中非Muglad盆地Sufyan凹陷现今地层残余结构特征与成因
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摘要
盆地(或凹陷)结构是由盆地构造与沉积演化决定的,因此分析恢复中非Muglad盆地Sufyan凹陷构造与沉积演化过程对于认识该凹陷现今残余结构具有重要的作用。本文通过对该凹陷现今结构特征描述、地层不整合面识别与剥蚀量恢复以及构造沉降和沉积充填历史恢复,并结合区域构造演化分析,对该凹陷现今结构几何学特征、运动学过程与动力学成因及控油作用进行了研究。结果表明:Sufyan凹陷现今地层剖面主要由第一裂谷作用旋回的沉积构成。该旋回期地层约占凹陷现今沉积地层厚度的79%～81%。凹陷现今残余结构主要受三期裂谷作用差异演化控制,而受晚白垩世挤压剥蚀(厚度介于0～360m之间)的影响较小。造成凹陷三期裂谷旋回差异演化的主要原因是三期伸展应力来源、大小、方向的差异。诱发凹陷第一裂谷旋回期的应力主要来源于由中非剪切带的剪切应力转换的伸展应力。第二裂谷旋回期,中非剪切带运动方向由右旋逐渐转为左旋,造成该凹陷位置的伸展应力场减弱,并逐渐转为挤压状态,使得该演化阶段早期沉积的地层(Darfur群)后期发生反转剥蚀减薄。在该凹陷第三裂谷旋回期,东非裂谷成为非洲大陆新的构造活动区域。受此影响,中非剪切带活动逐渐停止,而红海裂谷张开产生伸展应力场与该凹陷长轴近平行,造成第三期断坳旋回在该凹陷几乎不发育,最终使该凹陷现今早断早衰型残余结构得以形成。该结构控油作用主要体现在主力成藏组合与油气优势运移方向方面。早衰型结构造成了Sufyan凹陷中组合和上组合成藏条件不佳,其下组合Abu Gabra(简称AG,下同)组自生自储自盖型成藏组合为该凹陷的主力成藏组合。挤压反转造成中部构造带形成构造高部位,成为了凹陷油气二次运移的主要指向,是凹陷油气勘探的有利区带。
Since structural frameworks of basins were gradually produced during the tectono-sedimentary evolution,restoration of these evolutionary histories became significant to understand the structure features of the Sufyan Sag,Muglad Basin in Central Africa as well as the process and origin how and why the current structure was gradually produced. After a series of workflows including the detailed description on the components of present residual structure,identification of unconformities,calculation of erosion,restoration and modelling of the subsidence and filling history,and in combination with the analysis on regional tectonic events,the geometry feature,kinematic evolutionary process and dynamic origin of the residual structure of the Sufyan Sag as well as its effects on the accumulation and distribution of petroleum were studied eventually. Results show that the present residual structure,especially filling structure,was mainly composed by the depositions during the first rifting cycle which accounted for 77% ～ 81% of total depositions.And the kinematic process indicates the residual structure was produced in a large extent by the variances of these three rifting cycles.Also,the compression and erosion at the Late Cretaceous that span from 0 to 360 meters contributed this structure but acted as the minor factor. The main reasons resulting in the various degrees of these three rifting cycles were the differences on the sources,magnitudes and direction of the three extensional stresses. The stress inducing the first rifting of the Sufyan Sag was mainly from the extension stress transformed by the shear stress of the Central Africa Shear Fault Zone( CASFZ). However,during the second rifting cycles the movement of CASFZ gradually ceased,and the indirectly regional extension field provided by the surrounding tectonic event was parallel to the long-axis direction of the Sufyan Sag. Consequently,the extension amount the Sufyan Sag captured was much weaker than the former cycle. Unfortunately,the indirectly regional extension field that was generated by the open of the Red Sea Rift in Cenozoic also was parallel to the Sufyan Sag. What was more worse,the intensity of extensional stress seemed weaker than before,which could be proved by the fact that the contemporary rifting cycle taking place in the other basins and sub-basins,such as the Fula Sag and Melut Basin,was much weaker than the formers. As a result,the current residual structure of the Sufyan Sag was determined.Due to the distinctive structure,the dominant play and preferred directions of migration in the sag were also manipulated with distinguishing features. On one hand,the inefficient regional cap,namely the Darfur Group,which was the main cap to seal the oil &gas accumulated in the preferred reservoirs,namely the Bentiu Formation,failed to compose the middle and upper plays in which the giant oil fields were found in other sags of Muglad Basin,such as the Great Unity Oilfield in the Bamboo-Unity Sag,the Fula Oilfield lay in the Fula Sag. Almost all discoveries in Sufyan Sag were located in the lower plays. On the other hand,the middle structure belt that was formed under the compression and reversion geologic setting was the relatively higher construction and lately became the preferred and main migration direction of oil & gas,which could be proved by the distribution of the commercial discovery wells.
