黄东海的碳源汇:大气交换、水体溶存与沉积物埋藏
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摘要
黄海和东海作为中国最为重要的陆架边缘海,其碳源汇的性质与变化对近海生态系统及区域气候演变具有重要影响.文章从海气界面CO_2交换、水体溶解/颗粒碳溶存及沉积物碳埋藏等3个方面归纳总结了黄东海碳源汇特征与控制过程,以期为进一步研究陆架边缘海碳源汇过程及效应提供帮助.(1)黄海和东海具有迥异的海气CO_2交换特性.黄海的海气CO_2交换在源汇性质及通量强度上存在较大不确定性,黄海的124°E以西的海域在冬、春季表现为大气CO_2的汇,在夏、秋季表现为源,而大量的研究结果显示在全年尺度上黄海是大气CO_2的源.表层海水温度与浮游生物活动控制着黄海CO_2源汇的变化,两者分别主导了黄海外部海域与近岸海域的海气CO_2交换通量.东海全年则表现为大气CO_2的碳汇,年均通量约为(-4.2±3.2)mmol m~(-2)d~(-1),共可吸收碳约13.7×10~6t,其中冬、春、夏季吸收大气CO_2,秋季释放CO_2.东海不同季节海气界面CO_2通量的年际变化的影响因素复杂多变.(2)黄海和东海水体中分别储有425×10~6t、1364×10~6t的DIC和28.2×10~6t、54.1×10~6t的DOC,从南黄海近年DOC浓度有减小趋势看,其水体溶存"实际碳汇"量在减小.黄东海POC的总量约10.6×10~6t,与海气界面CO_2交换通量基本处于同一量级.黄海浮游生物年固碳量约为60.42×10~6t,东海为153.41×10~6t,其中近海大型经济藻类的年固碳量约为0.36×10~6～0.45×10~6t,生物固碳是具有多重价值的"蓝碳增汇"举措.(3)黄海陆架沉积物中有机碳的埋藏通量每年约为4.75×10~6t,其中海源有机碳的埋藏量为3.03×10~6t,占黄海浮游生物固碳量的5.0%,而东海陆架沉积物中有机碳的埋藏通量为每年7.4×10~6t,其中海源有机碳的埋藏量为5.5×10~6t,占东海浮游生物固碳量的5.4%.黄东海具有高于全球海洋平均水平的沉积物埋藏通量,对黄东海最终的"蓝碳增汇"作用巨大.
引文
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宋金明.2011.中国近海生态系统碳循环与生物固碳.中国水产科学,18:703-711
宋金明,李学刚,袁华茂,郑国侠,杨宇峰.2008a.中国近海生物固碳强度与潜力.生态学报,28:551-558
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Cao Y Y,Xing L,Zhang T,Liao W H.2017.Multi-proxy evidence for decreased terrestrial contribution to sedimentary organic matter in coastal areas of the East China Sea during the past 100 years.Sci Total Environ,599-600:1895-1902
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Dai M H,Cao Z M,Guo X H,Zhai W D,Liu Z Y,Yin Z Q,Xu Y P,Gan J P,Hu J Y,Du C J.2013.Why are some marginal seas sources of atmospheric CO2?Geophys Res Lett,40:2154-2158
Deng B,Zhang J,Wu Y.2006.Recent sediment accumulation and carbon burial in the East China Sea.Glob Biogeochem Cycle,20:GB3014
Falkowski P,Scholes R J,Boyle E,Canadell J,Canfield D,Elser J,Gruber N,Hibbard K,Hogberg P,Linder S,Mackenzie F T,Moore B,Pedersen T,Rosenthal Y,Seitzinger S,Smetacek V,Steffen W.2000.The global carbon cycle:A test of our knowledge of earth as a system.Science,290:291-296
Gao X L,Song J M,Li X G,Li N,Yuan H M.2008.p CO2and carbon fluxes across sea-air interface in the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay.Chin J Ocean Limnol,26:289-295
Gifford R.1994.The global carbon cycle:A viewpoint on the missing sink.Funct Plant Biolo,21,1-15
Gruber N.2015.Carbon at the coastal interface.Nature,517:148-149
Guo X H,Zhai W D,Dai M H,Zhang C,Bai Y,Xu Y,Li Q,Wang G Z.2015.Air-sea CO2fluxes in the East China Sea based on multipleyear underway observations.Biogeosci Discuss,12:5123-5167
Hedges J I,Keil R G.1995.Sedimentary organic matter preservation:An assessment and speculative synthesis.Mar Chem,49:81-115
Hedges J I.1992.Global biogeochemical cycles:Progress and problems.Mar Chem,39:67-93
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Hu L M,Shi X F,Bai Y Z,Qiao S Q,Li L,Yu Y G,Yang G,Ma D Y,Guo Z G.2016.Recent organic carbon sequestration in the shelf sediments of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea,China.J Mar Syst,155:50-58
