如何提升刑法的一般预防效果——以食药犯罪为例
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摘要
近年来,恶性食药犯罪案件不断涌现,民众对食药安全的信心受挫,严重影响刑法的一般预防效果。一般预防效果受惩罚的严厉程度、惩罚的概率、刑罚的可感知度三个方面因素的影响。其中惩罚概率最为关键,而惩罚概率直接受相关群体执法动力的影响。在食药犯罪领域,刑法执行的动力疲软,在被害人、非官方专业力量、执法机关和犯罪分子四个群体的力量博弈中,有助于犯罪发生的力量占据上风。为了应对这种状况,应清除被害人群体对抗、告发犯罪的障碍,增强对非官方专业力量的保护,强化对监管渎职类行为的责任追究,通过多种途径让犯罪分子为犯罪付出代价。食药领域一般预防效果的获得,最终依赖于作为现实或潜在被害人的民众的力量,在制度设计层面,应着眼于清理妨碍他们表达与实现自身诉求的障碍,让刑法变成他们的刑法,而不是针对他们的刑法。
In recent years,vicious food-medicine crimes have emerged,public confidence has been frustrated for the safety of food and medicine,these affect the general preventive effect of criminal law seriously. The general preventive effect is affected by three factors: the severity,the probability,and the perceived value of punishment.Among them,the probability of punishment is the most critical,it is directly affected by the law enforcement motivation of the relevant groups. In the field of food and medicine crimes,the power of criminal law enforcement is weak,in the confrontations between the victims,non-official professional forces,law enforcement agencies and criminals,the forces that contribute to the crime have the upper hand. In order to solute this situation,we should remove the obstacles of the victims' groups to confront and report crimes,strengthen the protection of non-official professional forces and the accountability for the supervision of defamation,then the criminals should pay the price for crimes through various methods.The general preventive effect in the field of food and medicine depends on the strength of the people who are the actual or potential victims. At the institutional design level,we should be paid to clearing the obstacles that hinder them from expressing and fulfilling their own demands,and making the criminal law theirs,not only to restrict them.
In recent years,vicious food-medicine crimes have emerged,public confidence has been frustrated for the safety of food and medicine,these affect the general preventive effect of criminal law seriously. The general preventive effect is affected by three factors: the severity,the probability,and the perceived value of punishment.Among them,the probability of punishment is the most critical,it is directly affected by the law enforcement motivation of the relevant groups. In the field of food and medicine crimes,the power of criminal law enforcement is weak,in the confrontations between the victims,non-official professional forces,law enforcement agencies and criminals,the forces that contribute to the crime have the upper hand. In order to solute this situation,we should remove the obstacles of the victims' groups to confront and report crimes,strengthen the protection of non-official professional forces and the accountability for the supervision of defamation,then the criminals should pay the price for crimes through various methods.The general preventive effect in the field of food and medicine depends on the strength of the people who are the actual or potential victims. At the institutional design level,we should be paid to clearing the obstacles that hinder them from expressing and fulfilling their own demands,and making the criminal law theirs,not only to restrict them.
引文
[1]Claus Roxin.Strafrecht AT,BandI,Grundlagen,der Aufbau der Verbrechenslehre[M].München:Beck,2006,S.80f.
[2]Günther Jakobs.Strafrecht AT[M].Berlin:de Gruyter,1993,S.13f.
[3]陈兴良.一般预防论[J].中南政法学院学报,1993,(2).
[4]邱兴隆.刑罚应该怎么样:一般预防的规诫[J].政法论坛,2000,(2).
[5]陈金林.积极一般预防理论研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2013.
[6]Hans-Jorg Albrecht u.a.. Empirische Sanktionsforschung und die Begründbarkeit von Kriminalpolitik[J].Mschkrim,1981,310(322).
[7][意]贝卡里亚.论犯罪与刑罚[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993,第70页.
[8][法]米歇尔·福柯.规训与惩罚[M].北京:三联书店,1999,第7页.
