多元文化主义之后:英国的共同体凝聚政策
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摘要
英国在二战后逐渐成为移民输入国,族群迥异又要共聚共生,问题切要、挑战丛生,英国为此不断地探索和调整移民政策。英国在欧洲较早实施了多元文化主义政策,但经过几十年的尝试,该政策却被官方界定为是"失败的",转而调整为共同体凝聚的新政策。为何多元文化主义这样一个曾经炙手可热的政策在英国政策制定者眼中已成明日黄花?为何政府力推新政策?个中原委引人深思。本文着重探究共同体凝聚政策形成的背景、政策提出的来龙去脉、其内容特点以及政界和学界对它的批评和质疑等问题,以期勾勒出共同体凝聚政策发展的整体轮廓。
Since the end of World War II, Britain has gradually become an immigration country with a host of immigrants coming from abroad. How to make different ethnic(or immigrant) groups coexist in harmony is a big and urgent challenge to the British government, which has continuously explored and adjusted its re-settlement policy for this purpose. Britain had been among the earliest countries in Europe that adopted a multiculturalism policy, but after decades of practice, the policy was officially defined as a "failure". In its place, the policy for community cohesion has been adopted. Why has this multiculturalism policy that used to be so popular been discarded by the British policymakers? This question calls for our deep reflection. This article dwells on the background of the policy for community cohesion, the ins and outs of its formulation, its main content and features, as well as political and academic debate around it, intending to roughly outline the development of this new policy.
Since the end of World War II, Britain has gradually become an immigration country with a host of immigrants coming from abroad. How to make different ethnic(or immigrant) groups coexist in harmony is a big and urgent challenge to the British government, which has continuously explored and adjusted its re-settlement policy for this purpose. Britain had been among the earliest countries in Europe that adopted a multiculturalism policy, but after decades of practice, the policy was officially defined as a "failure". In its place, the policy for community cohesion has been adopted. Why has this multiculturalism policy that used to be so popular been discarded by the British policymakers? This question calls for our deep reflection. This article dwells on the background of the policy for community cohesion, the ins and outs of its formulation, its main content and features, as well as political and academic debate around it, intending to roughly outline the development of this new policy.
引文
(1)David Cameron,“PM’s speech at the Munich Security Conference”,February 5,2011,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-speech-at-munich-security-conference,Accessed in 5 June 2018.
(2)此翻译受张海洋先生指点。他认为这一术语译为共同体凝聚比直接译为“社群凝聚”更为准确。“社群”一词无法涵盖国家,而英国在Community Cohesion这一政策中不仅包括对族群、社群的凝聚,更重要的是塑造对国家的认同、对英国价值观的重构,因此译为共同体凝聚更为恰当。
(3)在移民研究视角下,英国的族群构成主要由主体民族和移民族群两部分组成。主体民族主要包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰人,属于传统意义上的世居民族。与之相对的是本文重点讨论的入境移民及其后裔,即有移民背景的少数族群,他们是移民融合政策的主要目标群体。
(4)ONS,“2011 Census Analysis:Ethnicity and Religion of the Non-UK Born Population in England and Wales”,http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/ethnicity-and-religion-of-non-uk-born-population-in-england-and-wales--2011-census/rpt.html#tab-Religion,Accessed in 16 January 2016.
(5)Steven Vertovec,“Supper-diversity and its implications”,in Steven Vertovec (ed.),Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism:New Directions,London:Routledge,2010,p.65.
(6)周兆军:《英国穆斯林人口大幅上升 10年增长近倍》,中国新闻网,2015年3月3日,http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2015/02-16/7067626.shtml
(7)ONS,“Ethnicity in England and Wales”,http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-Ethnicity-in-England-and-Wales,Accessed in 9 April 2015.
(8)大伦敦共有32个自治市。
(9)Gary Craig,Karl Atkin and Sangeeta Chattoo,Understanding “Race” and Ethnicity:Theory,History,Policy,Practice,Bristol:Policy,2012,p.153.
