自润滑关节轴承质量检测及寿命评估研究现状
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摘要
自润滑关节轴承以其自身结构和性能的优异性而受到广泛应用。特别是在航空航天装备中,自润滑关节轴承因相比于传统的滚动轴承具有结构简单、免维护、无需添加润滑剂等特点而备受青睐,大型空天装备中自润滑关节轴承的使用可达上千套,以质量更轻、体积更小的自润滑关节轴承来取代传统的滚动轴承,在降低装备质量的同时,又提供了更多可利用空间,有效提升了续航时间和承载能力。国外的SKF、ELGES、NTN公司对自润滑关节轴承的研究已有六十多年的历史,其主要研制和开发的编织型自润滑关节轴承出口至世界各国。我国对自润滑关节轴承的研究起步较晚,民用自润滑关节轴承大部分来自于国产,而军用自润滑关节轴承主要依赖进口,这也在一定程度上限制了我国军事的发展,特别是航空航天领域。多年来,我国之所以未能在自润滑关节轴承上取得突破,赶超国外先进水平,主要有两个方面原因。首先是自润滑材料的制备,性能优异的自润滑材料是保证自润滑关节轴承良好运动状态和服役寿命的前提,我国在编织物自润滑材料的研制上与国外存在一定差距。其次是对自润滑关节轴承质量和服役寿命的评价体系不够准确和完善、可靠性较低,只作为定性分析,在定量分析上可参考程度较低,制约了研究的进一步进展。自1955年美国的White Charles等发明了一种编制型自润滑材料以来,国内外学者致力于研究编制型PTFE自润滑关节轴承,以PTFE自身优异的摩擦学性能为基础,通过复合和表面改性技术进一步提高编织物的摩擦磨损和力学性能。目前,优质的编制型自润滑关节轴承载荷可达200MPa以上,寿命为10万次。与此同时,相关自润滑关节轴承的寿命评估模型也相继被提出,可作为特定型号自润滑关节轴承评定的有效标准。随着航空航天和高精密仪器的发展,各行业对自润滑关节轴承也提出了更高的要求,从对轴承的定性分析到定量计算,从静态检测到动态监测,不断提高关节轴承使用的安全性和可靠性。本文简述了自润滑关节轴承的定义、分类、常见自润滑关节轴承的润滑方式及润滑机理;重点介绍了自润滑关节轴承的检测方法及其对应的分析标准;总结了国内外对关节轴承寿命评估的研究现状;最后,指出了我国现阶段在自润滑关节轴承研究中的不足并对其今后的发展趋势进行了展望。
Self-lubricating spherical plain bearings with its own outstanding structure and performance is widely used.Especially in aerospace equipment,compared with rolling bearings,self-lubricating spherical plain bearings is characterized by simple structure,maintenance-free and no need to add lubricant,etc.The use of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings in large spaceskating equipment can reach thousands of sets,use lighter and smaller self-lubricating spherical plain bearings instead of the traditional rolling bearing,both reducing the weight of the equipment and saving more space available to effectively improve the life time and load carrying capacity.SKF,ELGES and NTN companies have researched self-lubricating joint bearings for more than 60 years,mainly research and development of braided self-lubricating spherical plain bearings and export to all countries of the world.China's self-lubricating joint bearings started lately,most of the civilian self-lubricating bearings from China,and military self-lubricating bearings rely mainly on imports,which to a certain extent,limited the development of our military,especially aerospace fields.In the past few decades,the reason why China failed to make a breakthrough in self-lubricating bearings and catch up with foreign advanced level,there are two reasons.The first is the preparation of self-lubricating materials,excellent performance of selflubricating materials to ensure self-lubricating joint bearings in good condition and life,there is a certain gap between our country and foreign countries in the development of braided self-lubricating materials.Secondly,the evaluation system of self-lubricating joint bearing quality and service life is not accurate and perfect enough,and its reliability is low.Only by qualitative analysis,however low degree in quantitative analysis,which restricts the progress of the next research.Since the American White Charles invented a braided self-lubricating materials in 1955,domestic and foreign scholars committed to studying self-lubricating spherical plain bearings of PTFE,based on its own excellent tribological properties,through the composite and surface modification technology to improve the friction and wear of fabrics and mechanical properties.Nowadays,the load of self-lubricating joint bearings up to 200 MPa and the life up to 100 000 times.At the same time,the relevant self-lubricating joint bearing life assessment models have also been come up,which can be effectively used as a specific type of self-lubricating bearings.With the development of aerospace and high-precision instruments,the related industries put forward higher requirements on self-lubricating spherical plain bearings,from the qualitative analysis of the bearing to quantitative calculation,from static detection to dynamic monitoring,the safety and reliability of the use of joint bearings are constantly improved.The definition,the classification,the lubrication method and lubrication mechanism of common self-lubricating plain bearings are briefly described.the detection method of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings and its corresponding analysis standard are mainly introduced.The research status at home and abroad of the wear-life forecast of the joint bearing is discussed.Finally,the weakness of the technology of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings and the future development direction are prospected.
