湖南香花岭矽卡岩中锡的矿物学行为与成矿过程
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摘要
湖南香花岭矽卡岩型锡矿床是南岭地区一个重要的锡多金属矿床,发育有丰富的含锡矿物。在野外和显微镜下观察基础上,文章利用电子探针技术系统分析了香花岭矽卡岩中含锡矿物的矿物学特征,探讨了锡的成矿过程、成矿流体以及锡的来源。研究结果表明,香花岭矽卡岩中含锡矿物由锡矿物(锡石、尼日利亚石、孟宪民石等)和富锡矿物(韭闪石、尖晶石、葡萄石、塔菲石等)组成。锡的成矿有三个阶段:矽卡岩早阶段,Sn进入尖晶石、韭闪石等造岩矿物中,形成富锡矿物;氧化物阶段,锡矿物如锡石、尼日利亚石、孟宪民石等逐渐晶出;晚期热液阶段,早期含锡矿物热液蚀变原位析出锡石,或富Sn热液交代早期矿物形成了富锡环边。矽卡岩中成矿流体富含F,CO_2,Li等挥发组分,控制了Sn的富集、迁移、结晶等过程。香花岭矽卡岩中Sn根本上来源于地层,锡的成矿过程反映了Sn在地壳中的地球化学循环过程。
Xianghualing tin deposit is one of the most important tin-polymetallic deposits in Nanling Region, and hosts abundant Sn-bearing minerals. In this paper, the mineralogical characteristics of Sn-bearing minerals from the Xianghualing skarn were systematically analyzed by electron microprobe technology, in combination with microscopic and field observations, with the aims to reveal metallogenic processes, fluids features, and origin of Sn. The results of this study show that(1) Sn-bearing minerals in the Xianghualing skarn include Sn minerals(cassiterite, nigerite, mengxianminite etc.) and Sn-rich minerals(pargasite, spinel, prehnite, taaffeite etc.);(2) Three stages of Sn mineralization were distinguished: during the early skarn stages, Sn entered into the structures of spinel, amphibole, and other rock-forming minerals, leading to the formation of Sn-rich minerals; Sn minerals(cassiterite, nigerite, mengxianminite etc.) gradually crystallized during the oxidation stages, and in the hydrothermal stages early Sn-bearing minerals experienced hydrothermal alteration with local precipitation of cassiterite, and/or the formation of minerals with Sn-rich rims by Sn-rich fluids;(3) hydrothermal fluids are enriched in F, CO_2 and Li, which controlled the processes of enrichment, transport, and crystallization of Sn, and(4) Sn in the Xianghualing skarn was fundamentally derived from the ambient strata, and the metallogenic processes of Sn reflect a geochemical circulation of Sn in Earth Crust.
Xianghualing tin deposit is one of the most important tin-polymetallic deposits in Nanling Region, and hosts abundant Sn-bearing minerals. In this paper, the mineralogical characteristics of Sn-bearing minerals from the Xianghualing skarn were systematically analyzed by electron microprobe technology, in combination with microscopic and field observations, with the aims to reveal metallogenic processes, fluids features, and origin of Sn. The results of this study show that(1) Sn-bearing minerals in the Xianghualing skarn include Sn minerals(cassiterite, nigerite, mengxianminite etc.) and Sn-rich minerals(pargasite, spinel, prehnite, taaffeite etc.);(2) Three stages of Sn mineralization were distinguished: during the early skarn stages, Sn entered into the structures of spinel, amphibole, and other rock-forming minerals, leading to the formation of Sn-rich minerals; Sn minerals(cassiterite, nigerite, mengxianminite etc.) gradually crystallized during the oxidation stages, and in the hydrothermal stages early Sn-bearing minerals experienced hydrothermal alteration with local precipitation of cassiterite, and/or the formation of minerals with Sn-rich rims by Sn-rich fluids;(3) hydrothermal fluids are enriched in F, CO_2 and Li, which controlled the processes of enrichment, transport, and crystallization of Sn, and(4) Sn in the Xianghualing skarn was fundamentally derived from the ambient strata, and the metallogenic processes of Sn reflect a geochemical circulation of Sn in Earth Crust.
引文
陈骏,王汝成,周建平,等.2000.锡的地球化学[M].南京:南京大学出版社.
黄蕴慧,杜绍华,周秀仲.1988.香花岭岩石矿床与矿物[M].北京:科学技术出版社.
来守华.2014.湖南香花岭锡多金属矿床成矿作用研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京).
刘惠芳,陆琦.2008.湖南金船塘矿区矽卡岩矿物及Sn元素在绿帘石中的分布特征[J].地球科学,33(2):210-218.
刘晓菲,袁顺达,吴胜华,等.2012.湖南金船塘锡铋矿床矿物化学特征及其地质意义[J].中国地质,39(6):1759-1777.
