城市用地扩展对长沙市水系变化的影响
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摘要
为了探讨水系变化与城市用地扩展之间的联系,为未来水生态修复及城市与生态环境协调发展提供依据及经验借鉴,基于长沙市1950s、1970s、1990s、2010s和2016年五期地形图及同期城市建设用地数据,对长沙市中心城区近60年来的五期水系及城市用地扩张情况进行统计,选取河网密度、水面率、干流河流曲度、河网发育系数指标定量描述水系变化特征。同时,运用城市用地扩张特征分析方法分析同期城市扩张的强弱与快慢,并叠加各流域范围内同期水系变化指标与城市拓展强度指标,分析长沙各阶段水系变迁与城市用地扩张强度之间的关系。研究表明:(1)城市建设用地扩展对城市水系数量及形态变化有直接影响;(2)各时期城市拓展强度均与水系特征指标值衰减速度呈正相关关系;(3)在城市扩展过程中破坏水系特征将加大水系生态、自然灾害风险,而有效的水生态保护政策和保护措施不仅可以使片区水系缩减趋势放缓,还可以加快周边用地扩展速度。
In order to examine the connection between water system changes and the expansion of urban land use, and provide evidence and experience for the future coordinated development of water ecological restoration and urban and ecological environment, statistical methods were used to analyze the five-phase water system and urban land expansion in Changsha in the past60 years. We selected river net density, water surface rate, mainstream river curvature indexes and river development coefficient to quantitatively describe changes in water system characteristics and used urban intensity expansion index to measure the strength and speed of expansion of urban construction land in the same period based on the topographic maps and urban construction land data of Changsha city in the 1950 s, 1970 s, 1990 s, 2010 s and 2016.After superimposing the water system change index and urban expansion intensity index in each basin, we analyzed the relationship between the water system changes in various stages of Changsha and the urban land expansion intensity. The results show that:(1) The expansion of urban construction land has a direct impact on the quantity and shape of urban water coefficients. In the past 60 years in Changsha, the main characteristic values of the water system experienced a large attenuation. In general, the amount and area of the water surface were greatly reduced, and both the river structure and the water system tended to be simple.Meanwhile, the river network density and water surface rate reflecting the characteristics of water coefficient decreased by 3.74% and 26.26%, respectively.(2) The intensity of urban expansion in each period was positively related to the decay rate of water quality index values.From the 1950 s to the 1990 s, the urban expansion of Changsha was concentrated in the Xiangjiang River system, the Liuyang River system and the Guitang River system east of the Xiangjiang River. During this period, the water surface rates in the three water systems decreased by 6.7%, 6.38%, and 6.75%, respectively. After 1990, Changsha entered the stage of rapid urbanization, but the urban expansion intensity in areas west of the Xiangjiang River was stronger than that in areas east of the Xiangjiang River. At the same time, the density of river network west of the Xiangjiang River was faster than that east of the Xiangjiang River, down by 1.13% and 6.19%, respectively.(3) Destruction of water system in urban expansion will increase the risk of ecological and natural disasters, and effective water ecological protection policies and protection measures can not only slow down the shrinking trend of the water system in the area, but also accelerate the expansion of surrounding land use.
