高陡倾斜煤层沿煤层钻井研究——以准南昌吉地区为例
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摘要
针对准噶尔盆地南缘煤层倾角大、地应力复杂的煤层气井钻探难题,基于弱面理论研究了煤层倾角、地应力、造(降)斜对井壁安全的影响,建立起多目标约束的沿煤层钻井轨迹优化模型。研究表明:(1)昌吉地区煤层倾角为10°~25°,局部达到25°~40°,属于高陡倾斜煤层,具有渗透率各向异性强、地应力各向异性强、岩体力学性质各向异性强的特点。(2)钻水平井时,根据倾角对井壁稳定影响分为作用区、过渡区和反转区,倾角在5°~25°时为作用区,沿倾向钻井最安全,沿走向钻井最危险;倾角大于65°后进入反转区,沿倾向、走向都成为安全钻井方位。地应力各向异性越大,坍塌压力越高、安全钻井方位的范围越小。(3)沿煤层倾向钻井时,倾角小于35°时建议沿煤层上倾方向钻井;倾角大于65°时建议沿煤层下倾方向钻井;倾角在35°~65°范围内井壁安全性最低,建议沿煤层走向钻井;井斜角在45°~65°时是最危险造(降)斜段,应尽量避免在此井斜范围对煤层造(降)斜。(4)为降低煤层着陆点到首靶点的坍塌压力,提出S型、J型两种沿煤层钻井轨迹类型,从对比结果看出本文方法比常规方法设计的井眼进尺更短、摩阻扭矩更小。
Aiming at coalbed methane(CBM)well drilling problems of high dip angle and complex stress in the south ern margin of the Junggar Basin,the influence of the coal seam dip angle,in situ stress and building up(dropping)on wellbore stability were studied based on weak plane theory,and a multi objective constraint drilling trajectory optimiza tion model was established. The results show that(1) the dip angle of coal seam in Changji area is 10°-25°,and partly reaches 25°-40°,which belongs to high steep coal seam. It has the characteristics of strong permeability anisotropy,strong stress anisotropy and strong rock mechanics anisotropy.(2) When drilling horizontal well,according to the influ ence of coal seam dip angle on wellbore stability,it can be divided into working zone,transition zone and inversion zone. It is working zone when dip angle is between 5°and 25°. Drilling along dip direction and strike direction are thesafest and most dangerous orientation,respectively. When dip angle reaches 65°,it enters inversion zone,drilling along the dip direction and strike direction both become the safest orientation. The greater stress anisotropy,the greater col lapse pressure and the smaller orientation range of safety drilling.(3) When drilling along coal seam,drilling along up dip direction is proposed if the dip angle is less than 35°;drilling along down dip direction is proposed if the dip angle is more than 65°;the wellbore safety is the lowest in the range of 35°-65°,then drilling along trend direction is pro posed. It is the most dangerous building up(drop)section when the inclination angle is between 45° and 65°,build ing up(dropping)in coal seam should be avoided.(4) In order to reduce the collapse pressure from the landing point to the first target,S type and J type drilling trajectory types are proposed,the comparison results show that the trajectory de signed in new method is shorter,less friction and torque than the trajectory designed in conventional method.
Aiming at coalbed methane(CBM)well drilling problems of high dip angle and complex stress in the south ern margin of the Junggar Basin,the influence of the coal seam dip angle,in situ stress and building up(dropping)on wellbore stability were studied based on weak plane theory,and a multi objective constraint drilling trajectory optimiza tion model was established. The results show that(1) the dip angle of coal seam in Changji area is 10°-25°,and partly reaches 25°-40°,which belongs to high steep coal seam. It has the characteristics of strong permeability anisotropy,strong stress anisotropy and strong rock mechanics anisotropy.(2) When drilling horizontal well,according to the influ ence of coal seam dip angle on wellbore stability,it can be divided into working zone,transition zone and inversion zone. It is working zone when dip angle is between 5°and 25°. Drilling along dip direction and strike direction are thesafest and most dangerous orientation,respectively. When dip angle reaches 65°,it enters inversion zone,drilling along the dip direction and strike direction both become the safest orientation. The greater stress anisotropy,the greater col lapse pressure and the smaller orientation range of safety drilling.(3) When drilling along coal seam,drilling along up dip direction is proposed if the dip angle is less than 35°;drilling along down dip direction is proposed if the dip angle is more than 65°;the wellbore safety is the lowest in the range of 35°-65°,then drilling along trend direction is pro posed. It is the most dangerous building up(drop)section when the inclination angle is between 45° and 65°,build ing up(dropping)in coal seam should be avoided.(4) In order to reduce the collapse pressure from the landing point to the first target,S type and J type drilling trajectory types are proposed,the comparison results show that the trajectory de signed in new method is shorter,less friction and torque than the trajectory designed in conventional method.
