选择性激光熔化零件微观结构及摩擦学性能研究
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摘要
选择性激光熔化(Selective laser melting,SLM)快速成型是一种金属增材制造技术,316L不锈钢和Ti6Al4V(TC4)是SLM技术中使用最为广泛的材料。SLM零件的摩擦学性能对其在工程上的应用至关重要,但是相关研究较少而且未联系其显微结构对磨损机理进一步研究(尤其是润滑条件下)。使用盘-环试验机在油润滑条件下,研究SLM 316L和SLM TC4(经热处理)试件与软材料黄铜和硬材料38CrMoAl配对时的摩擦学性能,并与传统铸造方法制造(Traditional process,TP)的试件进行比较。结果表明,SLM试件存在熔池、孔隙和晶粒细化等现象,经热处理的SLM试件熔池消失、硬度变大。当与黄铜配对时,SLM试件与TP试件相比具有更低的摩擦因数和磨损率;当与38CrMoAl配对时,经热处理的SLM TC4比TP TC4具有更低的摩擦因数和磨损率。滑动摩擦初期,磨粒磨损占主导,逐渐的黏着磨损发生并占主导。SLM试件中晶粒细化等结构影响其摩擦学性能,同时试件的塑性变形程度及氧化膜对其裂纹的形成和材料的剥落影响较大。
Selective laser melting rapid prototyping is one of metal additive manufacturing technology. 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V are widely used materials in SLM technology. The tribology performance of SLM parts is critically important for industrial applications but related studies are rare and the wear mechanism(include the microstructure) is not further studied under lubricated conditions in particular. Friction and wear behaviors of 316L and TC4 are processed both by SLM and traditional process(TP) with soft material brass and hard material 38 CrMoAl have been investigated using a ring-on-disc rig under lubricated conditions. The results show that the SLM samples had the microstructure of melting pool, pore and fine grains, and heat-treated samples' melting pool disappeared, hardness increased. The SLM samples had slightly lower friction and wear than the TP samples when in contact with brass. When contact with hard material, the heat-treated SLM TC4 has lower friction coefficient and wear rate than TP TC4. The beginning of sliding wear, abrasive wear dominated, then adhesive wear occurred and gradually dominated. The fine grain structure of SLM samples had a great influence on its tribological performance, and the plastic deformation degree and oxide film of the specimen has a great influence on the crack formation and the spall of the material.
Selective laser melting rapid prototyping is one of metal additive manufacturing technology. 316L stainless steel and Ti6Al4V are widely used materials in SLM technology. The tribology performance of SLM parts is critically important for industrial applications but related studies are rare and the wear mechanism(include the microstructure) is not further studied under lubricated conditions in particular. Friction and wear behaviors of 316L and TC4 are processed both by SLM and traditional process(TP) with soft material brass and hard material 38 CrMoAl have been investigated using a ring-on-disc rig under lubricated conditions. The results show that the SLM samples had the microstructure of melting pool, pore and fine grains, and heat-treated samples' melting pool disappeared, hardness increased. The SLM samples had slightly lower friction and wear than the TP samples when in contact with brass. When contact with hard material, the heat-treated SLM TC4 has lower friction coefficient and wear rate than TP TC4. The beginning of sliding wear, abrasive wear dominated, then adhesive wear occurred and gradually dominated. The fine grain structure of SLM samples had a great influence on its tribological performance, and the plastic deformation degree and oxide film of the specimen has a great influence on the crack formation and the spall of the material.
引文
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[21]GUPTA N,AHIRRAO S B,PAUL S,et al.Modeling of micro-scale fiber laser hardening process and optimization via statistical approximation of the engineering models[J].International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2015,16(11):2281-2287.
[22]ZHU Y,CHEN X,ZOU J,et al.A study on the influence of surface topography on the low-speed tribological performance of port plates in axial piston pumps[J].Wear,2015,338:406-417.
[23]ANTON V B.Advanced engineering design for reliability[M].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2015.
[2]LI R,SHI Y,WANG Z,et al.Densification behavior of gas and water atomized 316L stainless steel powder during selective laser melting[J].Applied Surface Science,2010,256(13):4350-4356.
