广州增城墨依山玉器材质和受沁过程分析
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摘要
为综合研究出土玉器的风化机理,正确评估玉器的保存状况,本研究采用物相、成分和电镜等方法对2016年广州重要考古发现——增城墨依山玉器进行了材质和结构分析,确认了墨依山玉器材质为透闪石。在此基础上,对玉器周边土壤进行了物相、成分、结构和酸碱度等分析,并结合玉器本体和遗址气候条件,综合探讨了强酸性环境下墨依山玉器的受沁过程。本研究有助于丰富对玉器风化机理的认识,有利于科学制定玉器的保护措施。
Jade artifacts excavated from Moyishan Site in Zengcheng District were important archaeological findings in Guangzhou in 2016. In order to investigate the mechanism of weathering and to evaluate the state of preservation of the Moyishan jade, we analyzed the materials and structure of the Moyishan jade, using Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(SEM-EDX). The results confirm for the first time that the main material of the jade is tremolite. Moreover, we also analyzed the phase, composition and structure as well as pH value of the soil around the jade. Combining the analytical results of the jade and the soil and the climatic conditions of the site, we finally explored the alteration characteristics of the Moyishan jade in a strongly acidic environment. The study could help to enrich the understanding of the mechanism of weathering of jade, which will be conducive to formulating protective measures for loosing jade in a scientific way.
Jade artifacts excavated from Moyishan Site in Zengcheng District were important archaeological findings in Guangzhou in 2016. In order to investigate the mechanism of weathering and to evaluate the state of preservation of the Moyishan jade, we analyzed the materials and structure of the Moyishan jade, using Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluorescence(XRF) spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(SEM-EDX). The results confirm for the first time that the main material of the jade is tremolite. Moreover, we also analyzed the phase, composition and structure as well as pH value of the soil around the jade. Combining the analytical results of the jade and the soil and the climatic conditions of the site, we finally explored the alteration characteristics of the Moyishan jade in a strongly acidic environment. The study could help to enrich the understanding of the mechanism of weathering of jade, which will be conducive to formulating protective measures for loosing jade in a scientific way.
引文
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[2] 朱海仁,张希,朱家振,等.广州增城墨依山遗址两座出土玉牙璋的商代墓葬[J].东南文化,2018(3):32-38.ZHU Hairen,ZHANG Xi,ZHU Jiazhen,et al.Two Shang Dynasty burials at the Moyishan Site in Zengcheng,Guangzhou which unearthed jade Yazhang-scepters[J].Southeast Culture,2018(3):32-38.
[3] RINAUDO C,BELLUSO E,GASTALDI D.Assessment of the use of Raman spectroscopyfor the determination of amphibole asbestos[J].Mineralogical Magazine,2004,68(3):455-465.
[4] ZHAO Hongxia,LI Qinghui,LIU Song,et al.Nondestructive analysis of jade artifacts fromthe Cemetery of the Ying State in Henan Province,China using confocal Raman microspectroscopy and portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy[J].Journal of Raman Spectroscopy,2014,45(2):173-178.
[5] WANG Rong,ZHANG Weishan.Application of Raman spectroscopy in the nondestructive analyses of ancient Chinese jades[J].Journal of Raman Spectroscopy,2011,42(6):1324-1329.
[6] 潘兆橹,万朴.应用矿物学[M].北京:武汉工业大学出版社,1993:198.PAN Zhaolu,WAN Pu.Applied mineralogy[M].Beijing:Wuhan University of Technology Press,1993:198.
[7] 闻广.中国古玉的考古地质学研究——玉,中国古代文化的标志[C]//国际交流地质学术论文集.北京:中国地质出版社,1985:265-267.WEN Guang.An archaeological study on ancient Chinese jade:Jade-the sign of ancient Chinese culture [C]//International Geological Papers Collection-For the 27th International Geological Congress.Beijing:China Geological Publishing House,1985:265-267.
[8] 王荣,吴在君.中国玉器的古代修复工艺研究——以出土玉器为例[J].东南文化,2015(3):11-23.WANG Rong,WU Zaijun.Jade restoration in ancient China:unearthed jade objects as an example[J].Southeast Culture,2015(3):11-23.
[9] ROMANOFF M.Underground corrosion[M].National Bureau of standards Circular,1957,7:579.
[10] 王荣.古玉器受沁机理初探[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2007.WANG Rong.A preliminary study on the alteration mechanism of Ancient Jades[D].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2007.
[11] 宋光铃,曹楚南,林海潮,等.土壤腐蚀性评价方法综述[J].腐蚀科学与防护技术,1993,5(4):268-277.SONG Guangling,CAO Chunan,LIN Haichao,et al.A summary of evaluation methods on soil corrosion[J].Corrosion Science and Protection Technology,1993,5(4):268-277.
[12] 陆杰英,蔡蕊,赵旸旸,等.增城市近50年来气温变化特征[J].广东气象,2011(6):31-33.LU Jieying,CAI Rui,ZHAO Yangyang,et al.Temperature change characteristics of Zengcheng in the past 50 years[J].Guangdong Meteorology,2011(6):31-33.
[13] 王荣.中国古代透闪石——阳起石玉器白化机制研究述要[J].文物保护与考古科学,2017,29(4):88-100.WANG Rong.Review on the mechanism of whitening of excavated ancient nephrite jade artifacts in China[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2017,29(4):88-100.