(10)雷·哈尼福德(Ray Honeyford) 在1982年至1984年间,先后在《泰晤士报》《索尔兹伯里评论》(The Salisbury Review)等报刊上发表文章,批评学校教育中不当的多元文化主义政策。他的观点引起了当时社会的广泛讨论。
(11)1988年,中学教师拉什迪(Salman Rushdie)出版了《撒旦诗篇》(Satanic Verses)一书,招致穆斯林广泛的抗议,来自印度次大陆的穆斯林联合起来,形成了全国性运动。拉什迪事件是一个转折点,它将伊斯兰教推到了公共舆论中心,打破了英国多元文化模式的光环。
(12)英国对多元文化主义的质疑参见韦平:《多元文化主义在英国的成与“败”》,载《世界民族》,2016年第3期。
(13)兰尼米德基金会是英国一家知名的促进种族平等的智库。
(14)Britain Runnymede Trust,The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain:Report of the Commission On the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain (Parekh Report),London:Profile,2000,p.viii.
(15)“Straw Wants to Rewrite Our History:British is a Racist Word”,in The Daily Telegraph,10 October 2000.
(16)Mary J.Hickman,Nicola Mai,Helen Crowley,Migration and Social Cohesion in the UK,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012,p.35.
(17)泰德·坎特爵士有长时间从事公共服务的工作经历,曾任诺丁汉市议会的首席执行官和大都会政府协会副部长。2005年他成立了共同体凝聚研究所(该所现为iCoCo基金会主管),现担任环境智囊团“可持续性第一位”(Sustainability First)的主席,以及诺丁汉大学和诺丁汉特伦特大学的客座教授。
(18)报告由泰德·坎特主持,标题为《共同体凝聚:独立观察团的报告》(Community Cohesion:A Report of the Independent Review Team)。
(19)“About”,http://tedcantle.co.uk,Accessed in June 7,2018.
(20)Stephen Muers,“ What Is Community Cohesion,and Why Is It Important?”,The Guardian,March 21,2011,https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2011/mar/21/community-cohesion-definition-measuring,Accessed in Nov 2,2017.
(21)Local Government Association,Guidance on Community Cohesion,London:LGA Publications,2002,p.6.
(22)Jo Broadwood and Nicola Sugden,Community Cohesion Impact Assessment and Community Conflict Prevention Tool,London:Queen Printer,2008,p.4.
(23)CLG,“The Government’s Response to the Commission on Integration and Cohesion”,London:Department of Communities and Local Government,2008,p.10.
(24)本文采用了朱伦先生的译法。
(25)A.Sen,Identity and Violence,New York:Norton.2006,p.156
(26)Ted Cantle,Interculturalism :the New Era of Cohesion and Diversity,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012
(27)M.Hewstone,S.Paolini,E.Cairns,et al.,“Intergroup Contact and the Promotion of Intergroup Harmony”,in R.Brown,D.Capozza (eds.),Social Identities,Hove:Psychology Press,2006,pp.209-238.
(28)Paul Thomas,Youth,Multiculturalism and Community Cohesion,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2011,p.4,5.
(29)the Minister of State for Communities and Local Government:“Government Response to the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Committee Report on Community Cohesion and Migration”,2008,p.2.
(30)John Flint,“Faith and Housing in England:Promoting Community Cohesion or Contributing to Urban Segregation?”in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2010,vol.36,no.2,pp.257-274.
(31)Peter Ratcliffe,“From Community to Social Cohesion:Interrogating a Policy Paradigm”,in Peter Ratcliffe and Ines Newman (eds.),Promoting Social Cohesion:Implications for Policy and Evaluation,Bristol:The Policy Press,p.23.
(32)Home Office,“Improving Opportunity,Strengthening Society”,2005,p.16.
(33)该研究所现为iCoCo基金会管理。该基金会是一个非营利组织,致力于促进交融文化主义和共同体凝聚,挑战多元文化主义。
(34)CIC (Commission on Integration and Cohesion),Our Shared Future,London:CIC,2007,p.1.
(35)Darra Singh,“Foreword”,in CIC,Our Shared Future,London:CIC,2007,pp.3-6,http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Education/documents/2007/06/14/oursharedfuture.pdf,Accessed in Nov.2,2017.
(36)Sean Demack,Deborah Platts-Fowler,David Robinson,Anna Stevens,Ian Wilson:“Young People and Community Cohesion:Analysis from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England”,Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research and the Centre for Educational and Inclusion Research,2010,p.9.
(37)Department for Communities and Local Government,“Face to Face and Side by Sid:A Framework for Partnership in Our Multi Faith Society”,2008.
(38)Jo Broadwood and Nicola Sugden,Community Cohesion Impact Assessment and Community Conflict Prevention Tool,London:Queen Printer,2008.
