多层疏松砂岩气藏水平井出水机理及防控对策——以柴达木盆地台南气田为例
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摘要
柴达木盆地台南气田水平井出水已成为制约该气田稳产的主要因素。为破解上述难题,基于核磁共振测井解释技术,对储层束缚水饱和度分布特征进行研究,并结合该气田水平井投产初期的生产情况,确定投产即产出层内水的储层特征参数;通过岩心气驱水实验对束缚水产出的影响因素进行研究,通过隔夹层击穿实验开展隔夹层封隔能力的影响因素研究;采用数值模拟技术研究水平井在不同日产气量下,水平段长度对井底压力的影响;在此基础上,提出了该气田水平井出水防控对策。研究结果表明:①钻遇可动水饱和度大于7.2%、含气饱和度小于63.5%储层的水平井投产初期即会产出地层水;②泥质含量越低、生产压差越大越有利于束缚水的采出,平面非均质性较强的储层束缚水的产出是一个持续的过程;③隔夹层的封隔能力随夹层的垂向渗透率、含水饱和度减小而增强,随泥质含量、夹层厚度增大而增强;④泥质含量大于90%的Ⅰ类泥岩的突破压力约为4 MPa,泥质含量介于80%～90%的Ⅱ类泥岩的突破压力约为2MPa,泥质含量介于60%～80%的Ⅲ类泥岩的突破压力约为1.5MPa。结论认为,通过增加水平段长度和控制生产压差可以延缓边水侵入,延长气井无水采气期;水平井生产初期应均衡采气,生产过程中应加强动态监测,出水后应及时排水,以提高气井的累计产气量。
Water breakthrough in horizontal wells is now the main factor restricting the stable production of the Tainan Gas Field in the Qaidam Basin. In view of this problem, the distribution characteristics of irreducible water saturation were investigated by using the nuclear magnetic resonance logging interpretation technology. And combined with the production situations of the horizontal wells in Tainan Gas Field in the initial stage of their production, the characteristic parameters of the reservoir which produced the intrastratal water as soon as it was put into production were determined. Then, the factors influencing the production of irreducible water were studied by means of gas drive water core experiments, and the factors influencing the sealing ability of the interbeds were researched by conducting mudstone breakdown tests. What's more, the effects on the bottom hole pressure by the length of horizontal section at different daily gas productions were investigated through numerical simulation. Finally, the prevention & control countermeasures for water breakthrough in horizontal wells were proposed. And the following research results were obtained. First, the horizontal well which drills into the reservoir with mobile water saturation higher than 7.2% and gas saturation lower than 63.5% produces formation water in its initial stage of production. Second, the lower the shale content is and the greater the production pressure difference is, the more favorable it is for the production of irreducible water. The production of irreducible water in the reservoirs with stronger areal heterogeneity is a continuous process. Third, the sealing capacity of the interbed increases with the decrease of its vertical permeability and water saturation and with the increase of its shale content and thickness. Fourth, the breakthrough pressure of type I mudstone(shale content>90%) is about 4 MPa,that of type II mudstone(80%
Water breakthrough in horizontal wells is now the main factor restricting the stable production of the Tainan Gas Field in the Qaidam Basin. In view of this problem, the distribution characteristics of irreducible water saturation were investigated by using the nuclear magnetic resonance logging interpretation technology. And combined with the production situations of the horizontal wells in Tainan Gas Field in the initial stage of their production, the characteristic parameters of the reservoir which produced the intrastratal water as soon as it was put into production were determined. Then, the factors influencing the production of irreducible water were studied by means of gas drive water core experiments, and the factors influencing the sealing ability of the interbeds were researched by conducting mudstone breakdown tests. What's more, the effects on the bottom hole pressure by the length of horizontal section at different daily gas productions were investigated through numerical simulation. Finally, the prevention & control countermeasures for water breakthrough in horizontal wells were proposed. And the following research results were obtained. First, the horizontal well which drills into the reservoir with mobile water saturation higher than 7.2% and gas saturation lower than 63.5% produces formation water in its initial stage of production. Second, the lower the shale content is and the greater the production pressure difference is, the more favorable it is for the production of irreducible water. The production of irreducible water in the reservoirs with stronger areal heterogeneity is a continuous process. Third, the sealing capacity of the interbed increases with the decrease of its vertical permeability and water saturation and with the increase of its shale content and thickness. Fourth, the breakthrough pressure of type I mudstone(shale content>90%) is about 4 MPa,that of type II mudstone(80%
引文
[1]许文平,吴朝东,关平,扈福堂.柴达木盆地第四系疏松砂岩天然气储层可动水预测方法研究[J].天然气地球科学,2012,23(5):952-955.Xu Wenping,Wu Chaodong,Guan Ping&Hu Futang.Prediction of free water in the unconsolidated sandstone reservoir in the Quaternary gas field,Qaidam Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2012,23(5):952-955.
