日粮能氮比对塔里木马鹿瘤胃体外发酵的影响
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摘要
为了解塔里木马鹿对低质粗饲料的适应机理,试验探讨了RDN/DOM对其瘤胃发酵指标的影响,旨在科学有效地利用粗饲料,提高塔里木马鹿养殖经济效益。试验根据以瘤胃尼龙袋法对饲料原料降解特性(有机物和粗蛋白质的有效降解率)研究的结果,在相同营养水平下,设计了8个等距离能氮释放梯度不同(RDN/DOM为15～29)的试验日粮作为发酵底物,利用体外消化试验,检测各组发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH_3-N)浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量和微生物蛋白质(MCP)含量。结果表明,以RDN/DOM=19的配合饲料作为培养底物进行体外产气试验时,12 h时,MCP含量显著高于其他时间点(P<0.05),因此最终培养时间确定为12 h;RDN/DOM=23时,体外培养液NH_3-N浓度最低(8.34 mg/dL),MCP合成量(11.76 mg/dL)、TVFA含量(71.24 mmol/dL)和乙酸/丙酸(2.79)均最高。综上,在本试验条件下,塔里木马鹿最适宜RDN/DOM为23,这对后续研究塔里木马鹿日粮能氮释放同步性指数(SI)提供了重要依据,为进一步研究塔里木马鹿氮代谢规律提供了数据支撑。
In order to understand the adaptation mechanism of Tarim Red deer to low quality roughage and promote more scientific and effective utilization of roughage to improve the economic benefit of Tarim Red deer breeding,the effect of feed energy to nitrogen ratio on rumen fermentation was studied.Based on the experimental results of the degradation characteristics of feed raw materials(effective degradation rate of organic matter and crude protein) by rumen nylon bag method,eight experimental diets with different gradients of energy nitrogen release(RDN/DOM=15 to RDN/DOM=29) at the same nutritional level were designed as fermentation substrates.The pH and ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N) of fermentation products and total volatile fatty acid(TVFA) content and microbial protein(MCP) content were measured and compared by in vitro digestion test.The results showed that when RDN/DOM=19 compound feed was used as culture substrate to produce gas in vitro,the MCP production at 12 h was significant higher than that at other time points(P<0.05).Therefore,the culture time was determined as 12 h.When RDN/DOM was 23,the concentration of NH_3-N in culture medium was the lowest(8.34 mg/dL),the MCP production(11.76 mg/dL),TVFA content(71.24 mmol/dL) and acetic acid/propionic acid(2.79) were highest.Therefore,the optimum RDN/DOM of Tarim Red deer was 23 under the experiment condition,which provided an important basis for the follow-up study of synchronization index(SI) of energy and nitrogen release in the diet of Tarim Red deer.It also provided data supporting for further study of nitrogen metabolism of Tarim Red deer.
In order to understand the adaptation mechanism of Tarim Red deer to low quality roughage and promote more scientific and effective utilization of roughage to improve the economic benefit of Tarim Red deer breeding,the effect of feed energy to nitrogen ratio on rumen fermentation was studied.Based on the experimental results of the degradation characteristics of feed raw materials(effective degradation rate of organic matter and crude protein) by rumen nylon bag method,eight experimental diets with different gradients of energy nitrogen release(RDN/DOM=15 to RDN/DOM=29) at the same nutritional level were designed as fermentation substrates.The pH and ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N) of fermentation products and total volatile fatty acid(TVFA) content and microbial protein(MCP) content were measured and compared by in vitro digestion test.The results showed that when RDN/DOM=19 compound feed was used as culture substrate to produce gas in vitro,the MCP production at 12 h was significant higher than that at other time points(P<0.05).Therefore,the culture time was determined as 12 h.When RDN/DOM was 23,the concentration of NH_3-N in culture medium was the lowest(8.34 mg/dL),the MCP production(11.76 mg/dL),TVFA content(71.24 mmol/dL) and acetic acid/propionic acid(2.79) were highest.Therefore,the optimum RDN/DOM of Tarim Red deer was 23 under the experiment condition,which provided an important basis for the follow-up study of synchronization index(SI) of energy and nitrogen release in the diet of Tarim Red deer.It also provided data supporting for further study of nitrogen metabolism of Tarim Red deer.
引文
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[2] ?RSKOV E R.The effect of processing on digestion and utilization of cereals by ruminants[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,1976,35(2):245.