Self-lubricating spherical plain bearings with its own outstanding structure and performance is widely used.Especially in aerospace equipment,compared with rolling bearings,self-lubricating spherical plain bearings is characterized by simple structure,maintenance-free and no need to add lubricant,etc.The use of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings in large spaceskating equipment can reach thousands of sets,use lighter and smaller self-lubricating spherical plain bearings instead of the traditional rolling bearing,both reducing the weight of the equipment and saving more space available to effectively improve the life time and load carrying capacity.SKF,ELGES and NTN companies have researched self-lubricating joint bearings for more than 60 years,mainly research and development of braided self-lubricating spherical plain bearings and export to all countries of the world.China's self-lubricating joint bearings started lately,most of the civilian self-lubricating bearings from China,and military self-lubricating bearings rely mainly on imports,which to a certain extent,limited the development of our military,especially aerospace fields.In the past few decades,the reason why China failed to make a breakthrough in self-lubricating bearings and catch up with foreign advanced level,there are two reasons.The first is the preparation of self-lubricating materials,excellent performance of selflubricating materials to ensure self-lubricating joint bearings in good condition and life,there is a certain gap between our country and foreign countries in the development of braided self-lubricating materials.Secondly,the evaluation system of self-lubricating joint bearing quality and service life is not accurate and perfect enough,and its reliability is low.Only by qualitative analysis,however low degree in quantitative analysis,which restricts the progress of the next research.Since the American White Charles invented a braided self-lubricating materials in 1955,domestic and foreign scholars committed to studying self-lubricating spherical plain bearings of PTFE,based on its own excellent tribological properties,through the composite and surface modification technology to improve the friction and wear of fabrics and mechanical properties.Nowadays,the load of self-lubricating joint bearings up to 200 MPa and the life up to 100 000 times.At the same time,the relevant self-lubricating joint bearing life assessment models have also been come up,which can be effectively used as a specific type of self-lubricating bearings.With the development of aerospace and high-precision instruments,the related industries put forward higher requirements on self-lubricating spherical plain bearings,from the qualitative analysis of the bearing to quantitative calculation,from static detection to dynamic monitoring,the safety and reliability of the use of joint bearings are constantly improved.The definition,the classification,the lubrication method and lubrication mechanism of common self-lubricating plain bearings are briefly described.the detection method of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings and its corresponding analysis standard are mainly introduced.The research status at home and abroad of the wear-life forecast of the joint bearing is discussed.Finally,the weakness of the technology of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings and the future development direction are prospected.
引文
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2 Zhang X P,Shang J Z,Chen X,et al.Wear-life models for self-lubricating spherical plain bearing[J].Journal of National University of Defense Technology,2013(6):53(in Chinese).张详坡,尚建忠,陈循,等.自润滑关节轴承磨损寿命模型[J].国防科技大学学报,2013(6):53.