[2]孙虎法,王小鲁,成艳春,李清,路艳丽.水源识别技术在涩北气田气井出水中的应用[J].天然气工业,2009,29(7):76-78.Sun Hufa,Wang Xiaolu,Chen Yanchun,Li Qing&Lu Yanli.The application of water source identification to control water breakthrough in gas wells of the Sebei Gas Field[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(7):76-78.
[3]邓勇,杜志敏,陈朝晖.涩北气田疏松砂岩气藏出水规律研究[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),2008,30(2):336-338.Deng Yong,Du Zhimin&Chen Zhaohui.Research on water breakthrough mechanism in the unconsolidated sandstone reservoir in the Sebei Gas Field[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute),2008,30(2):336-338.
[4]谭海芳,黄书坤.确定束缚水饱和度的方法研究[J].国外测井技术,2006,21(4):23-24.Tan Haifang&Huang Shukun.Study on water saturation calculation method[J].World Well Logging Technology,2006,21(4):23-24.
[5]宁宁,李怡超,刘洪林,周尚文.不同渗透率岩芯孔径分布与可动流体研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2018,40(2):91-97.Ning Ning,Li Yichao,Liu Honglin&Zhou Shangwen.Study on influence of permeability and distribution of pore diameters in rock cores on measurement of mobile fluid saturation[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2018,40(2):91-97.
[6]彭小娇,陈职,张云善,张振宇,杨冯.水平井积液机理初探[J].石化技术,2015(2):136-137.Peng Xiaojiao,Chen Zhi,Zhang Yunshan,Zhang Zhenyu&Yang Feng.Discussion on mechanism of fluid accumulation in horizontal well[J].Petrochemical Industry Technology,2015(2):136-137.
[7]肖高棉,李颖川.水平井段连续携液理论与试验研究[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),2010,32(1):324-327.Xiao Gaomian&Li Yingchuan.Theory and experiment on the continuous liquid carrying in horizontal wells[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute),2010,32(1),324-327.
[8]Pan L&Hanratty TJ.Further conversation on'Correlation of entrainment for annular flow in horizontal pipes'[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2002,28(3):385-408.
[9]耿新中.气井携液机理与临界参数研究[J].天然气工业,2018,38(1):74-80.Geng Xinzhong.Mechanism and critical parameters of liquid-carrying behaviors in gas wells[J].Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(1):74-80.
[10]曹鹏,邹伟宏,常少英,戴传瑞,罗宪婴,闫晓芳,等.水平井合理生产压差确定方法筛选与优化[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),2014,36(4):111-116.Cao Peng,Zou Weihong,Chang Shaoying,Dai Chuanrui,Luo Xianying,Yan Xiaofang,et al.Selection and optimizing method for determining reasonable drawdown pressure of horizontal wells[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute),2014,36(4):111-116.
[11]葛家理,现代油藏渗流力学原理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001.Ge Jiali.The modern mechanics of fluids flow in oil reservoir[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2001.
[12]Peden JM&Husain MI.Visual investigation of multiphase flow and phase interactions within porous media[C]//paper 14307-MSpresented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibiton,22-26 September 1985,Las Vegas,Nevada,USA.