(39)Communities and Local Government,“Cohesion Delivery Framework:Overview,2009”,www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/cohesiondeliveryrevised,Accessed in 1 Novermber 2012.
(40)Communities and Local Government,Guidance For Local Authorities on How to Mainstream Community Cohesion into Other Services,London:CLG,2009,p.9.
(41)David Cameron,“PM’s Speech at the Munich Security Conference”,February 5,2011,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-speech-at-munich-security-conference,Accessed in 10 June 2018.
(42)整合中心由特雷夫·菲利普(Trevor Phillips)任主席,它将相关的公开信息(包括政府数据、公司、基金会和其他智库的学术研究和分析)汇集在一起,以互动地图等形式发布出来,是为整合问题的讨论提供一个实时动态的数据参考。从主席人选上来看,这个组织的立场比较偏向于突出移民族群的隔离状态。
(43)David Cameron,“Prime Minister’s Speech”,20 July 2015,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/extremism-pm-speech,Accessed in 10 June 2018.
(44)“Casey Review Raises Alarm over Social Integration in the UK”,The Guardian,6 December 2016,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/04/social-integration-louise-casey-uk-report-condemns-failings,Accessed in 24 June 2018.
(45)Louise Casey,The Casey Review:A Review into Opportunity and Integration,London:Queen’s Printer,2016,pp.17-18.
(46)Paul Thomas,et al,“Hopes and Fears:Community Cohesion and the ’White Working Class’ in One of the ‘Failed Spaces’ of Multiculturalism”,Sociology,2018,vol.52(2),pp.262-263.
(47)“ About Community Cohesion”,http://tedcantle.co.uk/about-community-cohesion,Accessed in 10 June 2018.
(48)Department of Communities and Local Government,Cohesion Delivery Framework,London,2009,p.11.
(49)周兆军:《英国穆斯林人口大幅上升 10年增长近倍》,中国新闻网,2015年3月3日,http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2015/02-16/7067626.shtml,2018年6月11日访问。
(50)Daniele Joly,“Race,Ethnicity and Religion:Emerging Policies in Britain”,Patterns of Prejudice,vol.5,2012,p.487.
(51)Tariq Modood,“Muslim and the Politics of Difference”,Political Quarterly,74 (S1),2010,p.110.
(52)Ted Cantle:Interculturalism :the New Era of Cohesion and Diversity,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012,p.19.
(53)Gorden Brown,“Speech to Labour Party Conference,2006”,The Guardian,25 September 2006.
(54)Tony Blair,“The Duty to Integrate:Shared British Values”,Speech by UK Prime Minister Tony Blair,8 December 2006,p.5.
(55)Home Office,Life in the United Kingdom:A Journey to Citizenship,2007,p.107.
(56)刘晓丹将这个词译为“不列颠性状”,参见[英]斯蒂夫·芬顿著,劳焕强等译:《族性》,中央民族大学出版社,2009年,第183页。
(57)Stephen Small John Solomos,“Race,Immigration and Politics in Britain:Changing Policy Agendas and Conceptual Paradigms 1940s-2000s”,International Journal of Comparative Sociology,2006,pp.235-257.
(58)笔者于2013年在英国伦敦、卡迪夫等地访谈过几十位不同族群、不同行业的英籍人士。
(59)Britain Runnymede Trust,The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain:Report of the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain (Parekh Report),London:Profile,2000,p.11,37,38.
(60)Rich Muir,The New Identity Politics,Institute for Public Policy Research ,2007,p.5,https://www.ippr.org/research/publications/the-new-identity-politics-2007,Accessed in 5 June 2018.
(61)Home Office,Strength in Diversity:Towards a Community Cohesion and Race Equality Strategy,London:Home Office,pp.5-18.
(62)Department of Communities and Local Government,Cohesion Delivery Framework:Overview,London:CLG,2009,p.16.
(63)Peter Ratcliffe,“From Community to Social Cohesion:Interrogating a Policy Paradigm”,in Peter Ratcliffe and Ines Newman (eds.),Promoting Social Cohesion:Implications for Policy and Evaluation,Bristol:The Policy Press,2011,p.25.
(64)Department of Communities and Local Government,Preventing Violent Extremism,London:DCLG,2007,p.6.
(65)Ted Cantle,Community Cohesion:A New Framework for Race and Diversity,Palgrave Macmillan:Basingstoke,2008,p.182.