[3] 卜登攀,卢德勋,崔慰贤,等.瘤胃能氮同步释放对瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(12):5-10.BU D P,LU D X,CUI W X,et al.Advance in the synchrony of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen on the synthesis of microbial protein[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2008,35(12):5-10.(in Chinese)
[4] 钱文熙.动物营养与饲料学实践教程[M].北京:中国质检出版社,2012.QIAN W X.Practical Course on Animal Nutrition and Feed Science[M].Beijing:China Quality and Standard Publishing,2012.(in Chinese)
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[6] 张宏福.动物营养参数与饲养标准[M].2版.北京:中国农业出版社,2010.ZHANG H F.Nutrition Parameters and Feeding Standard for Animals[M].2nd Edition.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2010.(in Chinese)
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[8] 陈根元,周小玲,蒋慧,等.不同年龄驴的后消化道中挥发性脂肪酸含量和组成的分析初探[J].塔里木大学学报,2012,24(4):7-16.CHEN G Y,ZHOU X L,JIANG H,et al.Primary analysis of the contents and composition of volatile fatty acids in hind gut of different ages of donkeys[J].Journal of Tarim University,2012,24(4):7-16.(in Chinese)
[9] BRODERICK G A,CRAIG W M.Metabolism of peptides and amino acids during in vitro protein degradation by mixed rumen organisms[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1989,72(10):2540-2548.
[10] 张志红,黄江丽,何力,等.博落回提取物对湖羊瘤胃体外发酵和甲烷排放的影响[J].江西科学,2017,35(1):1-4.ZHANG Z J,HUANG J L,HE L,et al.Effects of Macleaya cordata extract on rumen microbial methane production and fermentation characteristics in vitro of Hu sheep[J].Jiangxi Science,2017,35(1):1-4.(in Chinese)
[11] 张俊瑜,臧长江,王文奇,等.瘤胃能氮同步释放对奶牛微生物蛋白合成和瘤胃发酵的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2015,42(2):375-381.ZHANG J Y,ZANG C J,WANG W Q,et al.Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release in diets on microbial protein synthesis and rumen fermentation in dairy cows[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2015,42(2):375-381.(in Chinese)
[12] 韩正康,陈杰.反刍动物瘤胃的消化和代谢[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.HAN Z K,CHEN J.Digestion and Metabolism of Rumen in Ruminants[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988.(in Chinese)
[13] 王洪荣,冯宗慈,卢德勋,等.应用瘤胃液氨氮、挥发性脂肪酸和血浆尿素氮水平检测放牧绵羊营养状况的研究[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1992,3:34-40.WANG H R,FENG Z C,LU D X,et al.Study on the nutritional status of pastured sheep by using ammonia nitrogen,volatile fatty acid and plasma urea nitrogen in the gastric juice of tumor[J].Inner Mongolian Journal of Animal Sciences and Production,1992,3:34-40.(in Chinese)
[14] 李永福.不同氮源对瘤胃发酵和可利用粗蛋白影响的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004.LI Y F.Effects of different nitrogen sources on utilizable crude protein (uCP) and rumen fermentation in vitro[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese)
[15] PRESTON T R,LENG R A.Matching ruminant production systems with available resources in the tropics and sub-tropics[J].Livestock Production Science,1987,19(3):532-533.
[16] 贾存辉,钱文熙,吐尔逊阿依·赛买提,等.饲喂氨化棉籽壳对塔里木马鹿瘤胃内环境指标及血清尿素氮含量的影响[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(1):347-353.JIA C H,QIAN W X,TURSUNAY·SAMAT,et al.Effects of feeding ammoniated cottonseed hull on ruminal environment indexes and serum urea nitrogen content of Tarim Red deer[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(1):347-353.(in Chinese)
[17] 宋荣渊,王洪荣,王伟,等.不同能氮同步化释放日粮对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵和微生物蛋白合成的影响[J].中国奶牛,2010,5:7-11.SONG R Y,WANG H R,WANG W,et al.Influence of diet with different nitrogen and energy synchronous release on the ruminal fermentation in vitro and microbial protein synthesis in rumen of dairy cows[J].China Dairy Cattle,2010,5:7-11.(in Chinese)
[18] MARTEN V H.Challenging the retinal for altering VFA ration in growing ruminates[J].Feed Mix,1996,4(1):514-525.
