基于生态修复视角的上海市黄浦江河岸带景观格局空间特征分析
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摘要
【目的】通过对上海黄浦江河岸带景观格局空间特征进行分析,找出该河岸带生态修复的重点区域与景观类型,科学规划河岸带的生态恢复重建,为黄浦江周边的土地利用格局优化与景观生态修复建设提供决策支持。【方法】基于地理信息系统(GIS)平台,利用高分辨率航拍图像数据源,构建河岸带土地利用与景观格局数据库,从横向、纵向两个维度,利用景观指数方法,在景观类型和景观格局两个水平,选取不同的景观指数对黄浦江河岸带景观格局空间特征进行定量分析。【结果】①在横向维度上,黄浦江河岸带市区段城市化程度最高,景观多样性最低,绿地和林地所占比例不足且碎片化;近郊段属于过渡河段,以工业用地为主,景观多样性最高,破碎化程度最严重;远郊段人为干扰程度最低,土地利用强度最弱,农田生态林网体系建设有待加强。②在纵向维度上,根据距河道边缘的距离(L),0≤L<100 m的河岸带受到重点生态保护,但距河道距离由近至远,人为干扰强度逐渐增强,河岸带景观多样性与破碎化程度呈现先增后减的趋势,在300≤L<400 m的河岸带景观破碎化程度最显著。【结论】城市建设活动的干扰,造成黄浦江河岸带景观格局趋于破碎,存在水陆交错边缘的负效应。在景观类型水平上,工业用地、生产防护林地和旱地是河岸带生态修复应重点关注的景观类型,而在景观格局水平上,近郊段河岸带(横向维度)和300≤L<400 m的河岸带及邻近区域(纵向维度)是生态修复重点区域。
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial characteristics of the riparian landscape of Huangpu River in order to find priority areas and landscape typologies for riparian ecological restoration. The outcome of this study can provide decision support for optimization of land use allocation, as well as landscape and ecological restoration around the area of Huangpu River.【Method】Based on high-resolution aerial images, a database of land use and landscape pattern within the riparian zone was constructed on the GIS platform. The spatial characteristics of landscape pattern in the riparian zone were analyzed by applying the quantitative landscape index method to both landscape class and pattern levels in longitudinal or cross-sectional directions.【Result】① In the cross-sectional dimension, urban areas exhibited the highest degree of urbanization and the lowest landscape diversity, as confirmed by spare and fragmented green lands and forests. We found the highest landscape diversity and degree of fragmentation in inner suburban areas; these transitional sections are dominated by industrial land. The outer suburban areas showed the lowest degree of human disturbance and the lowest intensity of land use, with clear intent to improve its agro-ecological and forest network. ② In the longitudinal dimension, L represents the distance from the river edge. While the ecological integrity of 0≤L<100 m riparian buffer zone was well protected, from the river going outwards, the intensity of human disturbance was found to increase gradually. Landscape diversity and degree of fragmentation showed a similar trends of initial increase, then decrease; landscape fragmentation degree of the 300≤L<400 m riparian zone was the most significant.【Conclusion】Owing to disturbances from urban development activities, the landscape pattern of the Huangpu River riparian zone became fragmented, showing adverse edge effects at the water-land interface. The industrial land, production shelter forest land, and dry land are critical landscape typologies. The inner suburban riparian zone in the longitudinal direction, and the 300≤L<400 m riparian zone and its adjacent areas in the cross-sectional direction are priority areas for ecological restoration.