(66)比较隐性的制度性种族主义在1999年的《麦克弗森报告》发布后才而得以获得法律上的识别,该报告直接促成了2000年对《1976年种族关系法》的修订。
(67)Arun Kundnani,“The Death of Multiculturalism”,Race and Class,vol.43.no.4,2002,pp.67-72.
(68)Daniele Joly,“Race,Ethnicity and Religion:Emerging Policies in Britain”,Patterns of Prejudice,vol.5,2012,p.485.
(69)Marco Antonsich,“Interculturalism Versus Multiculturalism:The Cantle-Modood debate”,Ethnicities,2016,vol.16(3),p.471.
(70)Peter Ratcliffe,“From Community to Social Cohesion:Interrogating a Policy Paradigm”,in Peter Ratcliffe and Ines Newman (eds.),Promoting Social Cohesion:Implications for Policy and Evaluation,Bristol:The Policy Press,p.30.
(71)作为当时种族平等委员会主席的特雷弗·菲利普斯本被认为会为移民族群争取更多的权益,可是他在掌握了移民族群各种数据和情况后,却主张减少对移民族群文化“过度保护”。现在他是整合中心的主席。
(72)Trevor Phillips,“After 7/7:Sleepwalking to Segregation”,2005,Cited in Steven Vertovec,Susanne Wessendorf,The Multiculturalism Backlash:European Discourses,Policies and Practices,London:Routledge,2010,p.53.
(73)Ceri Peach,“ Slippery Segregation:Discovering or Manufacturing Ghettos?”,Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2009,vol.35,no.9,pp.1381-1395.
(74)Yunas Samad,“Community Cohesion without Parallel Lives in Bradford”,Patterns of Prejudice,2013,vol.1-19,p.286.
(75)CIC (Commission on Integration and Cohesion),Our Shared Future,London:CIC,2007,p.8.
(76)ONS,“2011 Census Analysis:Ethnicity and Religion of the Non-UK Born Population in England and Wales”,http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/ethnicity-and-religion-of-non-uk-born-population-in-england-and-wales--2011-census/rpt.html#tab-Religion,Accessed in 16 January 2016.
(77)Gary Craig,Karl Atkin and Sangeeta Chattoo,Understanding “Race” and Ethnicity:Theory,History,Policy,Practice,Bristol:Policy,2012,p.9.
(78)Ted Cantle,Community Cohesion:A New Framework for Race and Diversity,Palgrave Macmillan:Basingstoke,2008,pp.38-40.
(79)Department of Communities and Local Government,Citizenship Survey:2010-11(April 2010- March 2011),England,DCLG,2011,p.9.
(80)Will Kymlicka,“The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism?New Debates on Inclusion and Accommodation in Diverse Societies”,in Steven Vertovec,Susanne Wessendorf,The Multiculturalism Backlash:European Discourses,Policies and Practices,London,New York:Routledge,2010,p.32;Ted Cantle,Interculturalism:the New Era of Cohesion and Diversity,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012,p.24.
(81)Peter Ratcliffe,“From Community to Social Cohesion:Interrogating a Policy Paradigm”,in Peter Ratcliffe and Ines Newman (eds.),Promoting Social Cohesion:Implications for Policy and Evaluation,Bristol:The Policy Press,2011,p.15.
(2)此翻译受张海洋先生指点。他认为这一术语译为共同体凝聚比直接译为“社群凝聚”更为准确。“社群”一词无法涵盖国家,而英国在Community Cohesion这一政策中不仅包括对族群、社群的凝聚,更重要的是塑造对国家的认同、对英国价值观的重构,因此译为共同体凝聚更为恰当。
(3)在移民研究视角下,英国的族群构成主要由主体民族和移民族群两部分组成。主体民族主要包括英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰人,属于传统意义上的世居民族。与之相对的是本文重点讨论的入境移民及其后裔,即有移民背景的少数族群,他们是移民融合政策的主要目标群体。
(4)ONS,“2011 Census Analysis:Ethnicity and Religion of the Non-UK Born Population in England and Wales”,http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/ethnicity-and-religion-of-non-uk-born-population-in-england-and-wales--2011-census/rpt.html#tab-Religion,Accessed in 16 January 2016.
(5)Steven Vertovec,“Supper-diversity and its implications”,in Steven Vertovec (ed.),Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism:New Directions,London:Routledge,2010,p.65.