[3]李希朝.金属零件3D打印技术的应用研究[J].科技与创新,2016(1):130.LI Xichao.The application research of 3D printing technology of metal parts[J].Science and Technology&Innovation,2016(1):130.
[4]SUN Y,MOROZ A,ALRBAEY K.Sliding wear characteristics and corrosion behaviour of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel[J].Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance,2014,23(2):518-526.
[5]YAP C Y,CHUA C K,DONG Z L,et al.Review of selective laser melting:Materials and applications[J].Applied Physics Reviews,2015,2(4):041101.
[6]吴伟辉,杨永强.选区激光熔化快速成形系统的关键技术[J].机械工程学报,2007,43(8):175-180.WU Weihui,YANG Yongqiang.Key technology of selective laser melting rapid prototyping system[J].Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2007,43(8):175-180.
[7]ABE F,SANTOS E C,KITAMURA Y,et al.Influence of forming conditions on the titanium model in rapid prototyping with the selective laser melting process[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part C:Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,2003,217(1):119-126.
[8]ANTONY K,SIVA P M.A comparison of corrosion resistance of stainless steel fabricated with selective laser melting and conventional processing[J].Int J.Chem Tech Res,2015,7(6):2632-2635.
[9]LI R,LIU J,SHI Y,et al.Balling behavior of stainless steel and nickel powder during selective laser melting process[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2012,59(9-12):1025-1035.
[10]ZAEH M F,BRANNER G.Investigations on residual stresses and deformations in selective laser melting[J].Production Engineering,2010,4(1):35-45.
[11]SANTOS E C,OSAKADA K,SHIOMI M,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of pure titanium models fabricated by selective laser melting[J].Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part C:Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science,2004,218(7):711-719.
[12]M?KINEN M,JAUHIAINEN E,MATILAINEN V P,et al.Preliminary comparison of properties between Ni-electroplated stainless steel parts fabricated with laser additive manufacturing and conventional machining[J].Physics Procedia,2015,78:337-346.
[13]KUMAR S,KRUTH J P.Wear performance of SLS/SLM materials[J].Advanced Engineering Materials,2008,10(8):750-753.
[14]GU D,HAGEDORN Y C,MEINERS W,et al.Selective laser melting of in-situ Ti C/Ti5Si3 composites with novel reinforcement architecture and elevated performance[J].Surface and Coatings Technology,2011,205(10):3285-3292.
[15]GU D,HONG C,MENG G.Densification,microstructure,and wear property of in situ titanium nitride-reinforced titanium silicide matrix composites prepared by a novel selective laser melting process[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2012,43(2):697-708.
[16]CHERRY J A,DAVIES H M,MEHMOOD S,et al.Investigation into the effect of process parameters on microstructural and physical properties of 316L stainless steel parts by selective laser melting[J].The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2015,76(5-8):869-879.
[17]RIEMER A,LEUDERS S,TH?NE M,et al.On the fatigue crack growth behavior in 316L stainless steel manufactured by selective laser melting[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2014,120:15-25.
[18]王彬.轴向柱塞泵平面配流副润滑特性及其参数优化[D].杭州:浙江大学,2009.WANG Bin.Lubrication characteristics and parameter optimization of barrel-port plate in an axial piston pump[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2009.
[19]KRUTH J P,FROYEN L,VAN V J,et al.Selective laser melting of iron-based powder[J].Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2004,149(1):616-622.
[20]张升,桂睿智,魏青松,等.选择性激光熔化成形TC4钛合金开裂行为及其机理研究[J].机械工程学报,2013,49(23):21-27.ZHANG Sheng,GUI Ruizhi,WEI Qingsong,et al.A study on cracking behavior and mechanism of TC4titanium alloy by selective laser melting[J].Journal of Mechanical Engineering,2013,49(23):21-27.
[21]GUPTA N,AHIRRAO S B,PAUL S,et al.Modeling of micro-scale fiber laser hardening process and optimization via statistical approximation of the engineering models[J].International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing,2015,16(11):2281-2287.
[22]ZHU Y,CHEN X,ZOU J,et al.A study on the influence of surface topography on the low-speed tribological performance of port plates in axial piston pumps[J].Wear,2015,338:406-417.
[23]ANTON V B.Advanced engineering design for reliability[M].Delft:Delft University of Technology,2015.