引文
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[9]LU Y H,CHEN M,JIN Y.Mechanical model of borehole stability for weak plane formation under porous flow[J].Petroleum Science and Technology,2012,30:1629-1638.
[10]蔚宝华,邓金根,汪海阁.霍尔果斯背斜井壁稳定技术研究[J].石油勘探与开发,2007,34(1):108-112.WEI Baohua,DENG Jingen,WANG Haige.Borehole stability tech-nique for Huoerguosi anticline,Junggar Basin,north west China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2007,34(1):108-112.
[11]鲜保安,夏柏如,张义,等.煤层气U型井钻井采气技术研究[J].石油钻采工艺,2010,32(4):91-95.XIAN Baoan,XIA Bairu,ZHANG Yi,et al.Study on drilling and extraction technologies for U-shape CBM wells[J].Oil Drilling&Production Technology,2010,32(4):91-95.
[12]王生维,王峰明,侯光久,等.新疆阜康白杨河矿区急倾斜煤层的煤层气开发井型[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(9):1914-1918.WANG Shengwei,WANG Fengming,HOU Guangjiu,et al.CBM development well type for steep seam in Fukang Baiyang-he mining area,Xinjiang[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(9):1914-1918.
[13]鲍清英,东振,张义,等.低煤阶应力敏感性机理及其对产气的影响-以二连盆地为例[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(3):671-679.BAO Qingying,DONG Zhen,ZHANG Yi,et al.Stress sensitivi-ty mechanism of low-rank coal and its influence on gas production:A case study from Erlian Basin[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(3):671-679.
[14]李民河,李震,廖健德.准噶尔盆地南缘地应力分析及相关问题探讨[J].新疆地质,2005,32(4):343-346.LI Minhe,LI Zhen,LIAO Jiande.Analysis of ground stress in the southern part of Jungger basin and discussions of the related issues[J].Xinjiang Geology,2005,32(4):343-346.
[15]金衍,陈勉.井壁稳定力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:13-66.
[16]袁和义,陈平.基于直剪试验的页岩水化作用的强度弱化规律[J].天然气工业,2015,35(11):71-77.YUAN Heyi,CHEN Ping.Strength weakening rules of shale hydra-tion based on direct shear tests[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(11):71-77.
[17]JU Yiwen,LUXBACHER Kray,LI Xiaoshi,et al.Micro-structural evolution and their effects on physical properties in different types of tectonically deformed coals[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2014,1(3):264-275.
[18]ZHANG Yanzhong,XIAO Lin.Petrographic characteristics and depositional environment of No.6 coal from Xiaoyugou Mine,Jun-gar Coalfield,China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2014,1(4):395-401.
[19]陈平,马天寿,夏宏泉.含多组弱面的页岩水平井坍塌失稳预测模型[J].天然气工业,2014,34(12):87-93.CHEN Ping,MA Tianshou,XIA Hongquan.A collapse pressureprediction model of horizontal shale gas wells with multiple weak planes[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(12):87-93.
[20]LIU Yu,ZHU Yanming.Comparison of pore characteristics in the coal and shale reservoirs of Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Ba-sin,China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technolo-gy,2016,3(3):330-338.
[21]王晓雷.软岩层理结构效应实验研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学(北京),2013:106-136.WANG Xiaolei.Experimental study on bedding structure effect of soft rock[D].Beijing:China University of Mining Technology(Beijing),2013:106-136.