[9]孙吉正.8年前冤假错案让施恩奶粉躲开舆论风暴[N].中国经营报,2017-4-17.
[10]Urs .Kindhauser.Personalitat,Schuld und Vergeltung.Zur rechtsethischen Legitimation und Begrenzung der Kriminalstrafe[J].GA1989,493(496).
(1)食药犯罪与危害公共安全犯罪之间,并非绝对的排斥关系,具有决定性意义的是具体案件是否呈现出了等同于水、火、爆炸物、危险物质的实质危险。以危险方法危害公共安全类犯罪的本质是,一旦危险开始产生作用(并非自然意义上的着手),不仅危险程度高,也很难有效抑制严重后果的发生。这些条件可能在某些食药犯罪中得到满足。例如,不足以产生狂犬病免疫效果的人用狂犬病疫苗,就有等同于甚至远超过投放传染病病原体的危害性。因为基于对注射狂犬病疫苗的信任,被害人在接种之后不会也来不及采取其他替代性措施,而一旦病情发作,医学上没有任何有效办法避免被害人的死亡。
(2)故意杀人罪并不要求实施行为时有确定的对象,也不要求行为与结果之间没有其他因素的介入,只要行为人具有在特定的条件下致人死亡的概括故意,且事实上通过这种方式致人死亡,就足以构成故意杀人罪。
(1)明知存在食药犯罪事实仍以不作为的方式为其进一步发展提供帮助的国家工作人员,足以同时成立食药犯罪的帮助犯,不能仅以受贿罪、滥用职权罪或玩忽职守罪处罚。
[2]Günther Jakobs.Strafrecht AT[M].Berlin:de Gruyter,1993,S.13f.
[3]陈兴良.一般预防论[J].中南政法学院学报,1993,(2).
[4]邱兴隆.刑罚应该怎么样:一般预防的规诫[J].政法论坛,2000,(2).
[5]陈金林.积极一般预防理论研究[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2013.
[6]Hans-Jorg Albrecht u.a.. Empirische Sanktionsforschung und die Begründbarkeit von Kriminalpolitik[J].Mschkrim,1981,310(322).
[7][意]贝卡里亚.论犯罪与刑罚[M].北京:中国大百科全书出版社,1993,第70页.
[8][法]米歇尔·福柯.规训与惩罚[M].北京:三联书店,1999,第7页.
[9]孙吉正.8年前冤假错案让施恩奶粉躲开舆论风暴[N].中国经营报,2017-4-17.
[10]Urs .Kindhauser.Personalitat,Schuld und Vergeltung.Zur rechtsethischen Legitimation und Begrenzung der Kriminalstrafe[J].GA1989,493(496).
(1)食药犯罪与危害公共安全犯罪之间,并非绝对的排斥关系,具有决定性意义的是具体案件是否呈现出了等同于水、火、爆炸物、危险物质的实质危险。以危险方法危害公共安全类犯罪的本质是,一旦危险开始产生作用(并非自然意义上的着手),不仅危险程度高,也很难有效抑制严重后果的发生。这些条件可能在某些食药犯罪中得到满足。例如,不足以产生狂犬病免疫效果的人用狂犬病疫苗,就有等同于甚至远超过投放传染病病原体的危害性。因为基于对注射狂犬病疫苗的信任,被害人在接种之后不会也来不及采取其他替代性措施,而一旦病情发作,医学上没有任何有效办法避免被害人的死亡。
(2)故意杀人罪并不要求实施行为时有确定的对象,也不要求行为与结果之间没有其他因素的介入,只要行为人具有在特定的条件下致人死亡的概括故意,且事实上通过这种方式致人死亡,就足以构成故意杀人罪。
(1)明知存在食药犯罪事实仍以不作为的方式为其进一步发展提供帮助的国家工作人员,足以同时成立食药犯罪的帮助犯,不能仅以受贿罪、滥用职权罪或玩忽职守罪处罚。