泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长和防御能力的影响
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摘要
为明确泽兰实蝇Procecidochares utilis寄生对紫茎泽兰Ageratina adenophora生长及防御能力的影响,在温室内设置泽兰实蝇寄生与未寄生紫茎泽兰2组盆栽处理,测定泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长特性、生物量、叶片营养物质、次生代谢物质和保护酶的影响。结果表明,泽兰实蝇寄生显著降低了紫茎泽兰的株高、茎粗、叶片厚度和叶片数,分别显著降低了24.80%、16.86%、42.31%和27.82%;同时,地上生物量、根部生物量和总生物量分别显著降低了58.89%、54.29%和57.60%。泽兰实蝇寄生还导致紫茎泽兰的营养成分发生显著变化,其中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉和叶绿素含量分别显著降低了41.18%、11.75%、34.57%和29.96%。泽兰实蝇寄生改变了紫茎泽兰的保护酶活性,其过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性分别比未寄生植株显著升高了59.36%和108.06%,过氧化物酶活性降低了25.69%;同时使紫茎泽兰单宁酸含量显著降低了21.67%,总酚和类黄酮的含量分别显著上升了1.21倍和2.09倍。泽兰实蝇寄生的紫茎泽兰总生物量与次生代谢物质总酚和类黄酮的含量呈显著负相关,相关系数r分别为-0.06和-0.43,对照组则不存在相关性。表明泽兰实蝇寄生可能促使紫茎泽兰改变自身的生长与防御能量分配,减少了营养和生长的投入,将更多的资源投向繁殖和防御。
To clarify the effects of parasitic natural enemies on the growth and host defense of Ageratina adenophora, two groups of experiments for A. adenophora parasitized by eupatorium gall fly Procecidochares utilis were studied in the greenhouse, and the influences of P. utilis parasitism on the growth,biomass, nutrient composition, secondary metabolites and protective enzyme activities in leaves of A.adenophora were measured. The results showed that the height, stem diameter, leaf thickness and leaf number of A. adenophora were significantly decreased by P. utilis parasitism by 24.80%, 16.86%,42.31% and 27.82%, respectively. Meanwhile, the aboveground, root and total biomass of A. adenophora decreased significantly by 58.89%, 54.29% and 57.60%, respectively. Compared with unparasitized A. adenophora, several nutrients of the parasitized plants were significantly changed; the contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, soluble starch and chlorophyll decreased significantly by 41.18%, 11.75%,34.57%, and 29.96%, respectively. The protective enzymes of A. adenophora were also changed by P.utilis parasitism, and the activities of catalase(CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) increased significantly by 59.36% and 108.06%, respectively, whereas the activity of peroxidase(POD) decreased by25.69%. In addition, the tannin acid content of A. adenophora was decreased significantly by 21.67%,and the total phenol content and flavonoids content were increased by up to 1.21 times and 2.09 times,respectively. Moreover, a significant negative correlation existed between total biomass and secondary metabolites(total phenol and flavonoids) contents, with a correlation coefficient of-0.06 and-0.43, respectively, but there was no significant correlation in the control group. It indicated that the parasitism by P. utilis might change the energy allocation for growth and host defense in A. adenophora, and result in reduced intake of nutrients and growth, turning more resources into breeding and host defense.
To clarify the effects of parasitic natural enemies on the growth and host defense of Ageratina adenophora, two groups of experiments for A. adenophora parasitized by eupatorium gall fly Procecidochares utilis were studied in the greenhouse, and the influences of P. utilis parasitism on the growth,biomass, nutrient composition, secondary metabolites and protective enzyme activities in leaves of A.adenophora were measured. The results showed that the height, stem diameter, leaf thickness and leaf number of A. adenophora were significantly decreased by P. utilis parasitism by 24.80%, 16.86%,42.31% and 27.82%, respectively. Meanwhile, the aboveground, root and total biomass of A. adenophora decreased significantly by 58.89%, 54.29% and 57.60%, respectively. Compared with unparasitized A. adenophora, several nutrients of the parasitized plants were significantly changed; the contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, soluble starch and chlorophyll decreased significantly by 41.18%, 11.75%,34.57%, and 29.96%, respectively. The protective enzymes of A. adenophora were also changed by P.utilis parasitism, and the activities of catalase(CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) increased significantly by 59.36% and 108.06%, respectively, whereas the activity of peroxidase(POD) decreased by25.69%. In addition, the tannin acid content of A. adenophora was decreased significantly by 21.67%,and the total phenol content and flavonoids content were increased by up to 1.21 times and 2.09 times,respectively. Moreover, a significant negative correlation existed between total biomass and secondary metabolites(total phenol and flavonoids) contents, with a correlation coefficient of-0.06 and-0.43, respectively, but there was no significant correlation in the control group. It indicated that the parasitism by P. utilis might change the energy allocation for growth and host defense in A. adenophora, and result in reduced intake of nutrients and growth, turning more resources into breeding and host defense.
