青藏铁路错那湖段沙漠化土地变化及成因分析
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摘要
青藏铁路格拉段铁路建设对沿线沙漠化土地变化的影响,是大家关注的焦点之一。通过利用地理信息系统和遥感监测技术,根据错那湖段Landsat影像、Google Earth影像和气象资料等数据,结合野外实地考察建立解译标志,采用人机交互的目视解译方法,提取青藏铁路错那湖段2001年、2008年和2015年沙漠化土地信息,并对沙漠化土地变化成因进行分析。同时对铁路沿线沙漠化土地的变化进行缓冲区分析。结果表明:(1) 2001—2008年沙漠化土地面积增加2.21 km~2,土地沙漠化程度呈减轻趋势;2008—2015年沙漠化土地面积减少8.9 km~2,土地沙漠化程度持续减轻。(2) 2001—2008年,沙漠化土地面积的增加主要与人为因素有关,土地沙漠化程度减轻主要与自然因素有关。2008—2015年,沙漠化土地面积的减少以及土地沙漠化程度的减轻主要与人为因素有关。(3)青藏铁路错那湖段2 km范围内土地沙漠化程度变化最为明显,以沙漠化程度减轻为主要特征,青藏铁路对周边环境的影响范围为2 km。
The impacts of desertified land change(DLC) during the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway of China from Golmud to Lhasa have given rise to important research significance.Based on the Landsat image,Google Earth image and the meteorological data about Co Nag Lake region along Qinghai-Tibet Railway,this study uses RS and GIS technologies and conducts fieldwork to establish interpretation signs and to construct a classification & grading system for the DLC in the study area,and then employs visual interpretation method to extract the DLC information in 2001,2008 and 2015 respectively.The spatiotemporal evolution of the DLC over the last 15 years is analyzed.The results show as follows:(1) In 2015,the desertified land was mainly sandy land but the area of sandy gravel land was relatively small in study area.The area of desertified land was increased by 2.21 km~2 from 2001 to 2008 yet the degree of land desertification showed a declining trend.The desertified land was decreased by 8.9 km~2 from 2008 to 2015 and the declining degree of land desertification continued.(2) From 2001 to 2008,the increase in desertified land area was related to the increase in the number of livestock such as yak and sheep.The decline of land desertification was mainly due to the increase of annual mean temperature and the decrease in annual mean wind speed.From 2008 to 2015,the decrease of desertified land and the alleviation of the degree of land desertification were resulted from the gradual decrease in the number of livestock and the implementation of ecological restoration projects by the local government.Hence,human activities played an important role in the decline of land desertification in the 15 years.(3) The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet railway generated a disturbance to the ecological environment in the study area.The scope of influence by railway is about 2 km.While the engineering measurements of controlling land desertification along the railway lines played an important role in alleviating the degree of land desertification.In short,the discussion of the factors including the impacts of railway construction on DLC can provide some scientific basis for the prevention of land desertification and for the rehabilitation of ecological environment.
The impacts of desertified land change(DLC) during the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway of China from Golmud to Lhasa have given rise to important research significance.Based on the Landsat image,Google Earth image and the meteorological data about Co Nag Lake region along Qinghai-Tibet Railway,this study uses RS and GIS technologies and conducts fieldwork to establish interpretation signs and to construct a classification & grading system for the DLC in the study area,and then employs visual interpretation method to extract the DLC information in 2001,2008 and 2015 respectively.The spatiotemporal evolution of the DLC over the last 15 years is analyzed.The results show as follows:(1) In 2015,the desertified land was mainly sandy land but the area of sandy gravel land was relatively small in study area.The area of desertified land was increased by 2.21 km~2 from 2001 to 2008 yet the degree of land desertification showed a declining trend.The desertified land was decreased by 8.9 km~2 from 2008 to 2015 and the declining degree of land desertification continued.(2) From 2001 to 2008,the increase in desertified land area was related to the increase in the number of livestock such as yak and sheep.The decline of land desertification was mainly due to the increase of annual mean temperature and the decrease in annual mean wind speed.From 2008 to 2015,the decrease of desertified land and the alleviation of the degree of land desertification were resulted from the gradual decrease in the number of livestock and the implementation of ecological restoration projects by the local government.Hence,human activities played an important role in the decline of land desertification in the 15 years.(3) The construction of the Qinghai-Tibet railway generated a disturbance to the ecological environment in the study area.The scope of influence by railway is about 2 km.While the engineering measurements of controlling land desertification along the railway lines played an important role in alleviating the degree of land desertification.In short,the discussion of the factors including the impacts of railway construction on DLC can provide some scientific basis for the prevention of land desertification and for the rehabilitation of ecological environment.