[22]闫传梁,邓金根,蔚宝华,等.页岩气储层井壁坍塌压力研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(8):1592-1602.YAN Chuanliang,DENG Jingen,WEI Baohua,et al.Research on collapsing pressure of gas shale[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(8):1592-1602.
[23]金衍,齐自立,陈勉,等.水平井试油过程裂缝性储层失稳机理[J].石油学报,2011,32(2):295-298.JIN Yan,QI Zili,CHEN Mian,et al.A mechanism study on the fractured reservoir instability during well testing of horizontal wells[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(2):295-298.
[24]同济大学数学系.高等数学(第六版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:45-46.
[25]金衍,陈勉,柳贡慧,等.弱面地层斜井井壁稳定性分析[J].石油大学学报:自然科学版,1999,23(4):33-35.JIN Yan,CHEN Mian,LIU Gonghui,et al.Analysis on borehole stability of weak-face formation in directional well[J].Journal of the University of Petroleum,China:Edition of Natural Science,1999,23(4):33-35.
[26]ZHANG Jianguo.The important of shale prosperities on wellbore stability[D].Texas:The University of Texas at Austin,2005:42-51.
[27]柳毓松,廉培庆,同登科,等.利用遗传算法进行水平井水平段长度优化设计[J].石油学报,2008,29(2):296-299.LIU Yusong,LIAN Peiqing,TONG Dengke,et al.Optimum design of the horizontal section length in a horizontal well using genetic al-gorithm[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2008,29(2):296-299.
[2]屠洪盛,屠世浩,白庆升,等.急倾斜煤层工作面区段煤柱失稳机理及合理尺寸[J].中国矿业大学学报,2013,42(1):6-11.TU Hongsheng,TU Shihao,BAI Qingsheng,et al.Instability of a coal pillar section located at a steep mining face:Pillar size selection[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2013,42(1):6-11.
[3]AADNOY B S,CHENEVERT M E.Stability of highly inclined bore-holes[J].SPE Drilling Engineering,1987,2(4):364-374.
[4]JAEGER J C,COOK N G W,ZIMMERMAN R W.Fundamentals of rock mechanics[M].Oxford:Blackwell,2007:14-66.
[5]LEE H,ONG S H,AZEEMUDDIN M,et al.A wellbore stabili-ty model for formations with anisotropic rock strengths[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2012,96(97):109-119.
[6]Al-BAZALI T M,ZHANG J G,WOLFE C,et al.Wellbore instability of directional wells in laminated and naturally fractured shales[J].Journal of Porous Media,2009,12(2):119-130.
[7]金衍,陈勉,陈治喜,等.弱面地层的直井井壁稳定力学模型[J].钻采工艺,1999,22(3):13-14.JIN Yan,CHEN Mian,CHEN Zhixi,et al.Mechanics model of side-wall stability of straight wells drilled through weakly consolidated formations[J].Drilling&Production Technology,1999,22(3):13-14.
[8]刘向君,叶仲斌,陈一健.岩石弱面结构对井壁稳定性的影响[J].天然气工业,2002,22(2):41-42.LIU Xiangjun,YE Zhongbin,CHEN Yijian.Influence of rock weak plane texture on sidewall stability[J].Natural Gas Industry,2002,22(2):41-42.
[9]LU Y H,CHEN M,JIN Y.Mechanical model of borehole stability for weak plane formation under porous flow[J].Petroleum Science and Technology,2012,30:1629-1638.
[10]蔚宝华,邓金根,汪海阁.霍尔果斯背斜井壁稳定技术研究[J].石油勘探与开发,2007,34(1):108-112.WEI Baohua,DENG Jingen,WANG Haige.Borehole stability tech-nique for Huoerguosi anticline,Junggar Basin,north west China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2007,34(1):108-112.
[11]鲜保安,夏柏如,张义,等.煤层气U型井钻井采气技术研究[J].石油钻采工艺,2010,32(4):91-95.XIAN Baoan,XIA Bairu,ZHANG Yi,et al.Study on drilling and extraction technologies for U-shape CBM wells[J].Oil Drilling&Production Technology,2010,32(4):91-95.