引文
Barto EK,Cipollini D.2005.Testing the optimal defense theory and the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis in Arbidopsis thaliana.Oecologia,146(2):169-178
Bazzaz FA,Chiaricllo NR,Coley PD,Pitelka LF.1987.Allocating resources to reproduction and defense.BioScience,37(1):58-67
Bennett PH,van Staden J.1986.Gall formation in crofton weed,Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.(syn.,Ageratina adenophora),by the Eupatorium gall fly Procecidochares utilis Stone(Diptera:Trypetidae).Australian Journal of Botany,34(4):473-480
Bess HA,Haramoto FH.1959.Biological control of pamakani,Eupatorium adenophorum,in Hawaii by a tephritid gall fly,Procecidochares utilis 2:population studies of the weed,the fly,and the parasites of the fly.Ecology,40(2):244-249
Chen XD,He DY.1990.Study on control effect of Procecidochares utilis on Eupatorium adenophorum and its evaluation.Journal of Weed Science,4(3):1-6(in Chinese)[陈旭东,何大禹.1990.泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的控制作用及其评价研究.杂草学报,4(3):1-6]
Dodd AP.1961.Biological control of Eupatorium adenophorum in Queensland.The Australian Journal of Science,23:356-365
Erasmus DJ,Bennett PH,van Standen J.1992.The effect of galls induced by the gall fly Procecidochares utilis on vegetative growth and reproductive potential of crofton weed,Ageratina adenophora.Annals of Applied Biology,120(1):173-181
Fowler SV,Syrett P,Hill RL.2000.Success and safety in the biological control of environmental weeds in New Zealand.Austral Ecology,25(5):553-562
Frischknecht PM,Schuhmacher K,Müller-Sch?rer H,Baumann TW.2001.Phenotypic plasticity of Senecio vulgaris from contrasting habitat types:growth and pyrrolizidine alkaloid formation.Journal of Chemical Ecology,27(2):343-358
Gao JF.2006.Experimental instruction of plant physiology.Beijing:Higher Education Press,pp.74-76(in Chinese)[高俊凤.2006.植物生理学实验指导.北京:高等教育出版社,pp.74-76]
Gao Y,Men XY,Yu Y,Zhou HX.2012.Physiological indices of leaves of jujube(Zizyphus jujuba)damaged by Apolygus lucorum.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(17):5330-5336(in Chinese)[高勇,门兴元,于毅,周洪旭.2012.绿盲蝽危害对枣树叶片生化指标的影响.生态学报,32(17):5330-5336]
Gui FR,Wan FH,Guo JY.2008.Population genetics of Ageratina adenophora using inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)molecular markers in China.Plant Biosystems,142(2):255-263
Gui FR,Wan FH,Guo JY.2009.Determination of the population genetic structure of the invasive weed Ageratina adenophora using ISSR-PCR markers.Russian Journal of Plant Physiology,56(3):410-416
Guo SM,Li JM,Li YH,Yan M.2014.The trade-off between growth and defense in Alternanthera philoxeroides parasitized by Cuscuta australis.Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(17):4866-4873(in Chinese)[郭素民,李钧敏,李永慧,闫明.2014.空心莲子草响应南方菟丝子寄生的生长--防御权衡.生态学报,34(17):4866-4873]
Kong HL,LüM,Wu L,Zhu SD.2014.Effects of Bemisia tabaci damage on the protective enzyme activity and the secondary metabolite content of leaves in different pepper varieties.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(6):1553-1560(in Chinese)[孔海龙,吕敏,吴琳,祝树德.2014.Q型烟粉虱为害对不同品种辣椒保护酶活性及次生物质含量的影响.应用昆虫学报,51(6):1553-1560]
Koricheva J,Larsson S,Haukioja E,Kein?nen M.1998.Regulation of woody plant secondary metabolism by resource availability:hypothesis testing means of meta-analysis.Oikos,83(2):212-226