引文
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[6] 曾永年,冯兆东.黄河源区土地沙漠化时空变化遥感分析[J].地理学报,2007,62(5):529-536.[ZENG Yongnian,FENG Zhaodong.Spatial and temporal changes of desertification in the headwater area of the Yellow River using remote sensing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(5):529-536.]
[7] 封建民,王涛.遥感和GIS支持下的黄河源区土地沙漠化研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(2):116-120.[FENG Jianmin,WANG Tao.Remote sensing and gis analyses of sand desertification in the source region of the Yellow River[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,28(2):116-120.]
[8] YAN C Z,SONG X,ZHOU Y M,et al.Assessment of aeolian desertification trends from 1975’s to 2005’s in the watershed of the Longyangxia Reservoir in the upper reaches of China’s Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2009,112(3-4):205-211.
[9] 胡光印,董治宝,逯军峰,等.近30 a来长江源区沙漠化时空演变过程及成因分析[J] .干旱区地理,2011,34(2):300-308.[HU Guangyin,DONG Zhibao,LU Junfeng,et al.Land desertification monitoring in the source region of Yangtze River from 1975 to 2005 and the analysis of its causes[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(2):300-308.]
[10] HU G Y,DONG Z B,LU J F,et al.The developmental trend and influencing factors of aeolian desertification in the Zoige Basin,eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Aeolian Research,2015,19:275-281.
[11] LI X Y,YAO Z Y,DONG Z B,et al.Causes and processes of sandy desertification in Guinan County,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Environmental Earth Sciences.2016,75(8):650.
[12] LI Q,ZHANG C L,SHEN Y P,et al.Developing trend of aeolian desertification in China’s Tibet Autonomous Region from 1977 to 2010[J].Environmental Earth Sciences.2016,75(10):895.
[13] ZHANG C L,LI Q,SHEN Y P,et al.Monitoring of aeolian desertification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the 1970s to 2015 using Landsat images[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619:1648-1659.
[14] 李森,董玉祥,董光荣,等.青藏高原土地沙漠化区划[J] .中国沙漠,2001,21(4):103-112.[LI Sen,Dong Yuxiang,DONG Guangrong,et al.Regionalization of land desertification on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Desert Research,2001,21(4):103-112.]
[15] 孙士云.青藏铁路沿线的生态环境特点及保护对策[J].冰川冻土,2003,(增刊1):181-185.[SUN Shiyun.Characteristics of ecological environment and its protection along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,(Suppl.1):181-185.]
[16] ZHANG K C,QU J J,LIAO K T,et al.Damage by wind-blown sand and its control along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in China[J].Aeolian Research.2010,1(3/4):143-146.
[17] 谢胜波,屈建军,刘冰,等.青藏铁路沙害及其防治研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(1):42-48.[XIE Shenbo,QU Jianjun,LIU Bing,et al.Advances in research on the sand hazards and its controls along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(1):42-48.]
[18] 杨印海,蒋富强,王锡来,等.青藏铁路错那湖段沙害防治措施研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(6):1256-1262.[YANG Yinhai,JIANG Fuqiang,WANG Xilai,et al.Prevention and management of blown-sand hazards along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in Co Nag Lake region[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(6):1256-1262.]
[19] 殷代英,屈建军,韩庆杰,等.青藏铁路错那湖段风沙活动强度特征分析[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(1):9-15.[YIN Daiying,QU Jianjun,HAN Qingjie,et al.Wind-blown sand activity intensity along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in Co Nag Lake region[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(1):9-15.]
[20] 安志山,张克存,屈建军,等.青藏铁路沿线风沙灾害特点及成因分析[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(2):285-289.[AN Zhishan,ZHANG Kecun,QU Jianjun,et al.Sand hazard chaaracteristics and genetic analysis along Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(2):285-289.]
[21] 张克存,屈建军,姚正毅,等.青藏铁路格拉段风沙危害及其防治[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):74-80.[ZHANG Kecun,QU Jianjun,YAO Zhengyi,et al.Sand damage and its control along Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Golmud to Lhasa[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):74-80.]
[22] 谢胜波,屈建军.青藏铁路主要沙害路段治理技术及成效[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(7):105-110.[XIE Shengbo,QU Jianjun.Sand damage control and effect at main sections of Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(7):105-110.]
