生态脆弱区景观生态风险时空分异及其地形梯度分析——以陕西省米脂县为例
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摘要
目前,生态脆弱区已成为景观生态风险评价研究的热点区域之一。以黄土丘陵沟壑区陕西省米脂县为研究区,以2009年、2015年土地利用数据为基础数据,将研究区划分为耕地、林地、草地、果园、水域、城镇工矿用地和荒地7类土地利用类型,基于干扰度与脆弱度构建生态风险模型,并结合地形分布指数进一步分析了生态风险随高程和坡度梯度的动态变化规律,得出如下结论:(1)米脂县土地利用格局变化明显,耕地面积减少3 168.45 hm~2,林地与荒地面积分别增加1 102.95,1 609.47 hm~2;(2)米脂县2009年、2015年景观生态风险指数分别为0.221 7,0.228 9,且呈现西高东低,中间高南北低的空间分布格局。Ⅰ级风险主要转化为Ⅱ级风险,面积比例由28.17%降为13.59%;Ⅲ风险达到研究区面积的1/3,主要由Ⅱ风险区转化而来;Ⅳ与Ⅴ风险区面积变化不大,面积比例整体上升3.9%;(3)生态风险等级时空分布随高程和坡度梯度变化显著。Ⅰ级风险向低海拔、低坡度转移的趋势明显;Ⅱ与Ⅲ级风险均向高海拔转移;Ⅳ与V级风险在地形梯度上无明显的风险转移。
Ecologically fragile area has become one of the hot spots of landscape ecological risk assessment research. Taking Mizhi County of Shaanxi Province in the Loess Plateau as research area, we divided the land-use types into seven types, including farmland, orchard, forests, grassland, water body, construction land and wasteland, with the help of the land-use pattern data in 2009 and 2015. The spatial-temporal distribution of ecological risk was analyzed through the ecological risk model integrated the interference degree and the vulnerability degree. The distribution of ecological risk under the terrain gradient was revealed by the terrain distribution index. Several conclusions were drawn as the follows.(1) The land-use pattern in Mizhi County had experienced considerable changes. The area of farmland decreased by 3 168.45 hm~2, while forestland and wasteland increased by 1 102.95 hm~2 and 1 609.47 hm~2, respectively.(2) The integrated ecological risk index increased from 0.221 7 in 2009 to 0.228 9 in 2015. The spatial distribution pattern of ecological risk was higher in the west than in the east as well as the middle was higher than the north and south. The grade Ⅰ risk was mainly converted to grade Ⅱ risk, and the area ratio was reduced from 28.17% to 13.59%. The grade Ⅲ risk reached 1/3 of the area of the research area, which was mainly transformed from the grade Ⅱ risk. The grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ risk area changes were limited, and the area ratio increased by 3.9%.(3) The spatial-temporal distribution of landscape ecological risk was presented on the trend of terrain distribution index clearly. The trend of gradeⅠrisk shifting to low altitude and low slope was obvious, and both grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ risk were transferred to high altitude. There was no obvious risk transfer phenomenon of grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ risk on the terrain gradients.
Ecologically fragile area has become one of the hot spots of landscape ecological risk assessment research. Taking Mizhi County of Shaanxi Province in the Loess Plateau as research area, we divided the land-use types into seven types, including farmland, orchard, forests, grassland, water body, construction land and wasteland, with the help of the land-use pattern data in 2009 and 2015. The spatial-temporal distribution of ecological risk was analyzed through the ecological risk model integrated the interference degree and the vulnerability degree. The distribution of ecological risk under the terrain gradient was revealed by the terrain distribution index. Several conclusions were drawn as the follows.(1) The land-use pattern in Mizhi County had experienced considerable changes. The area of farmland decreased by 3 168.45 hm~2, while forestland and wasteland increased by 1 102.95 hm~2 and 1 609.47 hm~2, respectively.(2) The integrated ecological risk index increased from 0.221 7 in 2009 to 0.228 9 in 2015. The spatial distribution pattern of ecological risk was higher in the west than in the east as well as the middle was higher than the north and south. The grade Ⅰ risk was mainly converted to grade Ⅱ risk, and the area ratio was reduced from 28.17% to 13.59%. The grade Ⅲ risk reached 1/3 of the area of the research area, which was mainly transformed from the grade Ⅱ risk. The grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ risk area changes were limited, and the area ratio increased by 3.9%.(3) The spatial-temporal distribution of landscape ecological risk was presented on the trend of terrain distribution index clearly. The trend of gradeⅠrisk shifting to low altitude and low slope was obvious, and both grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ risk were transferred to high altitude. There was no obvious risk transfer phenomenon of grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ risk on the terrain gradients.