Li AF,Gao XM,Dang WG,Huang RX,Deng ZP,Tang HC.2006.Parasitism of Procecidochares utilis and its effect on growth and reproduction of Eupatorium adenophorum.Journal of Plant Ecology,30(3):496-503(in Chinese)[李爱芳,高贤明,党伟光,黄荣祥,邓祖平,唐和春.2006.泽兰实蝇寄生状况及其对紫茎泽兰生长与生殖的影响.植物生态学报,30(3):496-503]
Li YY,Zhou XR,Pang BP,Chang J.2013.Influences of Aphis gossypii Glover feeding on the contents of main nutrients and secondary compounds in host plants.Journal of Environmental Entomology,35(1):49-54(in Chinese)[李艳艳,周晓榕,庞保平,常静.2013.瓜蚜为害对寄主植物主要营养物质和次生物质的影响.环境昆虫学报,35(1):49-54]
Liang YR,Hu XH,Zhang YL,Liu XP.2003.Progress on physiological function research of plant peroxidase.Journal of Mongolia Agricultural University,24(2):111-113(in Chinese)[梁艳荣,胡晓红,张颍力,刘湘萍.2003.植物过氧化物酶生理功能研究进展.内蒙古农业大学学报,24(2):111-113]
Liu WY,Liu LH,He AJ.1991.The effect of Procecidochares utilis on growth and development,distribution of biomass of Eupatorium adenophorum.Acta Ecologica Sinica,11(3):291-292(in Chinese)[刘文耀,刘伦辉,和爱军.1991.泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰生长发育及生物量分配影响的研究.生态学报,11(3):291-292]
McFadyen RE.1998.Biological control of weeds.Annual Review of Entomology,43(1):369-393
Muniappan R,Raman A,Rreddy GVP.2009.Ageratina adenophora(Sprengel)R.King and H.Robinson(Asteraceae).//Muniappan R,Reddy GVP,Raman A.Biological control of tropical weeds using arthropods.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,pp.63-73
Pang BP,Gao JP,Zhou XR,Wang J.2006.Relationship between host plant preference of Liriomyza huidobrensis(Blanchard)(Diptera:Agromyzidae)and secondary plant compounds and trichomes of host foliage.Acta Entomologica Sinica,49(5):810-815(in Chinese)[庞保平,高俊平,周晓榕,王娟.2006.南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性与植物次生化合物及叶毛的关系.昆虫学报,49(5):810-815]
Rahman O,Agarwal ML.1991.Biological control of crofton weed(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)by a fruit fly Pocecidoachare sutilis Stone in eastern Himalayas.Indian Journal of Weed Science,22(1/2):98-101
Ryan CA.1988.Oligosaccharide as recognition signals for the expression of defensive genes in plants.Biochemistry,27(25):8879-8883
Wang Y.2012.Evolution of defense against herbivores in the invasive plant,Triadica sebifera.Ph.D Thesis.Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(in Chinese)[王毅.2012.外来入侵植物防御昆虫能力的进化--以乌桕为例.博士学位论文.北京:中国科学院大学]
Wu YQ,Guo YY.2001.Potential resistance of tannins-flavoniods in upland cotton against Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner).Acta Ecologica Sinica,21(2):286-289(in Chinese)[武予清,郭予元.2001.棉花单宁-黄酮类化合物对棉铃虫的抗性潜力.生态学报,21(2):286-289]
Yang BF,Du LS,Li JM.2015.Effects of Cuscuta australis parasitism on the growth,reproduction and defense of Solidago canadensis.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,26(11):3309-3314(in Chinese)[杨蓓芬,杜乐山,李钧敏.2015.南方菟丝子寄生对加拿大一枝黄花生长、繁殖及防御的影响.应用生态学报,26(11):3309-3314]
Zhang WH,Liu GJ.2003.A review on plant secondary substance in plant resistance to insect pests.Chinese Bulletin of Botany,20(5):522-530(in Chinese)[张文辉,刘光杰.2003.植物抗虫性次生物质的研究概况.植物学通报,20(5):522-530]
Zhang XW,Sang WJ,Xie X,Wang LS,Qiu B.2009.Study on chlorophyll content and activity changes of enzymes in Eupatourium adenophorum parasitized by dodder.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,37(12):106-108(in Chinese)[张秀伟,桑维钧,谢鑫,王莉爽,邱波.2009.菟丝子寄生后紫茎泽兰的叶绿素及酶类活性变化研究.贵州农业科学,37(12):106-108]