[23] 李森,杨萍,高尚玉,等.近10年西藏高原土地沙漠化动态变化与发展态势[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(1):63-70.[LI Sen,YANG Ping,GAO Shangyu,et al.Dynamic changes and developmental trends of the land desertification in Tibetan Plateau over the past 10 years[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2004,19(1):63-70.]
[24] 沈渭寿,李海东.雅鲁藏布江流域风沙化土地遥感监测与生态恢复研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.[SHEN Weishou,LI Haidong.Remote sensing monitoring and ecological restoration of aeolian sandy land in Yarlung Zangbo River Basin[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012.]
[25] 田丽慧,张登山,胡梦珺,等.1976—2007年青海省刚察县土地沙漠化驱动力分析[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(2):493-500.[TIAN Lihui,ZHANG Dengshan,HU Mengjun,et al.Driving forces of land aeolian desertification in Gangcha County of Qinghai Province,China,during 1976—2007[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(2):493-500.]
[26] 张慧超,沙占江,张婷婷,等.20年来环青海湖区沙漠化土地的空间变化及其驱动力分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(3):59-64.[ZHANG Huichao,SHA Zhanjiang,ZHANG Tingting,et al.Spatial variation and driving force of sandy desertification in the peripheral area of the Qinghai Lake in recent 20 years[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(3):59-64.]
[2] 涂军.应用遥感技术调查草地沙漠化的研究——以四川省若尔盖县为例[J].遥感技术动态,1990,(4):46-51.[TU Jun.Study on the application of remote sensing technology to investigate grassland desertification:A case study of Zoigai County in Sichuan Province[J].The Dynamic of Remote Sensing Technology,1990,(4):46-51.]
[3] 沙占江,曾永年,李玲琴,等.土地沙漠化动态监测的遥感与GIS一体化探讨——以龙羊峡库区为例[J].干旱区地理.2000,23(3):274-278.[SHA Zhanjiang,ZENG Yongnian,LI Lingqin,et al.Dynamic monitoring of land desertification by RS and GIS:A case study in Longyangxia Reservoir area[J].Arid Land Geography,2000,23(3):274-278.]
[4] 虞卫国,陈克龙.青海湖环湖区沙漠化土地的遥感动态研究[J].盐湖研究,2002,10(4):48-51.[YU Weiguo,CHEN Kelong.Dynamic study on the remote sensing of desertified areas around the Qinghai Lake[J].Journal of Salt Lake Research,2002,10(4):48-51.]
[5] 张佩民,张振德,李晓琴,等.青藏高原荒漠化遥感信息提取及演变分析[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(5):710-717.[ZHANG Peimin,ZHANG Zhende,LI Xiaoqin,et al.Desertification remote sensing information extraction from Qinhai-Tibet Plateau and evolution analysis[J].Arid Land Geography,2006,29(5):710-717.]
[6] 曾永年,冯兆东.黄河源区土地沙漠化时空变化遥感分析[J].地理学报,2007,62(5):529-536.[ZENG Yongnian,FENG Zhaodong.Spatial and temporal changes of desertification in the headwater area of the Yellow River using remote sensing[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2007,62(5):529-536.]
[7] 封建民,王涛.遥感和GIS支持下的黄河源区土地沙漠化研究[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(2):116-120.[FENG Jianmin,WANG Tao.Remote sensing and gis analyses of sand desertification in the source region of the Yellow River[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,28(2):116-120.]
[8] YAN C Z,SONG X,ZHOU Y M,et al.Assessment of aeolian desertification trends from 1975’s to 2005’s in the watershed of the Longyangxia Reservoir in the upper reaches of China’s Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2009,112(3-4):205-211.
[9] 胡光印,董治宝,逯军峰,等.近30 a来长江源区沙漠化时空演变过程及成因分析[J] .干旱区地理,2011,34(2):300-308.[HU Guangyin,DONG Zhibao,LU Junfeng,et al.Land desertification monitoring in the source region of Yangtze River from 1975 to 2005 and the analysis of its causes[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(2):300-308.]
[10] HU G Y,DONG Z B,LU J F,et al.The developmental trend and influencing factors of aeolian desertification in the Zoige Basin,eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Aeolian Research,2015,19:275-281.
[11] LI X Y,YAO Z Y,DONG Z B,et al.Causes and processes of sandy desertification in Guinan County,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Environmental Earth Sciences.2016,75(8):650.
