大规模气云区成因分析——以渤海湾A油田为例
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摘要
渤海湾A油田气云模糊区规模大,气云影响范围内纵波地震资料品质差,构造形态难以确定。通过分析地震、VSP、地质等多种资料,建立了多个二维、三维模型并完成声波方程正演模拟与数据评价。研究认为浅层大范围非均质地层(浅层气)引起的地震波散射屏蔽效应是造成气云区成像模糊的重要原因,垂直浅层气长轴方向的洼陷构造进一步增加了现有三维地震数据(沿浅层气长轴方向采集)成像难度。实际数据处理表明,回转波层析反演浅层速度以及考虑多波至的波动方程类叠前深度偏移等技术能够改善气云区纵波成像效果。
A large-scale gas cloud zone in the Oilfield A,Bohai Bay causes poor quality of P wave data,so subsurface structures are very difficult to be depicted.Based on multi-discipline information including surface seismic,VSP,and geologic data,we build a number of 2D and 3D models and achieve the forward modeling based on acoustic equation and synthetic data evaluation.According to our research,the seismic wave scattering caused by shallow large-scale heterogeneous stratum(shallow gas zone)is an important reason for blurring seismic imaging of gas cloud zone.The sag structure perpendicular to the long axis direction of shallow gas further aggravates the imaging difficulty on existing 3D seismic data(acquisition along the long axis direction of shallow gas zone).Real data processing shows that the near-surface velocity provided by turning-ray tomography,and wave equation prestack depth migration(PSDM)with multi-wave arrivals can improve the imaging quality of P-wave in the gas cloud zone.
A large-scale gas cloud zone in the Oilfield A,Bohai Bay causes poor quality of P wave data,so subsurface structures are very difficult to be depicted.Based on multi-discipline information including surface seismic,VSP,and geologic data,we build a number of 2D and 3D models and achieve the forward modeling based on acoustic equation and synthetic data evaluation.According to our research,the seismic wave scattering caused by shallow large-scale heterogeneous stratum(shallow gas zone)is an important reason for blurring seismic imaging of gas cloud zone.The sag structure perpendicular to the long axis direction of shallow gas further aggravates the imaging difficulty on existing 3D seismic data(acquisition along the long axis direction of shallow gas zone).Real data processing shows that the near-surface velocity provided by turning-ray tomography,and wave equation prestack depth migration(PSDM)with multi-wave arrivals can improve the imaging quality of P-wave in the gas cloud zone.
引文
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[21] Sirgue L,Barkved O I,Dellinger J,et al.Full wave-form inversion:the next leap forward in imaging at Valhall[J].First Break,2010,28(4):65-70.
[2] 李彦鹏,孙鹏远,魏庚雨,等.利用陆上三分量数据改善气云区构造成像[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(4):417-424.LI Yanpeng,SUN Pengyuan,WEI Gengyu,et al.Using 3-C land seismic data to improve structural imaging in gas chimney area[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(4):417-424.
[3] 张四海,李向阳,李岩,等.基于二极化校正的陆上气云区的转换波成像[J].石油地球物理勘探,2013,48(2):200-205.ZHANG Sihai,LI Xiangyang,LI Yan,et al.Converted-wave imaging based on the diodic moveout in a land gas-cloud area[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2013,48(2):200-205.
[4] 边冬辉,王小卫,杨维,等.三维转换波关键成像技术研究与应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(增刊2):91-97.BIAN Donghui,WANG Xiaowei,YANG Wei,et al.3D converted wave imaging[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(S2):91-97.
[5] 田立新,夏庆龙,刘春成,等.多分量地震勘探在渤海海域的应用[J].石油勘探与开发,2005,32(3):78-83.TIAN Lixin,XIA Qinglong,LIU Chuncheng,et al.Application of multiple component seismic exploration in Penglai 19-3 Oilfield,Bohai Bay[J].Petroleum Exploration & Development,2005,32(3):78-83.
[6] 张志军,周东红.数据驱动的“气云”区振幅补偿方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(3):474-479,505.ZHANG Zhijun,ZHOU Donghong.Amplitude compensation in gas cloud area based on a data-driven al-gorithm[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(3):474-479,505.
[7] Teng K H,Zhou J,Wu X,et al.Compensating atte-nuation due to gas cloud through QPSDM:a case study from offshore Brunei[C].Extended Abstracts of 76th EAGE Conference & Exhibition,2014,E102.
[8] Tian L X,Xia T X,Zhou D H,et al.Compensation of shallow gas cloud attenuation by Q tomography:A Bohai Bay case study[C].Extended Abstracts of 77th EAGE Conference & Exhibition,2015,P304.
[9] Ghazali A R,Verschuur D J and Gisolf A.Seismic ima-ging through gas clouds:A data-driven imaging strategy[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2008,27:2302-2306.
[10] Zhu X,Wallace K,Zhu Q,et al.Scattering effect on shallow gas-obscured zone imaging in Bohai A area[J].Geophysics,2012,77(2):B43-B53.
[11] Arntsen B,Wensaas L,L?seth H,et al.Seismic modeling of gas chimneys[J].Geophysics,2007,72(5):251-259.
[12] Youn K O.A modeling study of fault-shadow,shallow-gas,and low-velocity chimney effects on seismic data[C].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2001,20:1-4.
[13] 殷学鑫,刘洋.二维随机介质模型正演模拟及其波场分析[J].石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(6):862-872.YIN Xuexin,LIU Yang.Random medium 2-D modeling and its wavefield analysis[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2011,46(6):862-872.
[14] 马灵伟,顾汉明,赵迎月,等.应用随机介质正演模拟刻画深水区台缘礁碳酸盐岩储层[J].石油地球物理勘探,2013,48(4):583-590.MA Lingwei,GU Hanming,ZHAO Yingyue,et al.Sculpturing platform-edge reef carbonate reservoirs in deep-water with random media forward modeling[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2013,48(4):583-590.
[15] 陈波,宁宏晓,谢小碧.通过地震成像分辨率研究近地表复杂介质散射对成像质量的影响[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(5):1762-1775.CHEN Bo,NING Hongxiao,XIE Xiaobi.Investigating the effect of shallow scatterings from small-scale near-surface heterogeneities on seismic imaging:A resolution analysis based method[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(5):1762-1775.
[16] Zhu X H,Valasek P,Rol B,et al.Recent applications of turning-ray tomography[J].Geophysics,2008,73(5):243-254.
[17] Tanis M,Shah H,Watson P A,et al.Diving-wave refraction tomography and reflection tomography for velocity model building[J].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2006,25:3340-3344.
[18] Tanis M C,Askim O J,Lancaster S,et al.An integrated workflow for imaging below shallow gas:A Trinidad case study[J].SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts,2006,25:3051-3055.
[19] Kabir N,Albertin U,Zhou M,et al.Use of refraction,reflection,and wave-equation-based tomography for imaging beneath shallow gas:A Trinidad field data example[J].Geophysics,2008,73(5):VE281-VE289.
[20] 夏同星,刘垒,明君,等.渤海湾X油田气云区地震资料关键处理技术研究[J].石油物探,2018,57(2):283-291.XIA Tongxing,LIU Lei,MING Jun,et al.Key processing technologies of seismic data for a gas cloud area in the X Oilfield,Bohai Bay Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2018,57(2):283-291.
[21] Sirgue L,Barkved O I,Dellinger J,et al.Full wave-form inversion:the next leap forward in imaging at Valhall[J].First Break,2010,28(4):65-70.