引文
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[2] 冯舒,赵文武,陈利顶,等.2010年来黄土高原景观生态研究进展[J].生态学报,2017,37(12):3957-3966.
[3] 彭建,党威雄,刘焱序,等.景观生态风险评价研究进展与展望[J].地理学报,2015,70(4):664-677.
[4] 张思锋,刘晗梦.生态风险评价方法述评[J].生态学报,2010,30(10):2735-2744.
[5] Malekmohammadi B,Blouchi L R.Ecological risk assessment of wetland ecosystems using multi criteria decision making and geographic information system[J].Ecological Indicators,2014,41(6):133-144.
[6] 张甜,刘焱序,彭建,等.深圳市景观生态风险多尺度关联分析[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2478-2486.
[7] 曹祺文,张曦文,马洪坤,等.景观生态风险研究进展及基于生态系统服务的评价框架:ESRISK[J].地理学报,2018,73(5):843-855.
[8] 赵岩洁,李阳兵,邵景安.基于土地利用变化的三峡库区小流域生态风险评价:以草堂溪为例[J].自然资源学报,2013,28(6):944-956.
[9] 王娟,崔保山,刘杰.云南澜沧江流域土地利用及其变化对景观生态风险的影响[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(2):269-277.
[10] 胡金龙,周志翔,滕明君.基于土地利用变化的典型喀斯特流域生态风险评估:以漓江流域为例[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):2003-2012.
[11] 韩晓佳,刘小鹏,王亚娟,等.基于景观格局的干旱区绿洲生态风险评价与管理:以青铜峡市为例[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(5):285-290.
[12] 王文杰,张永福,王慧杰.基于GIS干旱区绿洲县域土地利用变化生态风险分析:以新疆泽普县为例[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(6):216-220.
[13] 李加林,徐谅慧,杨磊.浙江省海岸带景观生态风险格局演变研究[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):293-299.
[14] 田颖,李冰,王水.江苏沿海地区景观格局的生态风险研究[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(1):241-245,251.
[15] 吴健生,乔娜,彭建,等.露天矿区景观生态风险空间分异[J].生态学报,2013,33(12):3816-3824.
[16] 唐利华,张永福,刘小辉.干旱区河谷城市土地利用生态风险动态预测:以新疆伊宁市为例[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(3):240-245.
[17] 李玉珍,张永福,安放舟.基于GIS的新和县土地利用生态风险分析[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(1):172-175,180.
[18] 喻红,曾辉,江子瀛.快速城市化地区景观组分在地形梯度上的分布特征研究[J].地理科学,2001,21(1):64-69.
[19] 徐羽,钟业喜,冯兴华,等.鄱阳湖流域土地利用生态风险格局[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7850-7857.
[20] 梁发超,刘黎明.基于地形梯度的土地利用类型分布特征分析:以湖南省浏阳市为例[J].资源科学,2010,32(11):2138-2144.
[21] 宋世雄,梁小英,陈海,等.基于多智能体和土地转换模型的耕地撂荒模拟研究:以陕西省米脂县为例[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(3):515-525.
[22] 毛南赵,梁小英,段宁,等.基于ODD框架的农户有限理性决策模型的构建及模拟:以陕西省米脂县马蹄洼村为例[J].中国农业资源与区划,2018,39(5):164-171,218.
[23] 张月,张飞,周梅,等.干旱区内陆艾比湖区域景观生态风险评价及时空分异[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):233-242.
[24] Liu D,Liang X Y,Chen H,et al.A quantitative assessment of comprehensive ecological risk for a loess erosion gully:a case study of Dujiashi Gully,northern Shaanxi Province,China[J].Sustainability,2018,10(9).DOI:10.3390/su10093239.
[25] 汤国安,宋佳.基于DEM坡度图制图中坡度分级方法的比较研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(2):157-160,192.