Hung J J,Chen C H,Gong G C,Sheu D D,Shiah F K.2003.Distributions,stoichiometric patterns and cross-shelf exports of dissolved organic matter in the East China Sea.Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,50:1127-1145
Laruelle G G,Lauerwald R,Pfeil B,Regnier P.2014.Regionalized global budget of the CO2exchange at the air-water interface in continental shelf seas.Glob Biogeochem Cycle,28:1199-1214
Li X G,Song J M,Yuan H M,Li N,Duan L Q,Qu B X.2015.CO2flux and seasonal variability in the turbidity maximum zone and surrounding area in the Changjiang River estuary.Chin J Ocean Limnol,33:222-232
Milliman J D,Meade R H.1983.World-wide delivery of river sediment to the oceans.J Geol,91:1-21
Ogawa H,Usui T,Koike I.2003.Distribution of dissolved organic carbon in the East China Sea.Deep-Sea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,50:353-366
Oh D C,Park M K,Kim K R.2000.CO2exchange at air-sea interface in the Huanghai Sea.Acta Ocean Sin,19:79-89
Peng T H,Hung J J,Wanninkhof R,Millero F J.1999.Carbon budget in the East China Sea in spring.Tellus B-Chem Phys Meteorol,51:531-540
Qu B X,Song J M,Li X G,Yuan H M,Li N,Ma Q X.2013.p CO2distribution and CO2flux on the inner continental shelf of the East China Sea during summer 2011.Chin J Ocean Limnol,31:1088-1097
Qu B X,Song J M,Yuan H M,Li X G,Li N,Duan L Q,Chen X,Lu X.2015.Summer carbonate chemistry dynamics in the Southern Yellow Sea and the East China Sea:Regional variations and controls.Cont Shelf Res,111:250-261
Qu B X,Song J M,Yuan H M,Li X G,Li N,Duan L Q.2017.Comparison of carbonate parameters and air-sea CO2flux in the southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea during spring and summer of 2011.J Oceanogr,73:365-382
Qu B X,Song J M,Yuan H M,Li X G,Li N.2014.Air-sea CO2exchange process in the southern Yellow Sea in April of 2011,and June,July,October of 2012.Cont Shelf Res,80:8-19
Raymond P A,Cole J J.2001.Gas exchange in rivers and estuaries:choosing a gas transfer velocity.Estuaries,24:312-317
Roether W,Kromer B.1978.Field determination of air-sea gas exchange by continuous measurement of radon-222.Pure Appl Geophys,116:476-485
Sabine C L,Feely R A,Gruber N,Key R M,Lee K,Bullister J L,Wanninkhof R,Wong C S,Wallace D W R,Tilbrook B,Millero F J,Peng T H,Kozyr A,Ono T,Rios A F.2004.The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2.Science,305:367-371
Song J M.2010.Biogeochemical Processes of Biogenic Elements in China Marginal Seas.In:Lin H F,Zhai Z Y,eds.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University Press.662
Sweeney C,Gloor E,Jacobson A R,Key R M,McKinley G,Sarmiento J L,Wanninkhof R.2007.Constraining global air-sea gas exchange for CO2with recent bomb14C measurements.Glob Biogeochem Cycle,21:GB2015
Takahashi T,Sutherland S C,Sweeney C,Poisson A,Metzl N,Tilbrook B,Bates N,Wanninkhof R,Feely R A,Sabine C,Olafsson J,Nojiri Y.2002.Global sea-air CO2flux based on climatological surface ocean p CO2,and seasonal biological and temperature effects.DeepSea Res Part II-Top Stud Oceanogr,49:1601-1622
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