[19] 李旺.瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的作用及影响因素[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(7):63-66.LI W.The effect and influence factors of rumen volatile fatty acid[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2012,48(7):63-66.(in Chinese)
[20] 中国人民共和国农业部.奶牛及饲养标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.Cow and Breeding Standards[S].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[21] CZERKAWSKI J W.An Introduction to Rumen Studies[M].New York:Pergamon International Library,1986.
[22] NEWBOLD J R,RUST S R.Effects of protein degradability and source on rumen function,food intake and growth in Holstein cattle given high-moisture maize grain[J].Animal Production,1990,50(3):399-408.
[23] BEEVER D E,DHANOA M S,LOSADA H R,et al.The effect of forage species and stage of harvest on the processes of digestion occurring in the rumen of cattle[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1986,56(2):439-454.
[24] WITT M W,SINCLAIR L A,WILKINSON R G,et al.The effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on milk production and metabolism of ewes offered grass silage based diets[J].Animal Science,2016,71(1):187-195.
[25] SINCLAIR L A,GARNSWORTH P C,NEWBOLD J R,et al.Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,1993,120(2):251-263.
[26] RUSSELL J B,O’CONNOR J D,FOX D G,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅰ.Ruminal fermentation[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3551-3561.
[27] 卢寿锋.玉米的不同加工处理对泌乳奶牛瘤胃能氮同步代谢及小肠消化影响的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2004.LU S F.Effects of corn processing on rumen nitrogen synchronization metabolism and intestinal digestion in lactating cows[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese)
[28] 马百顺.瘤胃微生物可利用能氮同步化释放对微生物蛋白合成效率影响研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2008.MA B S.Studies on effects of synchronization of the release of energy and nitrogen in the rumen on microbial protein synthesis[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2008.(in Chinese)
[2] ?RSKOV E R.The effect of processing on digestion and utilization of cereals by ruminants[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,1976,35(2):245.
[3] 卜登攀,卢德勋,崔慰贤,等.瘤胃能氮同步释放对瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2008,35(12):5-10.BU D P,LU D X,CUI W X,et al.Advance in the synchrony of energy and nitrogen release in the rumen on the synthesis of microbial protein[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2008,35(12):5-10.(in Chinese)
[4] 钱文熙.动物营养与饲料学实践教程[M].北京:中国质检出版社,2012.QIAN W X.Practical Course on Animal Nutrition and Feed Science[M].Beijing:China Quality and Standard Publishing,2012.(in Chinese)
[5] 张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007.ZHANG L Y.Feed Analysis and Quality Test Technology[M].3rd edition.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007.(in Chinese)
[6] 张宏福.动物营养参数与饲养标准[M].2版.北京:中国农业出版社,2010.ZHANG H F.Nutrition Parameters and Feeding Standard for Animals[M].2nd Edition.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2010.(in Chinese)
[7] 冯宗慈,高民.通过比色测定瘤胃液氨氮含量方法的改进[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1993,4:40-41.FENG Z C,GAO M.An improved method for determination of ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid by colorimetry[J].Inner Mongolian Journal of Animal Sciences and Production,1993,4:40-41.(in Chinese)
[8] 陈根元,周小玲,蒋慧,等.不同年龄驴的后消化道中挥发性脂肪酸含量和组成的分析初探[J].塔里木大学学报,2012,24(4):7-16.CHEN G Y,ZHOU X L,JIANG H,et al.Primary analysis of the contents and composition of volatile fatty acids in hind gut of different ages of donkeys[J].Journal of Tarim University,2012,24(4):7-16.(in Chinese)
[9] BRODERICK G A,CRAIG W M.Metabolism of peptides and amino acids during in vitro protein degradation by mixed rumen organisms[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1989,72(10):2540-2548.
