response of NEE to environmental temperature and humidity was not consistent across the two years.
Grassland ecosystems are a major component of terrestrial ecosystems in arid and semi-arid regions and play an important role in regional carbon balances.Continuous observation(from 2015 to 2016)of carbon dioxide flux was conducted using the eddy covariance technique in the‘Horqin Sandy Land'grassland ecosystem.The study period coincided with the drought in the study area and the annual rainfall during the study was60% of the historical average.Key results were:1)The maximum daily absorption rates were-6.68 and-9.58 g·m~(-2)·d-1,respectively,in 2015 and 2016,while the release rate was 5.69 and 5.21 g·m~(-2)·d-1.2)The amount of CO2 absorption was-120.54 and-139.83 g·m~(-2) during growing season and the emission was 230.33 and 212.82 g·m~(-2) during the non-growing season.3)The Horqin sandy grassland ecosystem was a carbon source when considered from an annual perspective.The net carbon release in 2015(109.79 g·m~(-2)·yr-1)was slightly greater than that in 2016(72.99 g·m~(-2)·yr-1).4)There were significant correlations between net ecosystem exchange(NEE)and air temperature,soil temperature,and soil moisture.However,the response of NEE to environmental temperature and humidity was not consistent across the two years.
引文
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[15]Falge E,Baldocchi D,Olson R,et al.Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107(1):71-77.
[16]Kato T,Tang Y,Gu S,et al.Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,2006,12(7):1285-1298.
[17]Li S G,Asanuma J,Eugster W,et al.Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange over grazed steppe in central Mongolia.Global Change Biology,2005,11(11):1941-1955.
[18]Shi P L,Sun X M,Xu L L,et al.The net carbon flux and its influencing factors in Tibetan alpine steppe meadow ecosystem.Science in China:Earth Science,2006,36(S1):194-203.石培礼,孙晓敏,徐玲玲,等.西藏高原草原化嵩草草甸生态系统CO2净交换及其影响因子.中国科学:地球科学,2006,36(S1):194-203.
[19]Frank A B.Carbon dioxide fluxes over a grazed prairie and seeded pasture in the Northern Great Plains.Environmental Pollution,2002,116(3):397-403.
[20]Suyker A E,Verma S B,Burba G G.Interannual variability in net CO2exchange of a native tallgrass prairie.Global Change Biology,2003,9(2):255-265.
[21]Saetre P,Stark J M.Microbial dynamic sand carbon and nitrogen cycling following rewetting of soils beneath two semi-arid plant species.Oecologia,2005,142:247-260.
[22]Wang X Y,Li Y L,Zhao X Y,et al.Responses of soil respiration to different environment factors in semi-arid and arid areas.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(15):4890-4901.王新源,李玉霖,赵学勇,等.干旱半干旱区不同环境因素对土壤呼吸影响研究进展.生态学报,2012,32(15):4890-4901.
[23]Hunt J E,Kelliher F M,Mcseveny T M,et al.Evaporation and carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and a tussock grassland during a summer drought.Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2002,111(1):65-82.
[24]Zhang J X,Cao G M,Zhou D W,et al.The carbon storage and carbon cycle among the atmosphere,soil,vegetation and animal in the Kobresia humilis alpine meadow ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(4):627-634.张金霞,曹广民,周党卫,等.高寒矮嵩草草甸大气-土壤-植被-动物系统碳素储量及碳素循环.生态学报,2003,23(4):627-634.
[25]Du Q,Liu H Z,Feng J W,et al.Carbon dioxide exchange processes over the grassland ecosystems in semiarid areas of China.Science in China:Earth Science,2012,55(4):644-655.杜群,刘辉志,冯健武,等.半干旱区草原生态系统的碳交换特征.中国科学:地球科学,2012,55(4):644-655.
[26]Hao Y,Wang Y,Sun X,et al.Seasonal variation in carbon exchange and its ecological analysis over Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia.Science in China:Earth Science,2006,49(Supple 2):186-195.
[27]Meyers T P.A comparison of summertime water and CO2fluxes over rangeland for well watered and drought conditions.Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2001,106(3):205-214.
[2]Dugas W A,Heuer M L,Mayeux H S.Carbon dioxide fluxes over bermudagrass,native prairie,and sorghum.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1999,93(2):121-139.
[3]Suyker A E,Verma S B.Year-round observations of the net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a native tallgrass prairie.Global Change Biology,2001,7(3):279-289.
[4]Valentini R,Gamon J A,Field C B.Ecosystem gas exchange in a California grassland:Seasonal patterns and implications for scaling.Ecology,1995,76(6):1940-1952.
[5]Jmo S,Hall D O.The global carbon sink:agrassland perspective.Global Change Biology,1998,4(2):229-233.
[6]Wang B.Study on the Carbon Flux and Its Controlling Mechanism of Degraded Alpine Meadow and Artificial Pasture in the Three-Rive Source Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Tianjin:Nankai University,2014.王斌.三江源区退化和人工草地生态系统CO2通量及其影响机制的研究.天津:南开大学,2014.
[7]Kim J,Verma S B,Clement R J.Carbon dioxide budget in a temperate grassland ecosystem.Geophysical Research,1992,97(D5):6057-6063.
