鄂尔多斯盆地断裂特征及其石油地质意义
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摘要
为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地断裂的形成机制及其对油气运聚成藏的控制作用,在重、磁、区域地质等资料分析的基础上,充分应用油气勘探、野外考查等资料,分析了盆地主要地质构造时期的演化过程及其力学机制,认为盆地盖层断裂十分发育且断裂大多继承、追踪基底断裂的走向及变化.研究结果表明:加里东晚期,盆地基底先存断裂在周围板块碰撞挤压作用下发生活化,为盖层断裂形成和演化奠定了基础,在印支期、燕山期以及喜山期的多期应力场综合作用下,盆地盖层断裂广泛发育.根据方位可分为东西向、南北向、北东向和北西向;根据规模可分为盆地级(>100 km)、坳陷级(50～100 km)、区带级(10～50 km)和圈闭级(<10 km);根据力学性质可分为张剪型、挤压型和剪切型.这些断层倾角大多在60°～90°之间且具走滑性质,地震剖面上同相轴错断不明显,隐蔽性较强.盖层断裂和裂缝带对油气运聚成藏有重要意义:断层为油气垂向运移提供了通道,且断层活动使油气聚集形成圈闭;断层活动形成的裂缝带改善了低渗储层的物性,为油气富集提供了先决条件;断裂带展布控制了油气藏的空间分布.
To study the formation mechanisms of the faults in Ordos basin and its controlling effects on the hydrocarbon accumulation, the cap rock faults in Ordos basin were studied based on the analysis of the basement faults of heavy, magnetic and regional geology. With the data of hydrocarbon exploration and field investigation, the evolution process and dynamic mechanism of the main geological tectonic periods in the basin were analyzed. It is considered that the cap rock faults in the basin are well developed and most of them inherit and trace the strike and change of the basement faults. The results show that in the late Caledonian, the pre-existing faults in the basin basement were activated by the collision and compression of the surrounding plates, which laid a foundation for the formation and evolution of cap rock faults. Under the combined action of multi-stage stress fields in Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan periods, many faults were widely developed in the basin cap rock. The faults of cap rock are well developed, and the direction can be divided into four groups: East-West, South-North, North-East and North-West. Based on the scale, the faults can be divided into four categories: basin level(>100 km), depression level(50—100 km), zone level(10—50 km) and trap level(<10 km). According to the mechanical properties, the faults can be divided into tension shear type, extrusion type and shear type. Most of these faults dip between 60°and 90°and have strike-slip properties. The seismic profiles are not obvious in the same phase axes, and are more concealed. The cap rock faults and fracture zones play an important role in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The faults not only provides the channel for the vertical migration of hydrocarbon, but also forms a trap for hydrocarbon accumulation. The fracture zones formed by the faults activity can improve the physical property of the low permeability reservoir and provide the precondition for the hydrocarbon accumulation, and the distribution of the faults controls the spatial distribution of the hydrocarbon reservoirs.
To study the formation mechanisms of the faults in Ordos basin and its controlling effects on the hydrocarbon accumulation, the cap rock faults in Ordos basin were studied based on the analysis of the basement faults of heavy, magnetic and regional geology. With the data of hydrocarbon exploration and field investigation, the evolution process and dynamic mechanism of the main geological tectonic periods in the basin were analyzed. It is considered that the cap rock faults in the basin are well developed and most of them inherit and trace the strike and change of the basement faults. The results show that in the late Caledonian, the pre-existing faults in the basin basement were activated by the collision and compression of the surrounding plates, which laid a foundation for the formation and evolution of cap rock faults. Under the combined action of multi-stage stress fields in Indosinian, Yanshanian and Himalayan periods, many faults were widely developed in the basin cap rock. The faults of cap rock are well developed, and the direction can be divided into four groups: East-West, South-North, North-East and North-West. Based on the scale, the faults can be divided into four categories: basin level(>100 km), depression level(50—100 km), zone level(10—50 km) and trap level(<10 km). According to the mechanical properties, the faults can be divided into tension shear type, extrusion type and shear type. Most of these faults dip between 60°and 90°and have strike-slip properties. The seismic profiles are not obvious in the same phase axes, and are more concealed. The cap rock faults and fracture zones play an important role in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation. The faults not only provides the channel for the vertical migration of hydrocarbon, but also forms a trap for hydrocarbon accumulation. The fracture zones formed by the faults activity can improve the physical property of the low permeability reservoir and provide the precondition for the hydrocarbon accumulation, and the distribution of the faults controls the spatial distribution of the hydrocarbon reservoirs.