Zhu L,Yang ZD,Zhao BG,Fang J.2005.Recent advances of herbivorous insect induced resistance in plant.Scientia Silvae Sinica,44(1):165-173(in Chinese)[朱麟,杨振德,赵博光,方杰.2005.植食性昆虫诱导的植物抗性最新研究进展.林业科学,44(1):165-173]
Bazzaz FA,Chiaricllo NR,Coley PD,Pitelka LF.1987.Allocating resources to reproduction and defense.BioScience,37(1):58-67
Bennett PH,van Staden J.1986.Gall formation in crofton weed,Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.(syn.,Ageratina adenophora),by the Eupatorium gall fly Procecidochares utilis Stone(Diptera:Trypetidae).Australian Journal of Botany,34(4):473-480
Bess HA,Haramoto FH.1959.Biological control of pamakani,Eupatorium adenophorum,in Hawaii by a tephritid gall fly,Procecidochares utilis 2:population studies of the weed,the fly,and the parasites of the fly.Ecology,40(2):244-249
Chen XD,He DY.1990.Study on control effect of Procecidochares utilis on Eupatorium adenophorum and its evaluation.Journal of Weed Science,4(3):1-6(in Chinese)[陈旭东,何大禹.1990.泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的控制作用及其评价研究.杂草学报,4(3):1-6]
Dodd AP.1961.Biological control of Eupatorium adenophorum in Queensland.The Australian Journal of Science,23:356-365
Erasmus DJ,Bennett PH,van Standen J.1992.The effect of galls induced by the gall fly Procecidochares utilis on vegetative growth and reproductive potential of crofton weed,Ageratina adenophora.Annals of Applied Biology,120(1):173-181
Fowler SV,Syrett P,Hill RL.2000.Success and safety in the biological control of environmental weeds in New Zealand.Austral Ecology,25(5):553-562
Frischknecht PM,Schuhmacher K,Müller-Sch?rer H,Baumann TW.2001.Phenotypic plasticity of Senecio vulgaris from contrasting habitat types:growth and pyrrolizidine alkaloid formation.Journal of Chemical Ecology,27(2):343-358
Gao JF.2006.Experimental instruction of plant physiology.Beijing:Higher Education Press,pp.74-76(in Chinese)[高俊凤.2006.植物生理学实验指导.北京:高等教育出版社,pp.74-76]
Gao Y,Men XY,Yu Y,Zhou HX.2012.Physiological indices of leaves of jujube(Zizyphus jujuba)damaged by Apolygus lucorum.Acta Ecologica Sinica,32(17):5330-5336(in Chinese)[高勇,门兴元,于毅,周洪旭.2012.绿盲蝽危害对枣树叶片生化指标的影响.生态学报,32(17):5330-5336]
Gui FR,Wan FH,Guo JY.2008.Population genetics of Ageratina adenophora using inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR)molecular markers in China.Plant Biosystems,142(2):255-263
Gui FR,Wan FH,Guo JY.2009.Determination of the population genetic structure of the invasive weed Ageratina adenophora using ISSR-PCR markers.Russian Journal of Plant Physiology,56(3):410-416
Guo SM,Li JM,Li YH,Yan M.2014.The trade-off between growth and defense in Alternanthera philoxeroides parasitized by Cuscuta australis.Acta Ecologica Sinica,34(17):4866-4873(in Chinese)[郭素民,李钧敏,李永慧,闫明.2014.空心莲子草响应南方菟丝子寄生的生长--防御权衡.生态学报,34(17):4866-4873]
Kong HL,LüM,Wu L,Zhu SD.2014.Effects of Bemisia tabaci damage on the protective enzyme activity and the secondary metabolite content of leaves in different pepper varieties.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(6):1553-1560(in Chinese)[孔海龙,吕敏,吴琳,祝树德.2014.Q型烟粉虱为害对不同品种辣椒保护酶活性及次生物质含量的影响.应用昆虫学报,51(6):1553-1560]
Koricheva J,Larsson S,Haukioja E,Kein?nen M.1998.Regulation of woody plant secondary metabolism by resource availability:hypothesis testing means of meta-analysis.Oikos,83(2):212-226
Li AF,Gao XM,Dang WG,Huang RX,Deng ZP,Tang HC.2006.Parasitism of Procecidochares utilis and its effect on growth and reproduction of Eupatorium adenophorum.Journal of Plant Ecology,30(3):496-503(in Chinese)[李爱芳,高贤明,党伟光,黄荣祥,邓祖平,唐和春.2006.泽兰实蝇寄生状况及其对紫茎泽兰生长与生殖的影响.植物生态学报,30(3):496-503]