罗卫,李文光,周涛,等.2010.湘南香花岭锡多金属矿田地质地球化学特征及成因探讨[J].地质调查与研究,33(1):1-11.
毛景文,谢桂青,郭春丽,等.2007.南岭地区大规模钨锡多金属成矿作用:成矿时限及地球动力学背景[J].岩石学报,23(10):2329-2338.
彭志忠,张荣英,张光荣.1964.香花石晶体形态[J].地质学报,4(1):83-87.
邱瑞照,邓晋福,蔡志勇,等.2003.湖南香花岭430花岗岩体Nd同位素特征及岩石成因[J].岩石矿物学杂志,22(1):41-46.
唐朝永,刘利生.2005.香花岭锡多金属矿田微量元素地球化学特征及找矿意义[J].矿产与地质,19(6):688-691.
王汝成,谢磊,陈骏,等.2011.南岭中段花岗岩中榍石对锡成矿能力的指示意义[J].高校地质学报,17(3):368-380.
王汝成,朱金初,张文兰,等.2008.南岭地区钨锡花岗岩的成矿矿物学:概念与实例[J].高校地质学报,14(4):485-495.
于阿朋,王汝成,朱金初,等.2010.广西花山花岗岩云英岩化分带与锡成矿过程的矿物学研究[J].高校地质学报,16(3):281-293.
袁顺达,彭建堂,李向前,等.2008.湖南香花岭锡多金属矿床C、O、Sr同位素地球化学[J].地质学报,82(11):1522-1530.
张德全,王立华.1988.香花岭矿田矿床成矿分带及其成因探讨[J].矿床地质,7(4):35-44.
钟江临,李楚平.2006.湖南香花岭矽卡岩型锡矿床地质特征及控矿因素分析[J].矿产与地质,20(2):147-151.
周涛,刘悟辉,李蘅,等.2008.湖南香花岭锡多金属矿床同位素地球化学研究[J].地球学报,29(6):703-708.
朱金初,陈骏,王汝成,等.2008.南岭中西段燕山早期北东向含锡钨A型花岗岩带[J].高校地质学报,14(4):474-484.
朱金初,王汝成,陆建军,等.2011.湘南癞子岭花岗岩体分异演化和成岩成矿[J].高校地质学报,17(3):381-392.
Aleksandrov S M and Senin V G.2002.Genesis and composition of spinellide and related mineral assemblages in greisenized magnesian skarn and dolomite at the Hsianghualing Deposit,the People’s Republic of China[J].Geochemistry International,40(9):860-873.
Aleksandrov S M and Troneva M A.2007.Composition,mineral assemblages,and genesis of titanite and malayaite in skarns[J].Geochemistry International,45(10):1012-1024.
Armbruster T.2002.Revised nomenclature of h?gbomite,nigerite,and taaffeite minerals[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,14(2):389-395.
Chen J,Halls C and Stanley C J.1992.Tin-bearing skarns of South China:Geological setting and mineralogy[J].Ore Geology Reviews,7(3):225-248.
Dobson D C.1982.Geology and alteration of the Lost River tin-tungstenfluorine deposit,Alaska[J].Economic Geology,77(4):1033-1052.
Eadington P J and Kinealy K.1983.Some aspects of the hydrothermal reactions of tin during skarn formation[J].Journal of the Geological Society of Australia,30(3):461-471.
Heinrich C A.1990.The chemistry of hydrothermal tin(-tungsten)ore deposition[J].Economic Geology,85(3):457-481.
Lu H Z.2003.Mineralization and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Shizhuyuan W-Sn-Bi-Mo-F Skarn Deposit,Hunan Province,China[J].Economic Geology,98(5):955-974.
Manning D A C.1981.The effect of fluorine on liquidus phase relationships in the system Qz-Ab-Or with excess water at 1 kb[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,76(2):206-215.
Mclver J R and Mihalik P.1975.Stannian andradite from“Davib Ost”,South West Africa[J].Canadian Mineralogist,13(3):217-221.
Mulholland I R.1984.Malayaite and Tin-Bearing Garnet from a Skarn Gumble,NSW,Australia[J].Mineralogical Magazine,48(3):27-30.
Rao C,Hatert F,Bo F D,et al.2017.Mengxianminite(Ca2Sn2Mg3Al8[(BO3)(BeO4)O6]2),a new borate mineral from Xianghualing skarn,Hunan Province,China,with a highly unusual chemical combination(B+Be+Sn)[J].American Mineralogist,102(10):2136-2141.
Ren Z J.1984.Geochemical characteristics of tin-bearing magnetiteskarns[J].Geochemistry,3(2):115-127.