【Objective】 The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial characteristics of the riparian landscape of Huangpu River in order to find priority areas and landscape typologies for riparian ecological restoration. The outcome of this study can provide decision support for optimization of land use allocation, as well as landscape and ecological restoration around the area of Huangpu River.【Method】Based on high-resolution aerial images, a database of land use and landscape pattern within the riparian zone was constructed on the GIS platform. The spatial characteristics of landscape pattern in the riparian zone were analyzed by applying the quantitative landscape index method to both landscape class and pattern levels in longitudinal or cross-sectional directions.【Result】① In the cross-sectional dimension, urban areas exhibited the highest degree of urbanization and the lowest landscape diversity, as confirmed by spare and fragmented green lands and forests. We found the highest landscape diversity and degree of fragmentation in inner suburban areas; these transitional sections are dominated by industrial land. The outer suburban areas showed the lowest degree of human disturbance and the lowest intensity of land use, with clear intent to improve its agro-ecological and forest network. ② In the longitudinal dimension, L represents the distance from the river edge. While the ecological integrity of 0≤L<100 m riparian buffer zone was well protected, from the river going outwards, the intensity of human disturbance was found to increase gradually. Landscape diversity and degree of fragmentation showed a similar trends of initial increase, then decrease; landscape fragmentation degree of the 300≤L<400 m riparian zone was the most significant.【Conclusion】Owing to disturbances from urban development activities, the landscape pattern of the Huangpu River riparian zone became fragmented, showing adverse edge effects at the water-land interface. The industrial land, production shelter forest land, and dry land are critical landscape typologies. The inner suburban riparian zone in the longitudinal direction, and the 300≤L<400 m riparian zone and its adjacent areas in the cross-sectional direction are priority areas for ecological restoration.
引文
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[18] 刘怡娜,孔令桥,肖燚,等.长江流域景观格局变化对生态系统水质净化服务的影响[J].环境保护科学,2018,44(4):6-13.DOI:10.16803/j.cnki.issn.1004-6216.2018.04.002.LIU Y N,KONG L Q,XIAO Y,et al.Effects of landscape pattern changes on ecosystem water purification service in the Yangtze River basin [J].Environmental Protection Science,2018,44(4):6-13.
[19] 魏雯,李哲惠,黄贞珍.城市河岸带土地利用和景观格局演变研究[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(11):2127-2133.DOI:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2018.11.020.WEI W,LI Z H,HUANG Z Z.Study on the evolution of land use and landscape patterns in urban riparian zones [J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2018,27(11):2127-2133.
[20] 夏继红,鞠蕾,林俊强,等.河岸带适宜宽度要求与确定方法[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(3):229-234.DOI:10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2013.03.007.XIA J H,JU L,LIN J Q,et al.Requirements for suitable width of riparian zone and determination methods[J].Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences),2013,41(3):229-234.
[2] 张建春,彭补拙.河岸带研究及其退化生态系统的恢复与重建[J].生态学报,2003,23(1):56-63.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2003.01.008.ZHANG J C,PENG B Z.Study on riparian zone and the restoration and rebuilding of its degraded ecosystem [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(1):56-63.
[3] GREGORY S V,SWANSON F J,MCKEE W A,et al.An ecosystem perspective of riparian zones [J].BioScience,1991,41(8):540-551.DOI:10.2307/1311607.
[4] O’NEILL M P,SCHMIDT J C,DOBROWOLSKI J P,et al.Identifying sites for riparian wetland restoration:application of a model to the upper Arkansas River basin[J].Restoration Ecology,2008,5(4S):85-102.DOI:10.1111/j.1526-100x.1997.tb00208.x.
[5] BüRGI M,HERSPERGER A M,SCHNEEBERGER N.Driving forces of landscape change-current and new directions [J].Landscape Ecology,2004,19(8):857-868.DOI:10.1007/s10980-004-0245-8.
[6] 赵霏,郭逍宇,赵文吉,等.城市河岸带土地利用和景观格局变化的生态环境效应研究:以北京市典型再生水补水河流河岸带为例[J].湿地科学,2013,11(1):100-107.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5948.2013.01.015.ZHAO F,GUO X Y,ZHAO W J,et al.Ecological and environmental effect of changes of land use and landscape pattern of urban riparian zone:a case study on riparian zones of typical rivers replenished with recycled water in Beijing [J].Wetland Science,2013,11(1):100-107.