[13]Lenormand R&Zarcone C.Role of roughness and edges during imbibition in square capillaries[C]//paper 13264-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibiton,16-19September 1984,Houston,Texas,USA.
[14]郭平,黄伟岗,姜贻伟,毕建霞,陈召佑.致密气藏束缚与可动水研究[J].天然气工业,2006,26(10):99-101.Guo Ping,Huang Weigang,Jiang Yiwei,Bi Jianxia&Chen Zhaoyou.Research on the irreducible and movable water of tight sandstone gas reservoir[J].Natural Gas Industry,2006,26(10):99-101.
[15]Belfroid S,Schiferli W,Alberts G,Veeken CAM&Biezen E.Predicting onset and dynamic behaviour of liquid loading gas wells[C]//paper 115567-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,21-24 September 2008,Denver,Colorado,USA.
[16]Harville DW&Hawkins Jr MF.Rock compressibility and failure as reservoir mechanisms in geopressured gas reservoirs[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1969,21(12):1528-1530.
[17]张祥,纪宗兰,杨银山,曾惠兰,王永强,李宝山.试论柴达木盆地第四系盖层的封盖机理[J].天然气地球科学,2004,15(4):383-386.Zhang Xiang,Ji Zonglan,Yang Yinshan,Zeng Huilan,Wang Yongqiang&Li Baoshan.The discussion upon sealing mechanism of Quaternary cap rock in Qaidam Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2004,15(4):383-386.
[18]Gilbert WE.Flowing and gas-lift well performance[J].Drilling&Production Practice,1954,13:126-157.
[19]Joshi SD.A review of horizontal well and drainhole technology[C]//paper 16868-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,27-30 September 1987,Dallas,Texas,USA.
[20]Hernandez JC,Wojtanowicz AK&White CD.Effect of anisotropy on water invasion in edge-water drive reservoirs[C]//Canadian International Petroleum Conference,13-15 June 2006,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.
[21]付锁堂,费世祥,叶珍,何磊,崔越华.致密砂岩气藏水平井参数优化[J].天然气工业,2018,38(4):101-110.Fu Suotang,Fei Shixiang,Ye Zhen,He Lei&Cui Yuehua.Optimization of key parameters for horizontal well development of tight sandstone gas reservoirs[J].Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(4):101-110.
[2]孙虎法,王小鲁,成艳春,李清,路艳丽.水源识别技术在涩北气田气井出水中的应用[J].天然气工业,2009,29(7):76-78.Sun Hufa,Wang Xiaolu,Chen Yanchun,Li Qing&Lu Yanli.The application of water source identification to control water breakthrough in gas wells of the Sebei Gas Field[J].Natural Gas Industry,2009,29(7):76-78.
[3]邓勇,杜志敏,陈朝晖.涩北气田疏松砂岩气藏出水规律研究[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),2008,30(2):336-338.Deng Yong,Du Zhimin&Chen Zhaohui.Research on water breakthrough mechanism in the unconsolidated sandstone reservoir in the Sebei Gas Field[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute),2008,30(2):336-338.
[4]谭海芳,黄书坤.确定束缚水饱和度的方法研究[J].国外测井技术,2006,21(4):23-24.Tan Haifang&Huang Shukun.Study on water saturation calculation method[J].World Well Logging Technology,2006,21(4):23-24.
[5]宁宁,李怡超,刘洪林,周尚文.不同渗透率岩芯孔径分布与可动流体研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2018,40(2):91-97.Ning Ning,Li Yichao,Liu Honglin&Zhou Shangwen.Study on influence of permeability and distribution of pore diameters in rock cores on measurement of mobile fluid saturation[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2018,40(2):91-97.
[6]彭小娇,陈职,张云善,张振宇,杨冯.水平井积液机理初探[J].石化技术,2015(2):136-137.Peng Xiaojiao,Chen Zhi,Zhang Yunshan,Zhang Zhenyu&Yang Feng.Discussion on mechanism of fluid accumulation in horizontal well[J].Petrochemical Industry Technology,2015(2):136-137.