[12] LI Q,ZHANG C L,SHEN Y P,et al.Developing trend of aeolian desertification in China’s Tibet Autonomous Region from 1977 to 2010[J].Environmental Earth Sciences.2016,75(10):895.
[13] ZHANG C L,LI Q,SHEN Y P,et al.Monitoring of aeolian desertification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from the 1970s to 2015 using Landsat images[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,619:1648-1659.
[14] 李森,董玉祥,董光荣,等.青藏高原土地沙漠化区划[J] .中国沙漠,2001,21(4):103-112.[LI Sen,Dong Yuxiang,DONG Guangrong,et al.Regionalization of land desertification on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Journal of Desert Research,2001,21(4):103-112.]
[15] 孙士云.青藏铁路沿线的生态环境特点及保护对策[J].冰川冻土,2003,(增刊1):181-185.[SUN Shiyun.Characteristics of ecological environment and its protection along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2003,(Suppl.1):181-185.]
[16] ZHANG K C,QU J J,LIAO K T,et al.Damage by wind-blown sand and its control along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in China[J].Aeolian Research.2010,1(3/4):143-146.
[17] 谢胜波,屈建军,刘冰,等.青藏铁路沙害及其防治研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2014,34(1):42-48.[XIE Shenbo,QU Jianjun,LIU Bing,et al.Advances in research on the sand hazards and its controls along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(1):42-48.]
[18] 杨印海,蒋富强,王锡来,等.青藏铁路错那湖段沙害防治措施研究[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(6):1256-1262.[YANG Yinhai,JIANG Fuqiang,WANG Xilai,et al.Prevention and management of blown-sand hazards along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in Co Nag Lake region[J].Journal of Desert Research,2010,30(6):1256-1262.]
[19] 殷代英,屈建军,韩庆杰,等.青藏铁路错那湖段风沙活动强度特征分析[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(1):9-15.[YIN Daiying,QU Jianjun,HAN Qingjie,et al.Wind-blown sand activity intensity along Qinghai-Tibet Railway in Co Nag Lake region[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(1):9-15.]
[20] 安志山,张克存,屈建军,等.青藏铁路沿线风沙灾害特点及成因分析[J].水土保持研究,2014,21(2):285-289.[AN Zhishan,ZHANG Kecun,QU Jianjun,et al.Sand hazard chaaracteristics and genetic analysis along Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(2):285-289.]
[21] 张克存,屈建军,姚正毅,等.青藏铁路格拉段风沙危害及其防治[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(1):74-80.[ZHANG Kecun,QU Jianjun,YAO Zhengyi,et al.Sand damage and its control along Qinghai-Tibet Railway from Golmud to Lhasa[J].Arid Land Geography,2014,37(1):74-80.]
[22] 谢胜波,屈建军.青藏铁路主要沙害路段治理技术及成效[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(7):105-110.[XIE Shengbo,QU Jianjun.Sand damage control and effect at main sections of Qinghai-Tibet Railway[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2014,28(7):105-110.]
[23] 李森,杨萍,高尚玉,等.近10年西藏高原土地沙漠化动态变化与发展态势[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(1):63-70.[LI Sen,YANG Ping,GAO Shangyu,et al.Dynamic changes and developmental trends of the land desertification in Tibetan Plateau over the past 10 years[J].Advance in Earth Sciences,2004,19(1):63-70.]
[24] 沈渭寿,李海东.雅鲁藏布江流域风沙化土地遥感监测与生态恢复研究[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.[SHEN Weishou,LI Haidong.Remote sensing monitoring and ecological restoration of aeolian sandy land in Yarlung Zangbo River Basin[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012.]
[25] 田丽慧,张登山,胡梦珺,等.1976—2007年青海省刚察县土地沙漠化驱动力分析[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(2):493-500.[TIAN Lihui,ZHANG Dengshan,HU Mengjun,et al.Driving forces of land aeolian desertification in Gangcha County of Qinghai Province,China,during 1976—2007[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(2):493-500.]
[26] 张慧超,沙占江,张婷婷,等.20年来环青海湖区沙漠化土地的空间变化及其驱动力分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2011,25(3):59-64.[ZHANG Huichao,SHA Zhanjiang,ZHANG Tingting,et al.Spatial variation and driving force of sandy desertification in the peripheral area of the Qinghai Lake in recent 20 years[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2011,25(3):59-64.]
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