[12]王生维,王峰明,侯光久,等.新疆阜康白杨河矿区急倾斜煤层的煤层气开发井型[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(9):1914-1918.WANG Shengwei,WANG Fengming,HOU Guangjiu,et al.CBM development well type for steep seam in Fukang Baiyang-he mining area,Xinjiang[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(9):1914-1918.
[13]鲍清英,东振,张义,等.低煤阶应力敏感性机理及其对产气的影响-以二连盆地为例[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(3):671-679.BAO Qingying,DONG Zhen,ZHANG Yi,et al.Stress sensitivi-ty mechanism of low-rank coal and its influence on gas production:A case study from Erlian Basin[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(3):671-679.
[14]李民河,李震,廖健德.准噶尔盆地南缘地应力分析及相关问题探讨[J].新疆地质,2005,32(4):343-346.LI Minhe,LI Zhen,LIAO Jiande.Analysis of ground stress in the southern part of Jungger basin and discussions of the related issues[J].Xinjiang Geology,2005,32(4):343-346.
[15]金衍,陈勉.井壁稳定力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:13-66.
[16]袁和义,陈平.基于直剪试验的页岩水化作用的强度弱化规律[J].天然气工业,2015,35(11):71-77.YUAN Heyi,CHEN Ping.Strength weakening rules of shale hydra-tion based on direct shear tests[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(11):71-77.
[17]JU Yiwen,LUXBACHER Kray,LI Xiaoshi,et al.Micro-structural evolution and their effects on physical properties in different types of tectonically deformed coals[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2014,1(3):264-275.
[18]ZHANG Yanzhong,XIAO Lin.Petrographic characteristics and depositional environment of No.6 coal from Xiaoyugou Mine,Jun-gar Coalfield,China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technology,2014,1(4):395-401.
[19]陈平,马天寿,夏宏泉.含多组弱面的页岩水平井坍塌失稳预测模型[J].天然气工业,2014,34(12):87-93.CHEN Ping,MA Tianshou,XIA Hongquan.A collapse pressureprediction model of horizontal shale gas wells with multiple weak planes[J].Natural Gas Industry,2014,34(12):87-93.
[20]LIU Yu,ZHU Yanming.Comparison of pore characteristics in the coal and shale reservoirs of Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Ba-sin,China[J].International Journal of Coal Science&Technolo-gy,2016,3(3):330-338.
[21]王晓雷.软岩层理结构效应实验研究[D].北京:中国矿业大学(北京),2013:106-136.WANG Xiaolei.Experimental study on bedding structure effect of soft rock[D].Beijing:China University of Mining Technology(Beijing),2013:106-136.
[22]闫传梁,邓金根,蔚宝华,等.页岩气储层井壁坍塌压力研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(8):1592-1602.YAN Chuanliang,DENG Jingen,WEI Baohua,et al.Research on collapsing pressure of gas shale[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(8):1592-1602.
[23]金衍,齐自立,陈勉,等.水平井试油过程裂缝性储层失稳机理[J].石油学报,2011,32(2):295-298.JIN Yan,QI Zili,CHEN Mian,et al.A mechanism study on the fractured reservoir instability during well testing of horizontal wells[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(2):295-298.
[24]同济大学数学系.高等数学(第六版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:45-46.
[25]金衍,陈勉,柳贡慧,等.弱面地层斜井井壁稳定性分析[J].石油大学学报:自然科学版,1999,23(4):33-35.JIN Yan,CHEN Mian,LIU Gonghui,et al.Analysis on borehole stability of weak-face formation in directional well[J].Journal of the University of Petroleum,China:Edition of Natural Science,1999,23(4):33-35.
[26]ZHANG Jianguo.The important of shale prosperities on wellbore stability[D].Texas:The University of Texas at Austin,2005:42-51.
[27]柳毓松,廉培庆,同登科,等.利用遗传算法进行水平井水平段长度优化设计[J].石油学报,2008,29(2):296-299.LIU Yusong,LIAN Peiqing,TONG Dengke,et al.Optimum design of the horizontal section length in a horizontal well using genetic al-gorithm[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2008,29(2):296-299.