[10] 张志红,黄江丽,何力,等.博落回提取物对湖羊瘤胃体外发酵和甲烷排放的影响[J].江西科学,2017,35(1):1-4.ZHANG Z J,HUANG J L,HE L,et al.Effects of Macleaya cordata extract on rumen microbial methane production and fermentation characteristics in vitro of Hu sheep[J].Jiangxi Science,2017,35(1):1-4.(in Chinese)
[11] 张俊瑜,臧长江,王文奇,等.瘤胃能氮同步释放对奶牛微生物蛋白合成和瘤胃发酵的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医,2015,42(2):375-381.ZHANG J Y,ZANG C J,WANG W Q,et al.Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release in diets on microbial protein synthesis and rumen fermentation in dairy cows[J].China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2015,42(2):375-381.(in Chinese)
[12] 韩正康,陈杰.反刍动物瘤胃的消化和代谢[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.HAN Z K,CHEN J.Digestion and Metabolism of Rumen in Ruminants[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988.(in Chinese)
[13] 王洪荣,冯宗慈,卢德勋,等.应用瘤胃液氨氮、挥发性脂肪酸和血浆尿素氮水平检测放牧绵羊营养状况的研究[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1992,3:34-40.WANG H R,FENG Z C,LU D X,et al.Study on the nutritional status of pastured sheep by using ammonia nitrogen,volatile fatty acid and plasma urea nitrogen in the gastric juice of tumor[J].Inner Mongolian Journal of Animal Sciences and Production,1992,3:34-40.(in Chinese)
[14] 李永福.不同氮源对瘤胃发酵和可利用粗蛋白影响的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2004.LI Y F.Effects of different nitrogen sources on utilizable crude protein (uCP) and rumen fermentation in vitro[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese)
[15] PRESTON T R,LENG R A.Matching ruminant production systems with available resources in the tropics and sub-tropics[J].Livestock Production Science,1987,19(3):532-533.
[16] 贾存辉,钱文熙,吐尔逊阿依·赛买提,等.饲喂氨化棉籽壳对塔里木马鹿瘤胃内环境指标及血清尿素氮含量的影响[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(1):347-353.JIA C H,QIAN W X,TURSUNAY·SAMAT,et al.Effects of feeding ammoniated cottonseed hull on ruminal environment indexes and serum urea nitrogen content of Tarim Red deer[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(1):347-353.(in Chinese)
[17] 宋荣渊,王洪荣,王伟,等.不同能氮同步化释放日粮对奶牛瘤胃体外发酵和微生物蛋白合成的影响[J].中国奶牛,2010,5:7-11.SONG R Y,WANG H R,WANG W,et al.Influence of diet with different nitrogen and energy synchronous release on the ruminal fermentation in vitro and microbial protein synthesis in rumen of dairy cows[J].China Dairy Cattle,2010,5:7-11.(in Chinese)
[18] MARTEN V H.Challenging the retinal for altering VFA ration in growing ruminates[J].Feed Mix,1996,4(1):514-525.
[19] 李旺.瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸的作用及影响因素[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(7):63-66.LI W.The effect and influence factors of rumen volatile fatty acid[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2012,48(7):63-66.(in Chinese)
[20] 中国人民共和国农业部.奶牛及饲养标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA.Cow and Breeding Standards[S].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[21] CZERKAWSKI J W.An Introduction to Rumen Studies[M].New York:Pergamon International Library,1986.
[22] NEWBOLD J R,RUST S R.Effects of protein degradability and source on rumen function,food intake and growth in Holstein cattle given high-moisture maize grain[J].Animal Production,1990,50(3):399-408.
[23] BEEVER D E,DHANOA M S,LOSADA H R,et al.The effect of forage species and stage of harvest on the processes of digestion occurring in the rumen of cattle[J].British Journal of Nutrition,1986,56(2):439-454.
[24] WITT M W,SINCLAIR L A,WILKINSON R G,et al.The effects of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen on milk production and metabolism of ewes offered grass silage based diets[J].Animal Science,2016,71(1):187-195.
[25] SINCLAIR L A,GARNSWORTH P C,NEWBOLD J R,et al.Effect of synchronizing the rate of dietary energy and nitrogen release on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep[J].Journal of Agricultural Science,1993,120(2):251-263.
[26] RUSSELL J B,O’CONNOR J D,FOX D G,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅰ.Ruminal fermentation[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3551-3561.
[27] 卢寿锋.玉米的不同加工处理对泌乳奶牛瘤胃能氮同步代谢及小肠消化影响的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2004.LU S F.Effects of corn processing on rumen nitrogen synchronization metabolism and intestinal digestion in lactating cows[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2004.(in Chinese)
[28] 马百顺.瘤胃微生物可利用能氮同步化释放对微生物蛋白合成效率影响研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2008.MA B S.Studies on effects of synchronization of the release of energy and nitrogen in the rumen on microbial protein synthesis[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2008.(in Chinese)