Tindle A G and Breaks F W.1998.Oxide minerals of the Separation Rapids rare-element granitic pegmatite group,northwestern Ontario[J].Canadian Mineralogist,36(5):609-635.
Wang R C,Xie L,Chen J,et al.2013.Tin-carrier minerals in metaluminous granites of the western Nanling Range(southern China):Constraints on processes of tin mineralization in oxidized granites[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,74(18):361-372.
Xie L,Wang R C,Groat L A,et al.2015.A combined EMPA and LA-ICP-MS study of Li-bearing mica and Sn-Ti oxide minerals from the Qiguling topaz rhyolite(Qitianling District,China):The role of fluorine in origin of tin mineralization[J].Ore Geology Reviews,65(4):779-792.
Xiong X L,Rao B,Chen F R,et al.2002.Crystallization and melting experiments of a fluorine-rich leucogranite from the Xianghualing Pluton,South China,at 150 MPa and H2O-saturated conditions[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,21(2):175-188.
Yang Z M,Fourestier J D,Ding K,et al.2013a.Li-bearing ferronigerite-2N1S from Xianghualing tin-polymetallic orefield,Hunan Province,China[J].Canadian Mineralogist,51(6):913-919.
Yang Z M,Ding K,Fourestier J D,et al.2013b.Fe-rich Li-bearing magnesionigerite-6N6S from Xianghualing tin-polymetallic orefield,Hunan Province,P.R.China[J].Mineralogy and Petrology,107(2):163-169.
Yuan S D,Jiantang P,Shen N P,et al.2007.40Ar-39Ar isotopic dating of the Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic Orefield in Southern Hunan,China and its geological implications[J].Journal of Geology(English Edition),81(2):278-286.
Yuan S D,Peng J T,Hu R Z,et al.2008.A precise U-Pb age on cassiterite from the Xianghualing tin-polymetallic deposit(Hunan,South China)[J].Mineralium Deposita,43(4):375-382.
Zhao K D,Jiang S Y,Jiang Y H,et al.2005.Mineral chemistry of the Qitianling granitoid and the Furong tin oredeposit in Hunan Province,South China[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,17(4):635-648.
黄蕴慧,杜绍华,周秀仲.1988.香花岭岩石矿床与矿物[M].北京:科学技术出版社.
来守华.2014.湖南香花岭锡多金属矿床成矿作用研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京).
刘惠芳,陆琦.2008.湖南金船塘矿区矽卡岩矿物及Sn元素在绿帘石中的分布特征[J].地球科学,33(2):210-218.
刘晓菲,袁顺达,吴胜华,等.2012.湖南金船塘锡铋矿床矿物化学特征及其地质意义[J].中国地质,39(6):1759-1777.
罗卫,李文光,周涛,等.2010.湘南香花岭锡多金属矿田地质地球化学特征及成因探讨[J].地质调查与研究,33(1):1-11.
毛景文,谢桂青,郭春丽,等.2007.南岭地区大规模钨锡多金属成矿作用:成矿时限及地球动力学背景[J].岩石学报,23(10):2329-2338.
彭志忠,张荣英,张光荣.1964.香花石晶体形态[J].地质学报,4(1):83-87.
邱瑞照,邓晋福,蔡志勇,等.2003.湖南香花岭430花岗岩体Nd同位素特征及岩石成因[J].岩石矿物学杂志,22(1):41-46.
唐朝永,刘利生.2005.香花岭锡多金属矿田微量元素地球化学特征及找矿意义[J].矿产与地质,19(6):688-691.
王汝成,谢磊,陈骏,等.2011.南岭中段花岗岩中榍石对锡成矿能力的指示意义[J].高校地质学报,17(3):368-380.
王汝成,朱金初,张文兰,等.2008.南岭地区钨锡花岗岩的成矿矿物学:概念与实例[J].高校地质学报,14(4):485-495.
于阿朋,王汝成,朱金初,等.2010.广西花山花岗岩云英岩化分带与锡成矿过程的矿物学研究[J].高校地质学报,16(3):281-293.
袁顺达,彭建堂,李向前,等.2008.湖南香花岭锡多金属矿床C、O、Sr同位素地球化学[J].地质学报,82(11):1522-1530.
张德全,王立华.1988.香花岭矿田矿床成矿分带及其成因探讨[J].矿床地质,7(4):35-44.
钟江临,李楚平.2006.湖南香花岭矽卡岩型锡矿床地质特征及控矿因素分析[J].矿产与地质,20(2):147-151.
周涛,刘悟辉,李蘅,等.2008.湖南香花岭锡多金属矿床同位素地球化学研究[J].地球学报,29(6):703-708.
朱金初,陈骏,王汝成,等.2008.南岭中西段燕山早期北东向含锡钨A型花岗岩带[J].高校地质学报,14(4):474-484.