3 Ma G Z,Xu B S,Wang H D,et al.State of research on space solid lubrication materials[J].Materials Review A:Review Papers,2010,24 (1):68(in Chinese).马国政,徐滨士,王海斗,等.空间固体润滑材料的研究现状[J].材料导报:综述篇,2010,24(1):68.
4 孙晓军.空间环境对固体润滑材料摩擦学性能的影响[C]//空间环境与材料科学论坛,北京,2009.
5 Tagawa M,Yokota K,Suzuki M,et al.Space environmental effects on MoS2and diamond-like carbon lubricating films:Atomic oxygeninduced erosion and its effect on tribological properties[J].Surface&Coatings Technology,2007,202(4):1003(in Chinese).
6 Wei L B,Chen Y G.Development and application of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings[J].Bearing,2008(5):8(in Chinese).魏立保,陈有光.自润滑关节轴承的研制与应用[J].轴承,2008(5):8.
7 Lu J J,Qiu M,Li Y C.Accelerated life test and life analysis of selflubricating radial spherical plain bearing[J].Journal of Mechanical Transmission,2016(10):105(in Chinese).卢建军,邱明,李迎春.自润滑向心关节轴承加速寿命试验及寿命分析[J].机械传动,2016(10):105.
8 Lu J J,Qiu M,Li Y C.Wear life models for self-lubricating radial spherical plain bearings[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2015,51 (11):56(in Chinese)卢建军,邱明,李迎春.自润滑向心关节轴承磨损寿命模型[J].机械工程学报,2015,51(11):56.
9 Zhang X,Shang J,Chen X,et al.Wear-Life models for self-lubricaing spherical plain bearing[J].Journal of National University of Defense Technology,2013,35(16):53.
10 Sheng X Y,Luo J B,Wen S Z.Inlaid self-lubrication joint bearing and its lubrication material[J].Journal of Machine Design,2000,17(8):44(in Chinese).盛选禹,雒建斌,温诗铸.镶嵌自润滑关节轴承及其润滑材料的制备[J].机械设计,2000,17(8):44.
11 Kim S S,Dong C P,Dai G L,et al.Characteristics of carbon fiber phenolic composite for journal bearing materials[J].Composite Structures,2004,66(1):359.
12 Li R Y.The application of polytetrafluoroethylene fabrics to spherical plain bearings[J].Journal of functional materials contents,2004,35 (z1):2221(in Chinese).李如琰.聚四氟乙烯纤维织物在关节轴承上的应用[J].功能材料,2004,35(z1):2221.
13 Yao S J,Qiu M,Zhang Y Z.Research progress on friction and wear properties of self-lubrication spherical bearings[J].Bearing,2008(11):38(in Chinese).姚圣军,邱明,张永振.自润滑关节轴承摩擦磨损性能的研究进展[J].轴承,2008(11):38.
14 Liu J J,Zhu B L,Zhang X H,et al.Sliding wear mechanism and solid lubrication of metal friction pair[J].Progress in Natural Science,1993(1):14(in Chinese).刘家浚,朱宝亮,张贤华,等.金属摩擦副滑动磨损机理及固体润滑作用[J].自然科学进展,1993(1):14.
15 Zhang Z Z,Zhao J Z.The interaction mechanism of MoS2transfer film with metal surfaces[J].Lubrication Engineering,1994(1):51(in Chinese).张招柱,赵家政.MoS2转移膜与金属底材表面间的相互作用机理[J].润滑与密封,1994(1):51.
16 Wang Z J,Li C W.Polymer transfer lubricating film for space application[J].Bearing,2011(5):55(in Chinese).王子君,李春伟.聚合物转移膜的空间润滑应用[J].轴承,2011(5):55.
17 Zhuang T S.Clearance and selection of spherical plain bearings[J].Bearing,1996(12):9(in Chinese).庄汀生.关节轴承的游隙与选用[J].轴承,1996(12):9.
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