[8]Chen Z Z,Wang S P.Typical Grassland Ecosystem in China.Beijing:Science Press,2000.陈佐忠,汪诗平.中国典型草原生态系统.北京:科学出版社,2000.
[9]Balogh J,Czóbel S,Juhász A,et al.Seasonal carbon-balance of a semi-desert temperate grassland ecosystem over a year period.Acta Biologica Szegediensis,2002,46(3):221-222.
[10]Peng Q,Qi Y C,Dong Y S,et al.Responses of carbon cycling key processes to precipitation changes in arid and semiarid grassland ecosystems:a review.Progress in Geography,2012,31(11):1510-1518.彭琴,齐玉春,董云社,等.干旱半干旱地区草地碳循环关键过程对降雨变化的响应.地理科学进展,2012,31(11):1510-1518.
[11]Shang W,Li Y Q,Wang S K,et al.Dynamic changes of surface soil organic carbon and light-fraction organic carbon after mobile dune afforestation with Mongolian pine in Horqin Sandy Land.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(8):2069-2074.尚雯,李玉强,王少昆,等.科尔沁沙地流动沙丘造林后表层土壤有机碳和轻组有机碳的变化.应用生态学报,2011,22(8):2069-2074.
[12]Zhao H L,Li Y Q,Zhou R L.Effects of desertification on C and N storage in grassland ecosystem on Horqin Sandy Land.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2007,18(11):2412-2417.赵哈林,李玉强,周瑞莲.沙漠化对科尔沁沙质草地生态系统碳氮储量的影响.应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2412-2417.
[13]Liu X P,He Y H,Zhao X Y,et al.Characteristics of precipitation in Nanman region of Horqin sandy land.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,18(2):155-158.刘新平,何玉惠,赵学勇,等.科尔沁沙地奈曼地区降水变化特征分析.水土保持研究,2011,18(2):155-158.
[14]Zhu Z L,Sun X M,Zhang R H,et al.The estimate of energy and mass exchange in Inner Mongolia semi-arid grassland micrometeorological methods.Climatic and Environmental Research,2002,7(3):351-358.朱治林,孙晓敏,张仁华,等.内蒙古半干旱草原能量物质交换的微气象方法估算.气候与环境研究,2002,7(3):351-358.
[15]Falge E,Baldocchi D,Olson R,et al.Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2001,107(1):71-77.
[16]Kato T,Tang Y,Gu S,et al.Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Global Change Biology,2006,12(7):1285-1298.
[17]Li S G,Asanuma J,Eugster W,et al.Net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange over grazed steppe in central Mongolia.Global Change Biology,2005,11(11):1941-1955.
[18]Shi P L,Sun X M,Xu L L,et al.The net carbon flux and its influencing factors in Tibetan alpine steppe meadow ecosystem.Science in China:Earth Science,2006,36(S1):194-203.石培礼,孙晓敏,徐玲玲,等.西藏高原草原化嵩草草甸生态系统CO2净交换及其影响因子.中国科学:地球科学,2006,36(S1):194-203.
[19]Frank A B.Carbon dioxide fluxes over a grazed prairie and seeded pasture in the Northern Great Plains.Environmental Pollution,2002,116(3):397-403.
[20]Suyker A E,Verma S B,Burba G G.Interannual variability in net CO2exchange of a native tallgrass prairie.Global Change Biology,2003,9(2):255-265.
[21]Saetre P,Stark J M.Microbial dynamic sand carbon and nitrogen cycling following rewetting of soils beneath two semi-arid plant species.Oecologia,2005,142:247-260.
[22]Wang X Y,Li Y L,Zhao X Y,et al.Responses of soil respiration to different environment factors in semi-arid and arid areas.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(15):4890-4901.王新源,李玉霖,赵学勇,等.干旱半干旱区不同环境因素对土壤呼吸影响研究进展.生态学报,2012,32(15):4890-4901.
[23]Hunt J E,Kelliher F M,Mcseveny T M,et al.Evaporation and carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and a tussock grassland during a summer drought.Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2002,111(1):65-82.
[24]Zhang J X,Cao G M,Zhou D W,et al.The carbon storage and carbon cycle among the atmosphere,soil,vegetation and animal in the Kobresia humilis alpine meadow ecosystem.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(4):627-634.张金霞,曹广民,周党卫,等.高寒矮嵩草草甸大气-土壤-植被-动物系统碳素储量及碳素循环.生态学报,2003,23(4):627-634.
[25]Du Q,Liu H Z,Feng J W,et al.Carbon dioxide exchange processes over the grassland ecosystems in semiarid areas of China.Science in China:Earth Science,2012,55(4):644-655.杜群,刘辉志,冯健武,等.半干旱区草原生态系统的碳交换特征.中国科学:地球科学,2012,55(4):644-655.
[26]Hao Y,Wang Y,Sun X,et al.Seasonal variation in carbon exchange and its ecological analysis over Leymus chinensis steppe in Inner Mongolia.Science in China:Earth Science,2006,49(Supple 2):186-195.
[27]Meyers T P.A comparison of summertime water and CO2fluxes over rangeland for well watered and drought conditions.Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2001,106(3):205-214.
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