水稻土深松阻力与土壤扰动效果研究
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摘要
为探讨机械深松过程的水稻土扰动、土壤结构及能量的效应,利用原位土壤耕作综合测试平台进行精准控制条件的深松试验,采用凿形铲,设置5种耕作深度(10、15、20、25、30 cm),从耕作阻力及比阻、土壤宏观扰动轮廓、土壤破碎体尺度分布指标综合评价水稻土深松作业的效果。结果表明,深松耕作阻力与耕作深度符合二阶函数拟合的递增关系。耕深20 cm时,深松铲对土壤扰动程度最大,地表隆起、开裂和纵向起伏程度最强,此时土壤隆起高度、隆起宽度、横剖面扰动面积、平均土块径均达到最大值,分别为16.3 cm、42.2 cm、0.030 5 m~2、28.77 cm,耕作比阻则相对较低,为62 kN/m~2;然而在耕深超过20 cm之后,深松铲的土壤扰动效果显著降低,地表隆起、开裂和纵向起伏程度减弱,土壤隆起高度、隆起宽度、横剖面扰动面积、平均土块径数值均明显减小,耕深30 cm时分别降至10.3 cm、31.2 cm、0.026 8 m~2、19.12 cm,相比耕深20 cm降幅分别为36.8%、26.1%、12.1%和33.54%,而此时耕作比阻急剧增大至195 kN/m~2,相比耕深20 cm增幅高达214.5%。因此,在水稻土条件下,耕作深度20 cm时能够获得最佳的土壤扰动、土壤结构及耕作能量的综合效应。
Optimization of tillage system for paddy soil requires a precise quantification of soil disturbance,soil structure and tillage energy efficiency. An in-situ tillage test plateform was applied for precise control on the working parameters of a subsoiler,which was a chisel design and was evaluated in five depths( i. e.,10 cm,15 cm,20 cm,25 cm and 30 cm). Traction,specific resistance,disturbed soil profile and soil fragment distribution were measured to evaluate the performance of the subsoiler.Results showed an increased traction with respect to the engaging depth,which satisfied a second-order equation. In the 20 cm tilling depth the degree of soil disturbance,soil surface humping,soil cracking and longitudinal humping were found the maximum. The bumping height,width,disturbed area of soil profile,mean weight diameter were 16. 3 cm,42. 2 cm,0. 030 5 m~2 and 28. 77 cm,respectively. Specific resistance in this depth was the minimum,i. e. 62 kN / m~2. When surpassing 20 cm depth,the bumping height,width,disturbed soil profile area,mean weight diameter were significantly decreased,which were10. 3 cm,31. 2 cm,0. 026 8 m~2 and 19. 12 cm,respectively,for the 30 cm depth. Compared with the20 cm depth,these parameters were decreased by 36. 8%,26. 1%,12. 1% and 33. 54%,respectively.Meanwhile,the specific resistance was 195 kN / m~2 for the 30 cm depth which was increased by 214. 5%compared with 20 cm depth. In considerating the overall effect of tillage-induced soil struction,soil tilth quality and energy use efficiency,tilling the paddy soil into 20 cm provided the best results.
Optimization of tillage system for paddy soil requires a precise quantification of soil disturbance,soil structure and tillage energy efficiency. An in-situ tillage test plateform was applied for precise control on the working parameters of a subsoiler,which was a chisel design and was evaluated in five depths( i. e.,10 cm,15 cm,20 cm,25 cm and 30 cm). Traction,specific resistance,disturbed soil profile and soil fragment distribution were measured to evaluate the performance of the subsoiler.Results showed an increased traction with respect to the engaging depth,which satisfied a second-order equation. In the 20 cm tilling depth the degree of soil disturbance,soil surface humping,soil cracking and longitudinal humping were found the maximum. The bumping height,width,disturbed area of soil profile,mean weight diameter were 16. 3 cm,42. 2 cm,0. 030 5 m~2 and 28. 77 cm,respectively. Specific resistance in this depth was the minimum,i. e. 62 kN / m~2. When surpassing 20 cm depth,the bumping height,width,disturbed soil profile area,mean weight diameter were significantly decreased,which were10. 3 cm,31. 2 cm,0. 026 8 m~2 and 19. 12 cm,respectively,for the 30 cm depth. Compared with the20 cm depth,these parameters were decreased by 36. 8%,26. 1%,12. 1% and 33. 54%,respectively.Meanwhile,the specific resistance was 195 kN / m~2 for the 30 cm depth which was increased by 214. 5%compared with 20 cm depth. In considerating the overall effect of tillage-induced soil struction,soil tilth quality and energy use efficiency,tilling the paddy soil into 20 cm provided the best results.
引文
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