In order to examine the connection between water system changes and the expansion of urban land use, and provide evidence and experience for the future coordinated development of water ecological restoration and urban and ecological environment, statistical methods were used to analyze the five-phase water system and urban land expansion in Changsha in the past60 years. We selected river net density, water surface rate, mainstream river curvature indexes and river development coefficient to quantitatively describe changes in water system characteristics and used urban intensity expansion index to measure the strength and speed of expansion of urban construction land in the same period based on the topographic maps and urban construction land data of Changsha city in the 1950 s, 1970 s, 1990 s, 2010 s and 2016.After superimposing the water system change index and urban expansion intensity index in each basin, we analyzed the relationship between the water system changes in various stages of Changsha and the urban land expansion intensity. The results show that:(1) The expansion of urban construction land has a direct impact on the quantity and shape of urban water coefficients. In the past 60 years in Changsha, the main characteristic values of the water system experienced a large attenuation. In general, the amount and area of the water surface were greatly reduced, and both the river structure and the water system tended to be simple.Meanwhile, the river network density and water surface rate reflecting the characteristics of water coefficient decreased by 3.74% and 26.26%, respectively.(2) The intensity of urban expansion in each period was positively related to the decay rate of water quality index values.From the 1950 s to the 1990 s, the urban expansion of Changsha was concentrated in the Xiangjiang River system, the Liuyang River system and the Guitang River system east of the Xiangjiang River. During this period, the water surface rates in the three water systems decreased by 6.7%, 6.38%, and 6.75%, respectively. After 1990, Changsha entered the stage of rapid urbanization, but the urban expansion intensity in areas west of the Xiangjiang River was stronger than that in areas east of the Xiangjiang River. At the same time, the density of river network west of the Xiangjiang River was faster than that east of the Xiangjiang River, down by 1.13% and 6.19%, respectively.(3) Destruction of water system in urban expansion will increase the risk of ecological and natural disasters, and effective water ecological protection policies and protection measures can not only slow down the shrinking trend of the water system in the area, but also accelerate the expansion of surrounding land use.
引文
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[8]王中根,李宗礼,刘昌明,等.河湖水系连通的理论探讨.自然资源学报, 2011, 26(3):523-539.[WANG Z G, LI Z L,LIU C M, et al. Discussion on water cycle mechanism of interconnected river system network. Journal of Nutural Resources, 2011, 26(3):523-539.]
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[10]周洪建,王静爱,岳耀杰,等.基于河网水系变化的水灾危险性评价.自然灾害学报, 2006, 15(6):45-49.[ZHOU H J,WANG J A, YUE Y J, et al. Assessment of flood hazard based on river network change. Journal of Natural Disasters,2006, 15(6):45-49.]
[11]明庆忠,潘保田,苏何屯,等.山区河谷—水系演化及环境效应研究.云南师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2013, 33(2):1-10.[MING Q Z, PAN B T, SU H T, et al. Study on the valley&drainage evolution and its effects on environment.Journal of Yunnan Normal University:Natural Science Edition, 2013, 33(2):1-10.]
[12]王敏,叶沁妍,托马斯·赫尔德.行为主体互动下的水系空间管理与生态服务优化:基于德国埃姆舍河发展演变的实证研究.风景园林, 2017,(1):52-59.[WANG M, YE Q Y, THOMAS H. Riparian zones management with effective eco-services provision under the interaction of stakeholders:A case study of the Emscher River in Germany. Landscape Architecture, 2017,(1):52-59.]
[13]刘国栋,田昆,袁兴中,等.中国传统生态智慧及其现实意义:以丽江古城水系为例.生态学报, 2016, 36(2):472-479.[LIU G D, TIAN K, YUAN X Z, et al. Traditional Chinese ecological wisdom and its practical meaning:A case study of the river system in Lijiang Old Town. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(2):472-479.]
[14]韩龙飞,许有鹏,杨柳,等.近50年长三角地区水系时空变化及其驱动机制.地理学报, 2015, 70(5):819-827.[HAN L F, XU Y P, YANG L, et al. Temporal and spatial change of stream structure in Yangtze River Delta and its driving forces during 1960s-2010s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(5):819-827.]
[15]李喆,赵静,伍文.城区水系演替及其土地利用优化研究.经济地理, 2014, 34(7):123-128.[LI Z, ZHAO J, WU W.Research on the succession of urban water system and its land use optimization. Economic Geograhy, 2014, 34(7):123-128.]