Since structural frameworks of basins were gradually produced during the tectono-sedimentary evolution,restoration of these evolutionary histories became significant to understand the structure features of the Sufyan Sag,Muglad Basin in Central Africa as well as the process and origin how and why the current structure was gradually produced. After a series of workflows including the detailed description on the components of present residual structure,identification of unconformities,calculation of erosion,restoration and modelling of the subsidence and filling history,and in combination with the analysis on regional tectonic events,the geometry feature,kinematic evolutionary process and dynamic origin of the residual structure of the Sufyan Sag as well as its effects on the accumulation and distribution of petroleum were studied eventually. Results show that the present residual structure,especially filling structure,was mainly composed by the depositions during the first rifting cycle which accounted for 77% ～ 81% of total depositions.And the kinematic process indicates the residual structure was produced in a large extent by the variances of these three rifting cycles.Also,the compression and erosion at the Late Cretaceous that span from 0 to 360 meters contributed this structure but acted as the minor factor. The main reasons resulting in the various degrees of these three rifting cycles were the differences on the sources,magnitudes and direction of the three extensional stresses. The stress inducing the first rifting of the Sufyan Sag was mainly from the extension stress transformed by the shear stress of the Central Africa Shear Fault Zone( CASFZ). However,during the second rifting cycles the movement of CASFZ gradually ceased,and the indirectly regional extension field provided by the surrounding tectonic event was parallel to the long-axis direction of the Sufyan Sag. Consequently,the extension amount the Sufyan Sag captured was much weaker than the former cycle. Unfortunately,the indirectly regional extension field that was generated by the open of the Red Sea Rift in Cenozoic also was parallel to the Sufyan Sag. What was more worse,the intensity of extensional stress seemed weaker than before,which could be proved by the fact that the contemporary rifting cycle taking place in the other basins and sub-basins,such as the Fula Sag and Melut Basin,was much weaker than the formers. As a result,the current residual structure of the Sufyan Sag was determined.Due to the distinctive structure,the dominant play and preferred directions of migration in the sag were also manipulated with distinguishing features. On one hand,the inefficient regional cap,namely the Darfur Group,which was the main cap to seal the oil &gas accumulated in the preferred reservoirs,namely the Bentiu Formation,failed to compose the middle and upper plays in which the giant oil fields were found in other sags of Muglad Basin,such as the Great Unity Oilfield in the Bamboo-Unity Sag,the Fula Oilfield lay in the Fula Sag. Almost all discoveries in Sufyan Sag were located in the lower plays. On the other hand,the middle structure belt that was formed under the compression and reversion geologic setting was the relatively higher construction and lately became the preferred and main migration direction of oil & gas,which could be proved by the distribution of the commercial discovery wells.
引文
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Dou LR,Xiao KY,Hu Y,Song HR,Cheng DS and Du YB.2011.Petroleum geology and a model of hydrocarbon accumulations in the Bongor Basin,the Republic of Chad.Acta Petrolei Sinica,32(3):379-386(in Chinese with English abstract)
Fairhead JD and Binks RM.1991.Differential opening of the Central and South Atlantic oceans and the opening of the West African rift system.Tectonophysics,187(1-3):191-203
Genik GJ.1993.Petroleum geology of Cretaceous-Tertiary rift basins in Niger,Chad,and Central African Republic.AAPG Bulletin,77(8):1405-1434
Hu SB,Wang JY and Zhang RY.1999.Estimation of the amount of uplift and erosion across an unconformity using vitrinite reflectance data.Petroleum Exploration and Development,26(4):42-45(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang BC,Chen JS and Yi ZY.2010.Paleomagnetic discussion of when and where India and Asia initially collided.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,53(9):2045-2058(in Chinese with English abstract)
Huang TF,Zhang GY,Liu AX,Shi YL,Huang SP,Ke WL,Liu L,Wang M and Sun XW.2017.Structural features and evolution of the Sufyan Depression,Muglad Basin in Sudan-South Sudan.Chinese Journal of Geology,52(1):34-45(in Chinese with English abstract)
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