Li YY,Zhou XR,Pang BP,Chang J.2013.Influences of Aphis gossypii Glover feeding on the contents of main nutrients and secondary compounds in host plants.Journal of Environmental Entomology,35(1):49-54(in Chinese)[李艳艳,周晓榕,庞保平,常静.2013.瓜蚜为害对寄主植物主要营养物质和次生物质的影响.环境昆虫学报,35(1):49-54]
Liang YR,Hu XH,Zhang YL,Liu XP.2003.Progress on physiological function research of plant peroxidase.Journal of Mongolia Agricultural University,24(2):111-113(in Chinese)[梁艳荣,胡晓红,张颍力,刘湘萍.2003.植物过氧化物酶生理功能研究进展.内蒙古农业大学学报,24(2):111-113]
Liu WY,Liu LH,He AJ.1991.The effect of Procecidochares utilis on growth and development,distribution of biomass of Eupatorium adenophorum.Acta Ecologica Sinica,11(3):291-292(in Chinese)[刘文耀,刘伦辉,和爱军.1991.泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰生长发育及生物量分配影响的研究.生态学报,11(3):291-292]
McFadyen RE.1998.Biological control of weeds.Annual Review of Entomology,43(1):369-393
Muniappan R,Raman A,Rreddy GVP.2009.Ageratina adenophora(Sprengel)R.King and H.Robinson(Asteraceae).//Muniappan R,Reddy GVP,Raman A.Biological control of tropical weeds using arthropods.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,pp.63-73
Pang BP,Gao JP,Zhou XR,Wang J.2006.Relationship between host plant preference of Liriomyza huidobrensis(Blanchard)(Diptera:Agromyzidae)and secondary plant compounds and trichomes of host foliage.Acta Entomologica Sinica,49(5):810-815(in Chinese)[庞保平,高俊平,周晓榕,王娟.2006.南美斑潜蝇寄主选择性与植物次生化合物及叶毛的关系.昆虫学报,49(5):810-815]
Rahman O,Agarwal ML.1991.Biological control of crofton weed(Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng)by a fruit fly Pocecidoachare sutilis Stone in eastern Himalayas.Indian Journal of Weed Science,22(1/2):98-101
Ryan CA.1988.Oligosaccharide as recognition signals for the expression of defensive genes in plants.Biochemistry,27(25):8879-8883
Wang Y.2012.Evolution of defense against herbivores in the invasive plant,Triadica sebifera.Ph.D Thesis.Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(in Chinese)[王毅.2012.外来入侵植物防御昆虫能力的进化--以乌桕为例.博士学位论文.北京:中国科学院大学]
Wu YQ,Guo YY.2001.Potential resistance of tannins-flavoniods in upland cotton against Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner).Acta Ecologica Sinica,21(2):286-289(in Chinese)[武予清,郭予元.2001.棉花单宁-黄酮类化合物对棉铃虫的抗性潜力.生态学报,21(2):286-289]
Yang BF,Du LS,Li JM.2015.Effects of Cuscuta australis parasitism on the growth,reproduction and defense of Solidago canadensis.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,26(11):3309-3314(in Chinese)[杨蓓芬,杜乐山,李钧敏.2015.南方菟丝子寄生对加拿大一枝黄花生长、繁殖及防御的影响.应用生态学报,26(11):3309-3314]
Zhang WH,Liu GJ.2003.A review on plant secondary substance in plant resistance to insect pests.Chinese Bulletin of Botany,20(5):522-530(in Chinese)[张文辉,刘光杰.2003.植物抗虫性次生物质的研究概况.植物学通报,20(5):522-530]
Zhang XW,Sang WJ,Xie X,Wang LS,Qiu B.2009.Study on chlorophyll content and activity changes of enzymes in Eupatourium adenophorum parasitized by dodder.Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,37(12):106-108(in Chinese)[张秀伟,桑维钧,谢鑫,王莉爽,邱波.2009.菟丝子寄生后紫茎泽兰的叶绿素及酶类活性变化研究.贵州农业科学,37(12):106-108]
Zhu L,Yang ZD,Zhao BG,Fang J.2005.Recent advances of herbivorous insect induced resistance in plant.Scientia Silvae Sinica,44(1):165-173(in Chinese)[朱麟,杨振德,赵博光,方杰.2005.植食性昆虫诱导的植物抗性最新研究进展.林业科学,44(1):165-173]