松涛水库流域降雨侵蚀力空间结构差异及变化规律分析
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摘要
降雨侵蚀力反映降雨对土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,研究其变化规律对土壤流失预报有重要意义。对松涛水库流域25个气象站点1975-2015年全年、季节降雨侵蚀力用经验正交函数和非参数统计检验方法分析其时空格局变化。结果表明:①松涛水库流域降雨侵蚀力的空间分布为东部偏大、南部偏小。②受干、湿2季降雨和台风的影响,流域年、季节降雨侵蚀力呈现出不一致的变化趋势,夏季、秋季和冬季在1993年后降雨侵蚀力偏大的年份增多。③年均、季节降雨侵蚀力的空间结构存在差异,降雨侵蚀力增大的地区主要集中分布在年均降雨的南部,春季的中、西部,夏季的北部,秋季的东、北部;冬季的东南部。④流域全年、季节降雨侵蚀力具有反位相变化模态,反位相变化模态应该与干、湿2季降雨差异有关。由于暴雨量和暴雨次数增加,自1990年后降雨侵蚀力呈上升趋势。
The potential ability of rainfall lead to soil erosion that is called rainfall erosivity, research its changes is significant for forecast soil erosion. Around the Songtao Reservoir has become a more serious and concentrate area of erosion in Hainan Province. The method of Empirical Orthogonal Function and Mann-Kendall was used to analyze the changes of spatial and temporal pattern for 25 meteorological stations from 1975-2015 annual and seasonal rainfall erosivity in Songtao Reservoir Basin. This paper concludes that: ① Rainfall erosivity of the basin shows a spatial pattern is larger in east and smaller in south. ② Due to dry and wet rains and typhoons, annual and seasonal rainfall erosivity shows inconsistent trends, summer, fall and winter after 1993's age of rainfall erosivity increased was raised. ③ The spatial structure of annual and seasonal rainfall erosivity has difference, the area where rainfall erosivity increased are mainly concentrated in annual south, spring's central and west, summer's north, autumn's east and north, winter's southeast. ④ There is an anti-phase change pattern of rainfall erosivity in year and season within basin, it is maybe about the difference of uneven rainfall during the year. Due to heavy rain and number of rainstorms in Hainan is increasing, since the 1990 s the trend of rainfall erosivity is on raise. At present, there have been reports of rainfall and soil erosion in the Songtao Reservoir Basin. However, it is rare to research the rainfall erosivity in this basin, hope this study can provide a theoretical basis and formulate related to policies for protecting the ecological environment of the basin.
The potential ability of rainfall lead to soil erosion that is called rainfall erosivity, research its changes is significant for forecast soil erosion. Around the Songtao Reservoir has become a more serious and concentrate area of erosion in Hainan Province. The method of Empirical Orthogonal Function and Mann-Kendall was used to analyze the changes of spatial and temporal pattern for 25 meteorological stations from 1975-2015 annual and seasonal rainfall erosivity in Songtao Reservoir Basin. This paper concludes that: ① Rainfall erosivity of the basin shows a spatial pattern is larger in east and smaller in south. ② Due to dry and wet rains and typhoons, annual and seasonal rainfall erosivity shows inconsistent trends, summer, fall and winter after 1993's age of rainfall erosivity increased was raised. ③ The spatial structure of annual and seasonal rainfall erosivity has difference, the area where rainfall erosivity increased are mainly concentrated in annual south, spring's central and west, summer's north, autumn's east and north, winter's southeast. ④ There is an anti-phase change pattern of rainfall erosivity in year and season within basin, it is maybe about the difference of uneven rainfall during the year. Due to heavy rain and number of rainstorms in Hainan is increasing, since the 1990 s the trend of rainfall erosivity is on raise. At present, there have been reports of rainfall and soil erosion in the Songtao Reservoir Basin. However, it is rare to research the rainfall erosivity in this basin, hope this study can provide a theoretical basis and formulate related to policies for protecting the ecological environment of the basin.
引文
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[18] 张黎明,魏志远,漆智平.近30年海南不同地区降雨量和蒸发量分布特征研究[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(4):403-407.
[19] 汪言在,苟诗薇.重庆市降雨侵蚀力空间格局及其变化[J].地理科学,2013,33(1):116-122.
[20] 王胜,吴坤悌,陈明.1961年以来海南岛降水变化趋势分析[J].广西气象,2006,27(1):24-27.
[2] 章文波,谢云,刘宝元.降雨侵蚀力研究进展[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(5):43-36.
[3] 章文波,付金生.不同类型雨量资料估算降雨侵蚀力[J].资源科学,2003,25(1):34-41.
[4] 孙泉忠,王朝军,赵佳,等.中国降雨侵蚀力R指标研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(4):1-5.
[5] 何绍浪,郭小君,李凤英,等.中国南方地区近60 a来降雨量与降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2017,26(9):1 406-1 414.
[6] 刘惠英,王永文,张平仓.三峡库区龙河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征[J].长江科学院院报,2016,33(4):22-26.
[7] 章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究[J].地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.
[8] 赖成光,陈晓宏,王兆礼,等.珠江流域1960-2012年降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(8):159-167.
[9] Wischmerier WH. A rainfall erosion index for a universal soil-loss equation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1959,23(3):246-249.
[10] 刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等.1960-2009年中国降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势[J].地理研究,2013,32(2):245-256.
[11] 陈正发,史东梅,何伟,等.云南省降雨侵蚀力时空分布与演变趋势研究[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(10):209-219.
[12] 章文波,谢云,刘宝元.中国降雨侵蚀力空间变化特征[J].山地学报,2003,21(1):33-40.
[13] 赵玉国,张甘霖,龚子同,等.SOTER支持下海南岛土壤侵蚀模拟与影响因子分析[J].土壤通报,2003,34(3):219-224.
[14] 郑东海,王凌,曾红娟,等.松涛水库流域非点源污染负荷模型模拟[J].环境科学学报,2009,29(6):1 311-1 320.
[15] 葛成军,俞花美.海南省松涛水库主要环境问题及对策分析[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(32):15 948-15 949.
[16] 魏凤英.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M].北京:气象出版社,2007.
[17] 曾红娟,杨胜天,王凌,等.海南省松涛水库流域土壤侵蚀及控制方案[J].地理研究,2009,28(5):1 197-1 206.
[18] 张黎明,魏志远,漆智平.近30年海南不同地区降雨量和蒸发量分布特征研究[J].中国农学通报,2006,22(4):403-407.
[19] 汪言在,苟诗薇.重庆市降雨侵蚀力空间格局及其变化[J].地理科学,2013,33(1):116-122.
[20] 王胜,吴坤悌,陈明.1961年以来海南岛降水变化趋势分析[J].广西气象,2006,27(1):24-27.