基于运行安全的频率控制性能评价新方法
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摘要
目前我国电网在频率控制性能评价方面实施的"时段CPS标准",存在指标设计缺乏理论依据、评价方式过于严苛等不足,导致一些电网出现机组调节频繁、评价结果与控制效果不匹配的现象。本文从系统安全运行的角度出发,以《电力系统安全稳定控制技术导则》为依据,抽象出频率控制的要求:正常运行情况下保证频率留有一定的安全裕度;Ⅰ类扰动情况下限制频率持续越限的时间。鉴于此,提出新的频率安全评价方法(FSAM),包括评价指标和评价方式的设计,以此对区域在正常情况和Ⅰ类扰动情况下的控制行为进行规范和评价。算例仿真表明:本文方法能够引导控制区域进行有利于系统安全运行的调节行为,保证频率在安全范围内变化,且能够减少机组调节次数,提高运行的经济性。
The "Period-Control Performance Standard(P-CPS)", which is currently applied to assess area's performance on frequency control in China power grid, has some defects, such as having overly strict requirements for control and being indefensible in index design. This case leads to frequent regulation of units and the inconsistency between assessment result and control performance.Based on the rules of "Technical Guide for Electric Power System Security and Stability Control", this paper draws out the requirements for frequency control from an operation security perspective.Frequency should have a safety martin in the case of non-contingency and duration for over-limit frequency should be constricted in the case of I level contingency. According to the requirements, a new frequency security assessment method(FSAM) is proposed to monitor and assess areas' control actions in the cases of non-contingency and I level contingency. The test results show that, with the new method, frequency fluctuates within the defined secure range and operation security can be maintained appropriately. In addition, the number of orders to regulate automatic generation control(AGC) units is decreased, which is beneficial for economical operation.
The "Period-Control Performance Standard(P-CPS)", which is currently applied to assess area's performance on frequency control in China power grid, has some defects, such as having overly strict requirements for control and being indefensible in index design. This case leads to frequent regulation of units and the inconsistency between assessment result and control performance.Based on the rules of "Technical Guide for Electric Power System Security and Stability Control", this paper draws out the requirements for frequency control from an operation security perspective.Frequency should have a safety martin in the case of non-contingency and duration for over-limit frequency should be constricted in the case of I level contingency. According to the requirements, a new frequency security assessment method(FSAM) is proposed to monitor and assess areas' control actions in the cases of non-contingency and I level contingency. The test results show that, with the new method, frequency fluctuates within the defined secure range and operation security can be maintained appropriately. In addition, the number of orders to regulate automatic generation control(AGC) units is decreased, which is beneficial for economical operation.
引文
[1]鲁尔洁,陈峦,李坚,等.基于改进模糊控制的发电系统频率调节研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2017,45(8):46-52.Lu Erjie,Chen Luan,Li Jian,et al.Research on power system frequency regulation based on improved fuzzy control[J].Power System Protection and Control,2017,45(8):46-52.
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[3]刘萌,褚晓东,张文,等.计及网络约束的源-荷协同频率控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(6):195-205.Liu Meng,Chu Xiaodong,Zhang Wen,et al.Cooperative generation-load frequency control strategy accounting for power network constraints[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(6):195-205.
[4]包宇庆,李扬,王春宁,等.需求响应参与大规模风电接入下的电力系统频率调节研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2015,43(4):32-37.Bao Yuqing,Li Yang,Wang Chunning,et al.On demand response participating in the frequency control of the grid under high wind penetration[J].Power System Protection and Control,2015,43(4):32-37.
[5]潘磊,凌呼君.可控负荷参与电力系统调频的应用研究[J].电气技术,2017,18(2):89-92.Pan Lei,Ling Hujun.Research on active response frequency modulation for controllable load[J].Electrical Engineering,2017,18(2):89-92.
[6]陈晨,李平康,贾智州.基于鲁棒方差优化的电力系统频率控制研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,201644(11):53-60.Chen Chen,Li Pingkang,Jia Zhizhou.Frequency control for power systems based on robust variance optimization[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(11):53-60.