[7] 周婷,彭少麟,任文韬,等.东江河岸带各区段景观格局对水体恢复的影响[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2009,48(4):78-83.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:0529-6579.2009.04.017.ZHOU T,PENG S L,REN W T,et al.The influence of landscape pattern changes on the restoration of stream in the upper,middle and down reaches of Dongjiang River riparian [J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2009,48(4):78-83.
[8] 毕晓丽,周睿,刘丽娟,等.泾河沿岸景观格局梯度变化及驱动力分析[J].生态学报,2005,25(5):1041-1047.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2005.05.015.BI X L,ZHOU R,LIU L J,et al.Gradient variations in landscape pattern along the Jinghe River and their driving forces [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(5):1041-1047.
[9] 杨久春,张树文,张宇博.嫩江河岸带景观格局变化对水体恢复的影响[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(3):239-244.YANG J C,ZHANG S W,ZHANG Y B.Influence of landscape pattern changes of Nenjiang River riparian zone on stream restoration [J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(3):239-244.
[10] 国土资源部.土地利用现状分类:GB/T 21010—2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.Ministry of Land and Resources of the People’s Republic of China.Current land use classification:GB/T 21010—2007[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2007.
[11] 邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:99-110.WU J G.Landscape ecology pattern,process,scale and hierarchy[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000:99-110.
[12] 李秀珍,布仁仓,常禹,等.景观格局指标对不同景观格局的反应[J].生态学报,2004,24(1):123-134.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2004.01.019.LI X Z,BU R C,CHANG Y,et al.The response of landscape metrics against pattern scenarios [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(1):123-134.
[13] SAURA S.Effects of remote sensor spatial resolution and data aggregation on selected fragmentation indices [J].Landscape Ecology,2004,19(2):197-209.DOI:10.1023/b:land.0000021724.60785.65.
[14] LI X Z,HE H S,BU R C,et al.The adequacy of different landscape metrics for various landscape patterns [J].Pattern Recognition,2005,38(12):2626-2638.DOI:10.1016/j.patcog.2005.05.009.
[15] WU J G,JELINSKI D E,LUCK M,et al.Multiscale analysis of landscape heterogeneity:scale variance and pattern metrics [J].Annals of GIS,2000,6(1):6-19.DOI:10.1080/10824000009480529.
[16] 许木启,黄玉瑶.受损水域生态系统恢复与重建研究[J].生态学报,1998,18(5):547-558.DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.1998.05.015.XU M Q,HUANG Y Y.Restoration and reestablishment of the damaged ecosystem of inland waters [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1998,18(5):547-558.
[17] 陈利顶,齐鑫,李芬,等.城市化过程对河道系统的干扰与生态修复原则和方法[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(4):805-811.DOI:10.13292/j.1000-4890.2010.0105.CHEN L D,QI X,LI F,et al.Disturbances of urbanization to river course system and related ecological restoration principles and approaches [J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010,29(4):805-811.
[18] 刘怡娜,孔令桥,肖燚,等.长江流域景观格局变化对生态系统水质净化服务的影响[J].环境保护科学,2018,44(4):6-13.DOI:10.16803/j.cnki.issn.1004-6216.2018.04.002.LIU Y N,KONG L Q,XIAO Y,et al.Effects of landscape pattern changes on ecosystem water purification service in the Yangtze River basin [J].Environmental Protection Science,2018,44(4):6-13.
[19] 魏雯,李哲惠,黄贞珍.城市河岸带土地利用和景观格局演变研究[J].生态环境学报,2018,27(11):2127-2133.DOI:10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2018.11.020.WEI W,LI Z H,HUANG Z Z.Study on the evolution of land use and landscape patterns in urban riparian zones [J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2018,27(11):2127-2133.
[20] 夏继红,鞠蕾,林俊强,等.河岸带适宜宽度要求与确定方法[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2013,41(3):229-234.DOI:10.3876/j.issn.1000-1980.2013.03.007.XIA J H,JU L,LIN J Q,et al.Requirements for suitable width of riparian zone and determination methods[J].Journal of Hohai University (Natural Sciences),2013,41(3):229-234.
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