[16]邓晓军,许有鹏,韩龙飞,等.城市化背景下嘉兴市河流水系的时空变化.地理学报, 2016, 71(1):75-85.[DENG X J,XU Y P, HAN L F, et al. Spatial-temporal changes of river systems in Jiaxing under the background of urbanization. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(1):75-85.]
[17]权瑞松.基于情景模拟的上海土地利用变化预测及其水文效应.自然资源学报, 2018, 33(9):1552-1562.[QUAN R S. Prediction of land use change and its hydrological effect in Shanghai based on scenario simulation. Journal of Nutural Resources, 2018, 33(9):1552-1562.]
[18]徐光来,许有鹏,王柳艳.近年杭—嘉—湖平原水系时空变化.地理学报, 2013, 68(7):966-974.[XU G L, XU Y P,WANG L Y. Temporal and spatial changes of river systems in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain during 1960s-2000s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(7):966-974.]
[19]郑伯红,王桂芹.基于产业用地扩展的湘潭城市空间演变及优化.经济地理, 2017, 37(6):92-99.[ZHENG B H,WANG G Q. Evolution and optimization of Xiangtan city space by industrial land expansion. Economic Geograhy,2017, 37(6):92-99.]
[20]周之灿,恭映璧,张天绚.近60年长沙城市湿地变化及保护对策的研究.中南林业科技大学学报, 2012, 32(12):31-37.[ZHOU Z C, GONG Y B, ZHANG T X. Dynamic changes and protective measures of urban wetland of Changsha in recent 60 years. Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology, 2012, 32(12):31-37.]
[21]蒋祺,郑伯红.城市雨洪调蓄空间对洪涝灾害影响研究:以长沙市2017年洪涝灾害为例.自然灾害学报, 2018, 27(3):31-40.[JIANG Q, ZHENG B H. Study on the influence of urban stormwater detention and retention space on flood disaster:Case study of flood disaster in Changsha, 2017. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2018, 27(3):31-40.]
[2]赵辉,周易冰,徐靖文.可持续的城市水系环境综合改造实践:以沈阳市水系规划为例.城市规划, 2010, 34(3):68-70.[ZHAO H, ZHOU Y B, XU J W. Renovation practice for sustainable urban water system:A case study of Shenyang water system planning. City Planning Review, 2010, 34(3):68-70.]
[3] DENG X, XU Y, HAN L, et al. Impacts of urbanization on river systems in the Taihu region, China. Water, 2015, 7(4):1340-1358.
[4] GREGORY K J. The human role in changing river channels. Geomorphology, 2006, 79:172-191.
[5] DUARTE C M, MIDDELBURG J, CARACO N. Major role of marine vegetation on the oceanic carbon cycle. Biogeoscience, 2005, 2:18-19.
[6] ZAWIEJSKA J, WY?GA B. Twentieth-century channel change on the Dunajec River, Southern Poland:Patterns, causes and controls. Geomorphology, 2010, 117(3):234-246.
[7] JUNIOR O C, GUIMAREAES R, FREITAS L, et al. Urbanization impacts upon catchment hydrology and gully development using mutli-temporal digital elevation data analysis. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2010, 35(5):611-617.
[8]王中根,李宗礼,刘昌明,等.河湖水系连通的理论探讨.自然资源学报, 2011, 26(3):523-539.[WANG Z G, LI Z L,LIU C M, et al. Discussion on water cycle mechanism of interconnected river system network. Journal of Nutural Resources, 2011, 26(3):523-539.]
[9]李双双,杨赛霓,刘宪锋. 1960-2013年北京旱涝变化特征及其影响因素分析.自然资源学报, 2015, 30(6):951-962.[LI S S, YANG S N, LIU X F. The characteristics of drought-flood variation and its influence factors in Beijing during1960-2013. Journal of Nutural Resources, 2015, 30(6):951-962.]
[10]周洪建,王静爱,岳耀杰,等.基于河网水系变化的水灾危险性评价.自然灾害学报, 2006, 15(6):45-49.[ZHOU H J,WANG J A, YUE Y J, et al. Assessment of flood hazard based on river network change. Journal of Natural Disasters,2006, 15(6):45-49.]