朱金初,王汝成,陆建军,等.2011.湘南癞子岭花岗岩体分异演化和成岩成矿[J].高校地质学报,17(3):381-392.
Aleksandrov S M and Senin V G.2002.Genesis and composition of spinellide and related mineral assemblages in greisenized magnesian skarn and dolomite at the Hsianghualing Deposit,the People’s Republic of China[J].Geochemistry International,40(9):860-873.
Aleksandrov S M and Troneva M A.2007.Composition,mineral assemblages,and genesis of titanite and malayaite in skarns[J].Geochemistry International,45(10):1012-1024.
Armbruster T.2002.Revised nomenclature of h?gbomite,nigerite,and taaffeite minerals[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,14(2):389-395.
Chen J,Halls C and Stanley C J.1992.Tin-bearing skarns of South China:Geological setting and mineralogy[J].Ore Geology Reviews,7(3):225-248.
Dobson D C.1982.Geology and alteration of the Lost River tin-tungstenfluorine deposit,Alaska[J].Economic Geology,77(4):1033-1052.
Eadington P J and Kinealy K.1983.Some aspects of the hydrothermal reactions of tin during skarn formation[J].Journal of the Geological Society of Australia,30(3):461-471.
Heinrich C A.1990.The chemistry of hydrothermal tin(-tungsten)ore deposition[J].Economic Geology,85(3):457-481.
Lu H Z.2003.Mineralization and Fluid Inclusion Study of the Shizhuyuan W-Sn-Bi-Mo-F Skarn Deposit,Hunan Province,China[J].Economic Geology,98(5):955-974.
Manning D A C.1981.The effect of fluorine on liquidus phase relationships in the system Qz-Ab-Or with excess water at 1 kb[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,76(2):206-215.
Mclver J R and Mihalik P.1975.Stannian andradite from“Davib Ost”,South West Africa[J].Canadian Mineralogist,13(3):217-221.
Mulholland I R.1984.Malayaite and Tin-Bearing Garnet from a Skarn Gumble,NSW,Australia[J].Mineralogical Magazine,48(3):27-30.
Rao C,Hatert F,Bo F D,et al.2017.Mengxianminite(Ca2Sn2Mg3Al8[(BO3)(BeO4)O6]2),a new borate mineral from Xianghualing skarn,Hunan Province,China,with a highly unusual chemical combination(B+Be+Sn)[J].American Mineralogist,102(10):2136-2141.
Ren Z J.1984.Geochemical characteristics of tin-bearing magnetiteskarns[J].Geochemistry,3(2):115-127.
Tindle A G and Breaks F W.1998.Oxide minerals of the Separation Rapids rare-element granitic pegmatite group,northwestern Ontario[J].Canadian Mineralogist,36(5):609-635.
Wang R C,Xie L,Chen J,et al.2013.Tin-carrier minerals in metaluminous granites of the western Nanling Range(southern China):Constraints on processes of tin mineralization in oxidized granites[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,74(18):361-372.
Xie L,Wang R C,Groat L A,et al.2015.A combined EMPA and LA-ICP-MS study of Li-bearing mica and Sn-Ti oxide minerals from the Qiguling topaz rhyolite(Qitianling District,China):The role of fluorine in origin of tin mineralization[J].Ore Geology Reviews,65(4):779-792.
Xiong X L,Rao B,Chen F R,et al.2002.Crystallization and melting experiments of a fluorine-rich leucogranite from the Xianghualing Pluton,South China,at 150 MPa and H2O-saturated conditions[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,21(2):175-188.
Yang Z M,Fourestier J D,Ding K,et al.2013a.Li-bearing ferronigerite-2N1S from Xianghualing tin-polymetallic orefield,Hunan Province,China[J].Canadian Mineralogist,51(6):913-919.
Yang Z M,Ding K,Fourestier J D,et al.2013b.Fe-rich Li-bearing magnesionigerite-6N6S from Xianghualing tin-polymetallic orefield,Hunan Province,P.R.China[J].Mineralogy and Petrology,107(2):163-169.
Yuan S D,Jiantang P,Shen N P,et al.2007.40Ar-39Ar isotopic dating of the Xianghualing Sn-polymetallic Orefield in Southern Hunan,China and its geological implications[J].Journal of Geology(English Edition),81(2):278-286.
Yuan S D,Peng J T,Hu R Z,et al.2008.A precise U-Pb age on cassiterite from the Xianghualing tin-polymetallic deposit(Hunan,South China)[J].Mineralium Deposita,43(4):375-382.
Zhao K D,Jiang S Y,Jiang Y H,et al.2005.Mineral chemistry of the Qitianling granitoid and the Furong tin oredeposit in Hunan Province,South China[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,17(4):635-648.