[7]赵霞,张荣荣,赵瑞锋,等.CPS标准下AGC机组动态优化调度的改进模型[J].电工技术学报,201631(5):99-106.Zhao Xia,Zhang Rongrong,Zhao Ruifeng,et al.An extended dynamic optimization model for AGCgenerators dispatch under CPS[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(5):99-106.
[8]张磊,罗毅,肖雅元,等.大规模风电并网条件下AGC机组跨区分布式最优协调控制[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(9):42-49.Zhang Lei,Luo Yi,Xiao Yayuan,et al.Transregional and distributed optimal coordination control of AGC units under large-scale wind power grid[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(9):42-49.
[9]Steinmetz W K,Cole J D.Sampling ACE data for NERC CPC surveys[J].IEEE Computer Applications in Power,1993,6(3):27-32.
[10]Jaleeli N.NERC's new control performance standards[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1999,14(3):1092-1099.
[11]NERC.Reliability standards for the bulk electric systems of North America[EB/OL].2017[2018-02-04].http://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Reliability%20Standa rds%20Complete%20Set/RSCompleteSet.pdf.
[12]汪德星.关于CPS应用的学术讨论[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(15):73-77.Wang Dexing.Academic discussions on CPSapplication[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(15):73-77.
[13]汪德星.华东电网实行CPS标准的探索[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(8):41-44.Wang Dexing.Study of CPS standardsin east China power grid[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems2000,24(8):41-44.
[14]王炳焱,陈晓东,张维奇.广东电网CPS调节策略研究[J].广东电力,2010,23(4):61-65.Wang Bingyan,Chen Xiaodong,Zhang Weiqi.Study on CPS regulation strategy of guangdong power grid[J].Guangdong Electric Power,2010,23(4):61-65.
[15]文学,王坚.南方电网调频模式现状及未来调频模式研究[J].电网技术,2010,34(12):119-123.Wen Xue,Wang Jian.Research on current situation and its future of frequency regulation mode of China southern power grid[J].Power System Technology,2010,34(12):119-123.
[16]宋学杰.基于CPS标准的区域电网自动发电控制性能考核优化方案研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2015.
[17]黄韬,王坚.南方电网频率控制性能标准考核方法探讨[J].南方电网技术,2012,6(1):34-37.Huang Tao,Wang Jian.On the frequency-control performance standard for China southern power grid[J].Southern Power System Technology,2012,6(1):34-37.
[18]李卫东,刘娆,巴宇.新一代互联电网运行控制性能评价标准设计的理论基础与工作展望[J].电力科学与技术学报,2011,26(1):13-19.Li Weidong,Liu Rao,Ba Yu.Theory and prospect of performance evaluation criterion design for new interconnected power grid operation and control[J].Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology,2011,26(1):13-19.
[19]巴宇,刘娆,李卫东.CPS及其考核在北美与国内的应用比较[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(15):63-72.Ba Yu,Liu Rao,Li Weidong.Comparison of CPSand its assessment between north America and China[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(15):63-72.
[20]熊卫斌,李鹏,张昆.CPS对于不同负荷规模的适用性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(15):78-82.Xiong Weibin,Li Peng,Zhang Kun.An applicability analysis on CPS assessment of different load scales[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(15):78-82.
[21]Jaleeli N,Vanslyck L S.Control performance standards and procedures for interconnected operation[R].Electric Power Research Institute Report TR-107813,1997.
[22]Priority-based Control Engineering.Directed research to validate balance resources and demand standard’s procedures and define frequency-related limits[EB/OL].2005[2018-02-04].http://www.nerc.com/pa/St-and/2007%2018%20Reliability%20Based%20Control%20FieldTrial%20Tools/PCEreportBRD-SDT_CERTSfi nal.pdf.
[23]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会.GB/T 26399-2011《电力系统安全稳定控制技术导则》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011.
[24]程丽敏,李兴源.多区域交直流互联系统的频率稳定控制[J].电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(7):56-62.Cheng Limin,Li Xingyuan.Load frequency control in multi-area AC/DC interconnected power system[J].Power System Protection and Control,2011,39(7):56-62.
[25]Howard F I.Frequency control performance measurement and requirements[EB/OL].2010[2018-02-04]http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d63w2f7.