引文
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[5] 王伟锋,周维维,单新建,等.沉积盆地隐性断裂带特征及其地质意义[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2015(6):2236-2243.WANG Weifeng,ZHOU Weiwei,SHAN Xinjian,et al.Characteristics of hidden fault zone and its significance in geology in sedimentary basin[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2015(6):2236-2243.
[6] 周维维,王伟锋,单晨晨.歧口凹陷隐性断裂带特征及其对油气聚集的控制作用[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(4):29-36.ZHOU Weiwei,WANG Weifeng,SHAN Chenchen.Characteristics of concealed fault zone and its significance in hydrocarbon accumulation in Qikou sag[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2016,40(4):29-36.
[7] 贾进斗,何国琦,李茂松,等.鄂尔多斯盆地基底结构特征及其对古生界天然气的控制[J].高校地质学报,1997(2):17-26.JIA Jindou,HE Guoqi,LI Maosong,et al.Structural feature of basement in the Ordos basin and its control to paleozoic gas[J],Geological Journal of China Universities,1997(2):17-26.
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[9] MATTAUER M,MATTE P,MALAVIEILLE J,et al.Tectonics of the Qinling belt:build-up and evolution of eastern Asia[J].Nature,1985,317:496-500.
[10] ZHAO Y D,YAO J L,SUN B N,et al.Evidence of oil sources and migration in triassic-jurassic reservoirs in the south tianhuan depression of the Ordosbasin,China,based on analysis of biomarkers and nitrogen-bearing compounds[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2014,88(6):1801-1814.
[11] 马宝全,杨少春,张鸿,等.基于DEA定量表征低渗透砂岩储层成岩相:以鄂尔多斯盆地演武地区延长组81段为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2018,47(2):357-366.MA Baoquan,YANG Shaochun,ZHANG Hong,et al.Quantitative evaluation of low-permeability sandstone diagenetic facies based on DEA method:A case study of Chang 81 reservoirs in the Yanwu region,Ordos basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,2018,47(2):357-366.
[12] 李明,闫磊,韩绍阳.鄂尔多斯盆地基底构造特征[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2012,42(增刊3):38-43.LI Ming,YAN Lei,HAN Chanyang.The basement tectonic characteristics in Ordos basin[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2012,42(Sup 3):38-43.
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[14] 胡国泽.秦岭-大巴造山带地域磁异常响应与结晶基底起伏及其动力学意义[D].长春:吉林大学,2014:80-85HU Guoze.Dynamic implications of geomagnetic response and crystalline basement of the Qinling-Daba orogenic regions[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2014:80-85.
[15] 马润勇,朱浩平,张道法,潘爱芳.鄂尔多斯盆地基底断裂及其现代活动性[J].地球科学与环境学报,2009,31(4):400-408.MA Runyong,ZHU Haoping,ZHANG Daofa,et al.Basement faults and their recent activity in Ordos basin[J].Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2009,31(4):400-408.
[16] 朱筱敏,刘成林,曾庆猛,等.我国典型天然气藏输导体系研究:以鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田为例[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(6):724-729.ZHU Xiaomin,LIU Chenglin,ZENG Qingmeng,et al.Study of carrier system of typical gas reservoirs in China[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2005,26(6):724-729.
[17] 赵希刚.多源信息处理及其在线环构造识别和多种能源矿藏(床)找矿中的应用[D].西安:西北大学,2006:17-20ZHAO Xigang.Multi-information processing and its application in recognizing linear structures and circular structures and prospecting multi-energy source mineral deposit inOdros basin,China[D].Xi’an:Northwest Unviesrity,2006:17-20.
[18] 邸领军,张东阳,王宏科.鄂尔多斯盆地喜山期构造运动与油气成藏[J].石油学报,2003(2):34-37.DI Lingjun,ZHANG Dongyang,WANG Hongke.Primary discussion on himalayan tectonic movement and petroleum reservoir in Ordos basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2003(2):34-37.
[19] 何紫娟.重磁综合处理解释在鄂尔多斯区域构造中的应用研究[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2013:7-15,24-51.HE Zijuan.The application of gravity and magnetic data processing and interpretation in regional tectonic analysis of Ordos[D].Beijing:University of Geosciences(Beijing),2013:7-15,24-51.
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