(6)周兆军:《英国穆斯林人口大幅上升 10年增长近倍》,中国新闻网,2015年3月3日,http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2015/02-16/7067626.shtml
(7)ONS,“Ethnicity in England and Wales”,http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-Ethnicity-in-England-and-Wales,Accessed in 9 April 2015.
(8)大伦敦共有32个自治市。
(9)Gary Craig,Karl Atkin and Sangeeta Chattoo,Understanding “Race” and Ethnicity:Theory,History,Policy,Practice,Bristol:Policy,2012,p.153.
(10)雷·哈尼福德(Ray Honeyford) 在1982年至1984年间,先后在《泰晤士报》《索尔兹伯里评论》(The Salisbury Review)等报刊上发表文章,批评学校教育中不当的多元文化主义政策。他的观点引起了当时社会的广泛讨论。
(11)1988年,中学教师拉什迪(Salman Rushdie)出版了《撒旦诗篇》(Satanic Verses)一书,招致穆斯林广泛的抗议,来自印度次大陆的穆斯林联合起来,形成了全国性运动。拉什迪事件是一个转折点,它将伊斯兰教推到了公共舆论中心,打破了英国多元文化模式的光环。
(12)英国对多元文化主义的质疑参见韦平:《多元文化主义在英国的成与“败”》,载《世界民族》,2016年第3期。
(13)兰尼米德基金会是英国一家知名的促进种族平等的智库。
(14)Britain Runnymede Trust,The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain:Report of the Commission On the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain (Parekh Report),London:Profile,2000,p.viii.
(15)“Straw Wants to Rewrite Our History:British is a Racist Word”,in The Daily Telegraph,10 October 2000.
(16)Mary J.Hickman,Nicola Mai,Helen Crowley,Migration and Social Cohesion in the UK,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012,p.35.
(17)泰德·坎特爵士有长时间从事公共服务的工作经历,曾任诺丁汉市议会的首席执行官和大都会政府协会副部长。2005年他成立了共同体凝聚研究所(该所现为iCoCo基金会主管),现担任环境智囊团“可持续性第一位”(Sustainability First)的主席,以及诺丁汉大学和诺丁汉特伦特大学的客座教授。
(18)报告由泰德·坎特主持,标题为《共同体凝聚:独立观察团的报告》(Community Cohesion:A Report of the Independent Review Team)。
(19)“About”,http://tedcantle.co.uk,Accessed in June 7,2018.
(20)Stephen Muers,“ What Is Community Cohesion,and Why Is It Important?”,The Guardian,March 21,2011,https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2011/mar/21/community-cohesion-definition-measuring,Accessed in Nov 2,2017.
(21)Local Government Association,Guidance on Community Cohesion,London:LGA Publications,2002,p.6.
(22)Jo Broadwood and Nicola Sugden,Community Cohesion Impact Assessment and Community Conflict Prevention Tool,London:Queen Printer,2008,p.4.
(23)CLG,“The Government’s Response to the Commission on Integration and Cohesion”,London:Department of Communities and Local Government,2008,p.10.
(24)本文采用了朱伦先生的译法。
(25)A.Sen,Identity and Violence,New York:Norton.2006,p.156
(26)Ted Cantle,Interculturalism :the New Era of Cohesion and Diversity,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012
(27)M.Hewstone,S.Paolini,E.Cairns,et al.,“Intergroup Contact and the Promotion of Intergroup Harmony”,in R.Brown,D.Capozza (eds.),Social Identities,Hove:Psychology Press,2006,pp.209-238.
(28)Paul Thomas,Youth,Multiculturalism and Community Cohesion,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2011,p.4,5.
(29)the Minister of State for Communities and Local Government:“Government Response to the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Committee Report on Community Cohesion and Migration”,2008,p.2.
(30)John Flint,“Faith and Housing in England:Promoting Community Cohesion or Contributing to Urban Segregation?”in Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2010,vol.36,no.2,pp.257-274.
(31)Peter Ratcliffe,“From Community to Social Cohesion:Interrogating a Policy Paradigm”,in Peter Ratcliffe and Ines Newman (eds.),Promoting Social Cohesion:Implications for Policy and Evaluation,Bristol:The Policy Press,p.23.
(32)Home Office,“Improving Opportunity,Strengthening Society”,2005,p.16.