[26]毛安家,何金.一种基于可信性理论的电网安全性综合评估方法[J].电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(18):80-87.Mao Anjia,He Jin.An approach of power grid security comprehensive assessment based on credibility theory[J].Power System Protection and Control,2011,39(18):80-87.
[27]马丽叶,贾彬,卢志刚,等.基于静态安全性和实时供电能力的输电网安全等级研究[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(6):229-237.Ma Liye,Jia Bin,Lu Zhigang,et al.Research on security classification of transmission network considering static security and real-time power supply capability[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(6):229-237.
[28]陈恩泽,刘涤尘,廖清芬,等.多重扰动下的跨区电网低频振荡研究[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(2):290-296.Chen Enze,Liu Dichen,Liao Qingfen,et al.Research on low frequency oscillation of interconnected power grid based on multiple disturbances[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(2):290-296.
[29]马燕峰,刘佳,闫纪源.基于随机响应面法的含风电电力系统小扰动稳定性分析[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(6):49-57.Ma Yanfeng,Liu Jia,Yan Jiyuan.Small disturbance stability analysis of power system containing wind power based on stochastic response surface method[J]Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(6):49-57.
[2]温步瀛.计及调速器死区影响的两区域互联电力系统AGC研究[J].电工技术学报,2010,25(9):176-182.Wen Buying.Research on AGC of two-area interconnected Power system considering the effect of the governor dead band[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2010,25(9):176-182.
[3]刘萌,褚晓东,张文,等.计及网络约束的源-荷协同频率控制策略[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(6):195-205.Liu Meng,Chu Xiaodong,Zhang Wen,et al.Cooperative generation-load frequency control strategy accounting for power network constraints[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(6):195-205.
[4]包宇庆,李扬,王春宁,等.需求响应参与大规模风电接入下的电力系统频率调节研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,2015,43(4):32-37.Bao Yuqing,Li Yang,Wang Chunning,et al.On demand response participating in the frequency control of the grid under high wind penetration[J].Power System Protection and Control,2015,43(4):32-37.
[5]潘磊,凌呼君.可控负荷参与电力系统调频的应用研究[J].电气技术,2017,18(2):89-92.Pan Lei,Ling Hujun.Research on active response frequency modulation for controllable load[J].Electrical Engineering,2017,18(2):89-92.
[6]陈晨,李平康,贾智州.基于鲁棒方差优化的电力系统频率控制研究[J].电力系统保护与控制,201644(11):53-60.Chen Chen,Li Pingkang,Jia Zhizhou.Frequency control for power systems based on robust variance optimization[J].Power System Protection and Control,2016,44(11):53-60.
[7]赵霞,张荣荣,赵瑞锋,等.CPS标准下AGC机组动态优化调度的改进模型[J].电工技术学报,201631(5):99-106.Zhao Xia,Zhang Rongrong,Zhao Ruifeng,et al.An extended dynamic optimization model for AGCgenerators dispatch under CPS[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(5):99-106.
[8]张磊,罗毅,肖雅元,等.大规模风电并网条件下AGC机组跨区分布式最优协调控制[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(9):42-49.Zhang Lei,Luo Yi,Xiao Yayuan,et al.Transregional and distributed optimal coordination control of AGC units under large-scale wind power grid[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(9):42-49.
[9]Steinmetz W K,Cole J D.Sampling ACE data for NERC CPC surveys[J].IEEE Computer Applications in Power,1993,6(3):27-32.
[10]Jaleeli N.NERC's new control performance standards[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1999,14(3):1092-1099.
[11]NERC.Reliability standards for the bulk electric systems of North America[EB/OL].2017[2018-02-04].http://www.nerc.com/pa/Stand/Reliability%20Standa rds%20Complete%20Set/RSCompleteSet.pdf.
[12]汪德星.关于CPS应用的学术讨论[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(15):73-77.Wang Dexing.Academic discussions on CPSapplication[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(15):73-77.
[13]汪德星.华东电网实行CPS标准的探索[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(8):41-44.Wang Dexing.Study of CPS standardsin east China power grid[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems2000,24(8):41-44.