[11]明庆忠,潘保田,苏何屯,等.山区河谷—水系演化及环境效应研究.云南师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2013, 33(2):1-10.[MING Q Z, PAN B T, SU H T, et al. Study on the valley&drainage evolution and its effects on environment.Journal of Yunnan Normal University:Natural Science Edition, 2013, 33(2):1-10.]
[12]王敏,叶沁妍,托马斯·赫尔德.行为主体互动下的水系空间管理与生态服务优化:基于德国埃姆舍河发展演变的实证研究.风景园林, 2017,(1):52-59.[WANG M, YE Q Y, THOMAS H. Riparian zones management with effective eco-services provision under the interaction of stakeholders:A case study of the Emscher River in Germany. Landscape Architecture, 2017,(1):52-59.]
[13]刘国栋,田昆,袁兴中,等.中国传统生态智慧及其现实意义:以丽江古城水系为例.生态学报, 2016, 36(2):472-479.[LIU G D, TIAN K, YUAN X Z, et al. Traditional Chinese ecological wisdom and its practical meaning:A case study of the river system in Lijiang Old Town. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016, 36(2):472-479.]
[14]韩龙飞,许有鹏,杨柳,等.近50年长三角地区水系时空变化及其驱动机制.地理学报, 2015, 70(5):819-827.[HAN L F, XU Y P, YANG L, et al. Temporal and spatial change of stream structure in Yangtze River Delta and its driving forces during 1960s-2010s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(5):819-827.]
[15]李喆,赵静,伍文.城区水系演替及其土地利用优化研究.经济地理, 2014, 34(7):123-128.[LI Z, ZHAO J, WU W.Research on the succession of urban water system and its land use optimization. Economic Geograhy, 2014, 34(7):123-128.]
[16]邓晓军,许有鹏,韩龙飞,等.城市化背景下嘉兴市河流水系的时空变化.地理学报, 2016, 71(1):75-85.[DENG X J,XU Y P, HAN L F, et al. Spatial-temporal changes of river systems in Jiaxing under the background of urbanization. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(1):75-85.]
[17]权瑞松.基于情景模拟的上海土地利用变化预测及其水文效应.自然资源学报, 2018, 33(9):1552-1562.[QUAN R S. Prediction of land use change and its hydrological effect in Shanghai based on scenario simulation. Journal of Nutural Resources, 2018, 33(9):1552-1562.]
[18]徐光来,许有鹏,王柳艳.近年杭—嘉—湖平原水系时空变化.地理学报, 2013, 68(7):966-974.[XU G L, XU Y P,WANG L Y. Temporal and spatial changes of river systems in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain during 1960s-2000s. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(7):966-974.]
[19]郑伯红,王桂芹.基于产业用地扩展的湘潭城市空间演变及优化.经济地理, 2017, 37(6):92-99.[ZHENG B H,WANG G Q. Evolution and optimization of Xiangtan city space by industrial land expansion. Economic Geograhy,2017, 37(6):92-99.]
[20]周之灿,恭映璧,张天绚.近60年长沙城市湿地变化及保护对策的研究.中南林业科技大学学报, 2012, 32(12):31-37.[ZHOU Z C, GONG Y B, ZHANG T X. Dynamic changes and protective measures of urban wetland of Changsha in recent 60 years. Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology, 2012, 32(12):31-37.]
[21]蒋祺,郑伯红.城市雨洪调蓄空间对洪涝灾害影响研究:以长沙市2017年洪涝灾害为例.自然灾害学报, 2018, 27(3):31-40.[JIANG Q, ZHENG B H. Study on the influence of urban stormwater detention and retention space on flood disaster:Case study of flood disaster in Changsha, 2017. Journal of Natural Disasters, 2018, 27(3):31-40.]