(33)该研究所现为iCoCo基金会管理。该基金会是一个非营利组织,致力于促进交融文化主义和共同体凝聚,挑战多元文化主义。
(34)CIC (Commission on Integration and Cohesion),Our Shared Future,London:CIC,2007,p.1.
(35)Darra Singh,“Foreword”,in CIC,Our Shared Future,London:CIC,2007,pp.3-6,http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Education/documents/2007/06/14/oursharedfuture.pdf,Accessed in Nov.2,2017.
(36)Sean Demack,Deborah Platts-Fowler,David Robinson,Anna Stevens,Ian Wilson:“Young People and Community Cohesion:Analysis from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England”,Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research and the Centre for Educational and Inclusion Research,2010,p.9.
(37)Department for Communities and Local Government,“Face to Face and Side by Sid:A Framework for Partnership in Our Multi Faith Society”,2008.
(38)Jo Broadwood and Nicola Sugden,Community Cohesion Impact Assessment and Community Conflict Prevention Tool,London:Queen Printer,2008.
(39)Communities and Local Government,“Cohesion Delivery Framework:Overview,2009”,www.communities.gov.uk/publications/communities/cohesiondeliveryrevised,Accessed in 1 Novermber 2012.
(40)Communities and Local Government,Guidance For Local Authorities on How to Mainstream Community Cohesion into Other Services,London:CLG,2009,p.9.
(41)David Cameron,“PM’s Speech at the Munich Security Conference”,February 5,2011,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pms-speech-at-munich-security-conference,Accessed in 10 June 2018.
(42)整合中心由特雷夫·菲利普(Trevor Phillips)任主席,它将相关的公开信息(包括政府数据、公司、基金会和其他智库的学术研究和分析)汇集在一起,以互动地图等形式发布出来,是为整合问题的讨论提供一个实时动态的数据参考。从主席人选上来看,这个组织的立场比较偏向于突出移民族群的隔离状态。
(43)David Cameron,“Prime Minister’s Speech”,20 July 2015,https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/extremism-pm-speech,Accessed in 10 June 2018.
(44)“Casey Review Raises Alarm over Social Integration in the UK”,The Guardian,6 December 2016,https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/04/social-integration-louise-casey-uk-report-condemns-failings,Accessed in 24 June 2018.
(45)Louise Casey,The Casey Review:A Review into Opportunity and Integration,London:Queen’s Printer,2016,pp.17-18.
(46)Paul Thomas,et al,“Hopes and Fears:Community Cohesion and the ’White Working Class’ in One of the ‘Failed Spaces’ of Multiculturalism”,Sociology,2018,vol.52(2),pp.262-263.
(47)“ About Community Cohesion”,http://tedcantle.co.uk/about-community-cohesion,Accessed in 10 June 2018.
(48)Department of Communities and Local Government,Cohesion Delivery Framework,London,2009,p.11.
(49)周兆军:《英国穆斯林人口大幅上升 10年增长近倍》,中国新闻网,2015年3月3日,http://www.chinanews.com/gj/2015/02-16/7067626.shtml,2018年6月11日访问。
(50)Daniele Joly,“Race,Ethnicity and Religion:Emerging Policies in Britain”,Patterns of Prejudice,vol.5,2012,p.487.
(51)Tariq Modood,“Muslim and the Politics of Difference”,Political Quarterly,74 (S1),2010,p.110.
(52)Ted Cantle:Interculturalism :the New Era of Cohesion and Diversity,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012,p.19.
(53)Gorden Brown,“Speech to Labour Party Conference,2006”,The Guardian,25 September 2006.
(54)Tony Blair,“The Duty to Integrate:Shared British Values”,Speech by UK Prime Minister Tony Blair,8 December 2006,p.5.
(55)Home Office,Life in the United Kingdom:A Journey to Citizenship,2007,p.107.
(56)刘晓丹将这个词译为“不列颠性状”,参见[英]斯蒂夫·芬顿著,劳焕强等译:《族性》,中央民族大学出版社,2009年,第183页。
(57)Stephen Small John Solomos,“Race,Immigration and Politics in Britain:Changing Policy Agendas and Conceptual Paradigms 1940s-2000s”,International Journal of Comparative Sociology,2006,pp.235-257.
(58)笔者于2013年在英国伦敦、卡迪夫等地访谈过几十位不同族群、不同行业的英籍人士。
(59)Britain Runnymede Trust,The Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain:Report of the Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain (Parekh Report),London:Profile,2000,p.11,37,38.