[14]王炳焱,陈晓东,张维奇.广东电网CPS调节策略研究[J].广东电力,2010,23(4):61-65.Wang Bingyan,Chen Xiaodong,Zhang Weiqi.Study on CPS regulation strategy of guangdong power grid[J].Guangdong Electric Power,2010,23(4):61-65.
[15]文学,王坚.南方电网调频模式现状及未来调频模式研究[J].电网技术,2010,34(12):119-123.Wen Xue,Wang Jian.Research on current situation and its future of frequency regulation mode of China southern power grid[J].Power System Technology,2010,34(12):119-123.
[16]宋学杰.基于CPS标准的区域电网自动发电控制性能考核优化方案研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2015.
[17]黄韬,王坚.南方电网频率控制性能标准考核方法探讨[J].南方电网技术,2012,6(1):34-37.Huang Tao,Wang Jian.On the frequency-control performance standard for China southern power grid[J].Southern Power System Technology,2012,6(1):34-37.
[18]李卫东,刘娆,巴宇.新一代互联电网运行控制性能评价标准设计的理论基础与工作展望[J].电力科学与技术学报,2011,26(1):13-19.Li Weidong,Liu Rao,Ba Yu.Theory and prospect of performance evaluation criterion design for new interconnected power grid operation and control[J].Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology,2011,26(1):13-19.
[19]巴宇,刘娆,李卫东.CPS及其考核在北美与国内的应用比较[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(15):63-72.Ba Yu,Liu Rao,Li Weidong.Comparison of CPSand its assessment between north America and China[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(15):63-72.
[20]熊卫斌,李鹏,张昆.CPS对于不同负荷规模的适用性分析[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(15):78-82.Xiong Weibin,Li Peng,Zhang Kun.An applicability analysis on CPS assessment of different load scales[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(15):78-82.
[21]Jaleeli N,Vanslyck L S.Control performance standards and procedures for interconnected operation[R].Electric Power Research Institute Report TR-107813,1997.
[22]Priority-based Control Engineering.Directed research to validate balance resources and demand standard’s procedures and define frequency-related limits[EB/OL].2005[2018-02-04].http://www.nerc.com/pa/St-and/2007%2018%20Reliability%20Based%20Control%20FieldTrial%20Tools/PCEreportBRD-SDT_CERTSfi nal.pdf.
[23]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会.GB/T 26399-2011《电力系统安全稳定控制技术导则》[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011.
[24]程丽敏,李兴源.多区域交直流互联系统的频率稳定控制[J].电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(7):56-62.Cheng Limin,Li Xingyuan.Load frequency control in multi-area AC/DC interconnected power system[J].Power System Protection and Control,2011,39(7):56-62.
[25]Howard F I.Frequency control performance measurement and requirements[EB/OL].2010[2018-02-04]http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2d63w2f7.
[26]毛安家,何金.一种基于可信性理论的电网安全性综合评估方法[J].电力系统保护与控制,2011,39(18):80-87.Mao Anjia,He Jin.An approach of power grid security comprehensive assessment based on credibility theory[J].Power System Protection and Control,2011,39(18):80-87.
[27]马丽叶,贾彬,卢志刚,等.基于静态安全性和实时供电能力的输电网安全等级研究[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(6):229-237.Ma Liye,Jia Bin,Lu Zhigang,et al.Research on security classification of transmission network considering static security and real-time power supply capability[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(6):229-237.
[28]陈恩泽,刘涤尘,廖清芬,等.多重扰动下的跨区电网低频振荡研究[J].电工技术学报,2014,29(2):290-296.Chen Enze,Liu Dichen,Liao Qingfen,et al.Research on low frequency oscillation of interconnected power grid based on multiple disturbances[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2014,29(2):290-296.
[29]马燕峰,刘佳,闫纪源.基于随机响应面法的含风电电力系统小扰动稳定性分析[J].电工技术学报,2017,32(6):49-57.Ma Yanfeng,Liu Jia,Yan Jiyuan.Small disturbance stability analysis of power system containing wind power based on stochastic response surface method[J]Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2017,32(6):49-57.