[7]肖高棉,李颖川.水平井段连续携液理论与试验研究[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),2010,32(1):324-327.Xiao Gaomian&Li Yingchuan.Theory and experiment on the continuous liquid carrying in horizontal wells[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute),2010,32(1),324-327.
[8]Pan L&Hanratty TJ.Further conversation on'Correlation of entrainment for annular flow in horizontal pipes'[J].International Journal of Multiphase Flow,2002,28(3):385-408.
[9]耿新中.气井携液机理与临界参数研究[J].天然气工业,2018,38(1):74-80.Geng Xinzhong.Mechanism and critical parameters of liquid-carrying behaviors in gas wells[J].Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(1):74-80.
[10]曹鹏,邹伟宏,常少英,戴传瑞,罗宪婴,闫晓芳,等.水平井合理生产压差确定方法筛选与优化[J].石油天然气学报(江汉石油学院学报),2014,36(4):111-116.Cao Peng,Zou Weihong,Chang Shaoying,Dai Chuanrui,Luo Xianying,Yan Xiaofang,et al.Selection and optimizing method for determining reasonable drawdown pressure of horizontal wells[J].Journal of Oil and Gas Technology(Journal of Jianghan Petroleum Institute),2014,36(4):111-116.
[11]葛家理,现代油藏渗流力学原理[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2001.Ge Jiali.The modern mechanics of fluids flow in oil reservoir[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2001.
[12]Peden JM&Husain MI.Visual investigation of multiphase flow and phase interactions within porous media[C]//paper 14307-MSpresented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibiton,22-26 September 1985,Las Vegas,Nevada,USA.
[13]Lenormand R&Zarcone C.Role of roughness and edges during imbibition in square capillaries[C]//paper 13264-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibiton,16-19September 1984,Houston,Texas,USA.
[14]郭平,黄伟岗,姜贻伟,毕建霞,陈召佑.致密气藏束缚与可动水研究[J].天然气工业,2006,26(10):99-101.Guo Ping,Huang Weigang,Jiang Yiwei,Bi Jianxia&Chen Zhaoyou.Research on the irreducible and movable water of tight sandstone gas reservoir[J].Natural Gas Industry,2006,26(10):99-101.
[15]Belfroid S,Schiferli W,Alberts G,Veeken CAM&Biezen E.Predicting onset and dynamic behaviour of liquid loading gas wells[C]//paper 115567-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,21-24 September 2008,Denver,Colorado,USA.
[16]Harville DW&Hawkins Jr MF.Rock compressibility and failure as reservoir mechanisms in geopressured gas reservoirs[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1969,21(12):1528-1530.
[17]张祥,纪宗兰,杨银山,曾惠兰,王永强,李宝山.试论柴达木盆地第四系盖层的封盖机理[J].天然气地球科学,2004,15(4):383-386.Zhang Xiang,Ji Zonglan,Yang Yinshan,Zeng Huilan,Wang Yongqiang&Li Baoshan.The discussion upon sealing mechanism of Quaternary cap rock in Qaidam Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2004,15(4):383-386.
[18]Gilbert WE.Flowing and gas-lift well performance[J].Drilling&Production Practice,1954,13:126-157.
[19]Joshi SD.A review of horizontal well and drainhole technology[C]//paper 16868-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,27-30 September 1987,Dallas,Texas,USA.
[20]Hernandez JC,Wojtanowicz AK&White CD.Effect of anisotropy on water invasion in edge-water drive reservoirs[C]//Canadian International Petroleum Conference,13-15 June 2006,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.
[21]付锁堂,费世祥,叶珍,何磊,崔越华.致密砂岩气藏水平井参数优化[J].天然气工业,2018,38(4):101-110.Fu Suotang,Fei Shixiang,Ye Zhen,He Lei&Cui Yuehua.Optimization of key parameters for horizontal well development of tight sandstone gas reservoirs[J].Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(4):101-110.