(60)Rich Muir,The New Identity Politics,Institute for Public Policy Research ,2007,p.5,https://www.ippr.org/research/publications/the-new-identity-politics-2007,Accessed in 5 June 2018.
(61)Home Office,Strength in Diversity:Towards a Community Cohesion and Race Equality Strategy,London:Home Office,pp.5-18.
(62)Department of Communities and Local Government,Cohesion Delivery Framework:Overview,London:CLG,2009,p.16.
(63)Peter Ratcliffe,“From Community to Social Cohesion:Interrogating a Policy Paradigm”,in Peter Ratcliffe and Ines Newman (eds.),Promoting Social Cohesion:Implications for Policy and Evaluation,Bristol:The Policy Press,2011,p.25.
(64)Department of Communities and Local Government,Preventing Violent Extremism,London:DCLG,2007,p.6.
(65)Ted Cantle,Community Cohesion:A New Framework for Race and Diversity,Palgrave Macmillan:Basingstoke,2008,p.182.
(66)比较隐性的制度性种族主义在1999年的《麦克弗森报告》发布后才而得以获得法律上的识别,该报告直接促成了2000年对《1976年种族关系法》的修订。
(67)Arun Kundnani,“The Death of Multiculturalism”,Race and Class,vol.43.no.4,2002,pp.67-72.
(68)Daniele Joly,“Race,Ethnicity and Religion:Emerging Policies in Britain”,Patterns of Prejudice,vol.5,2012,p.485.
(69)Marco Antonsich,“Interculturalism Versus Multiculturalism:The Cantle-Modood debate”,Ethnicities,2016,vol.16(3),p.471.
(70)Peter Ratcliffe,“From Community to Social Cohesion:Interrogating a Policy Paradigm”,in Peter Ratcliffe and Ines Newman (eds.),Promoting Social Cohesion:Implications for Policy and Evaluation,Bristol:The Policy Press,p.30.
(71)作为当时种族平等委员会主席的特雷弗·菲利普斯本被认为会为移民族群争取更多的权益,可是他在掌握了移民族群各种数据和情况后,却主张减少对移民族群文化“过度保护”。现在他是整合中心的主席。
(72)Trevor Phillips,“After 7/7:Sleepwalking to Segregation”,2005,Cited in Steven Vertovec,Susanne Wessendorf,The Multiculturalism Backlash:European Discourses,Policies and Practices,London:Routledge,2010,p.53.
(73)Ceri Peach,“ Slippery Segregation:Discovering or Manufacturing Ghettos?”,Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,2009,vol.35,no.9,pp.1381-1395.
(74)Yunas Samad,“Community Cohesion without Parallel Lives in Bradford”,Patterns of Prejudice,2013,vol.1-19,p.286.
(75)CIC (Commission on Integration and Cohesion),Our Shared Future,London:CIC,2007,p.8.
(76)ONS,“2011 Census Analysis:Ethnicity and Religion of the Non-UK Born Population in England and Wales”,http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census-analysis/ethnicity-and-religion-of-non-uk-born-population-in-england-and-wales--2011-census/rpt.html#tab-Religion,Accessed in 16 January 2016.
(77)Gary Craig,Karl Atkin and Sangeeta Chattoo,Understanding “Race” and Ethnicity:Theory,History,Policy,Practice,Bristol:Policy,2012,p.9.
(78)Ted Cantle,Community Cohesion:A New Framework for Race and Diversity,Palgrave Macmillan:Basingstoke,2008,pp.38-40.
(79)Department of Communities and Local Government,Citizenship Survey:2010-11(April 2010- March 2011),England,DCLG,2011,p.9.
(80)Will Kymlicka,“The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism?New Debates on Inclusion and Accommodation in Diverse Societies”,in Steven Vertovec,Susanne Wessendorf,The Multiculturalism Backlash:European Discourses,Policies and Practices,London,New York:Routledge,2010,p.32;Ted Cantle,Interculturalism:the New Era of Cohesion and Diversity,Basingstoke:Palgrave Macmillan,2012,p.24.
(81)Peter Ratcliffe,“From Community to Social Cohesion:Interrogating a Policy Paradigm”,in Peter Ratcliffe and Ines Newman (eds.),Promoting Social Cohesion:Implications for Policy and Evaluation,Bristol:The Policy Press,2011,p.15.
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