“零工经济”下任务化用工的劳动法规制
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摘要
零工经济的用工方式具有任务化的特征。这种任务化模糊了用工关系的继续性、人身从属性、组织从属性及经济从属性,进一步推动了去劳动关系化的现象。当前国内外司法实践对此采取了两种回应路径:视为虚假自雇或归入中间主体予以保护。为加强对零工经济任务化用工的劳动法规制,我国司法机关应当灵活地理解劳动关系从属性特征,以合同履行的事实为审查依据,综合考量各种指示性因素,并适时引入劳动关系推定规则;立法者应改变当前劳动法二元化的调整模式,将具有经济依赖性的劳务提供者纳入劳动法的保护范围;除此之外,还可以考虑制定劳动关系推定排除规则,将不具有就业实质的劳务提供行为排除在劳动法保护范围之外,以缓解平台企业在实践中可能面临的诉讼压力。
The task-based employment is the characteristic of the gig economy.It obscures the continuity,personal subordination,organizational subordination and economic subordination of employment relation.To resolve the problem of the grey area of employment caused by gig economy,the domestic and foreign legislative and judicial practice have provided two paths:perceived as false self-employment or classified as intermediate worker.In order to regulate the task-based employment in the gig economy,the judiciary should consider flexibly subordination characteristics,decide the case by the facts of performance,comprehensively consider all the indicators of employment relation and introduce the presumably rule of identifying employment relationship.The dual mode of adjustment of the current employment law should be changed,and economically dependent contractor should be introduced in the protection range of employment law.In addition,we may consider introducing the threshold of working hours to presumptively deny employment relationship,which exclude the sporadic labor providers from the protection of employment law to ease the litigation pressure that platform enterprises may face in practice.
The task-based employment is the characteristic of the gig economy.It obscures the continuity,personal subordination,organizational subordination and economic subordination of employment relation.To resolve the problem of the grey area of employment caused by gig economy,the domestic and foreign legislative and judicial practice have provided two paths:perceived as false self-employment or classified as intermediate worker.In order to regulate the task-based employment in the gig economy,the judiciary should consider flexibly subordination characteristics,decide the case by the facts of performance,comprehensively consider all the indicators of employment relation and introduce the presumably rule of identifying employment relationship.The dual mode of adjustment of the current employment law should be changed,and economically dependent contractor should be introduced in the protection range of employment law.In addition,we may consider introducing the threshold of working hours to presumptively deny employment relationship,which exclude the sporadic labor providers from the protection of employment law to ease the litigation pressure that platform enterprises may face in practice.
引文
(1)参见赵松:《“零工经济”挑战了谁》,载《人民日报》2015年08月21日第002版。
(2)参见孟续铎:《完善分享经济用工制度,健全劳动关系调整机制》,载《中国劳动保障报》2017年6月10日第003版。
(3)国家信息中心信息化研究部、中国互联网协会分享经济工作委员会:《中国分享经济发展报告2016》,2016年,第1页。
(4)参见戴燕俊、曹璐:《“互联网+”背景下劳动关系的认定》,载《中国审判》2016年第18期。
(5)参见周建新:《中国东南沿海城市散工的现实状况与学理分析》,载《深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2016年第2期。
(6)See Abel Valenzuela,Day Labor Work,Annual Review of Sociology,Vol.29,2003,p.308.
(7)See Valerio De Stefano,The Rise of the Just-In Time Workforce:On-demand Work,Crowdwork and Labour Protection in the Gig Economy,Comparative Labor Law&Policy Journal,Vol.37,2016,p.474.
(8)See Sarah A.Donovan,David H.Bradley,Jon O.Shimabukuro,What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?Congressional Research Service,2015,p.1.
(9)Richard Dobbs,James Manyika,Jonathan Woetzel,A Labour Market that Works:Connecting Talent with Opportunity in the Digital Age,McKinsey&Company,June 2015,p.1.
(10)例如,美国国会服务中心和欧洲议会的相关报告中均持此观点。See Sarah A.Donovan,David H.Bradley,Jon O.Shimabukuro,What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?Congressional Research Service,2015,p.1.Employment and Social Affairs,The Situation of Workers in the Collaborative Economy,European Parliament,October 2016,p.1.
(11)同前注(3),国家信息中心信息化研究部报告,第5页。
(12)See Alex Hern,Why the Term'Sharing Economy'Needs to Die,The Guardian,5October 2015.
(13)See Daniel G.Cockayne,Sharing and Neoliberal Discourse:The Economic Function of Sharing in the Digital On-Demand Economy,Geoforum,Vol.77,2016,p.75.
(14)See Orly Lobel,The Gig Economy&The Future of Employment and Labor Law,U.S.F.L.Rev.,Vol.51,2017,p.51.
(15)在实践中,某些平台企业采取直接用工的模式,与劳务提供者签订了劳动合同;也有些平台企业采用加盟/代理的模式,由第三方企业与劳务提供者签订劳动合同,平台企业仅作为平台对接服务提供方。对于这两种模式,由于劳动关系较为明晰,本文认为其不属于“零工经济”的范畴,故不作讨论。
(16)See Uber Technologies Inc.v.Berwick,Case No.CGC-15-546378,2015.
(17)See Mark Freedland,Jeremias Prassl,Employees,Workers and the‘Sharing Economy’Changing Practices and Changing Concepts in The United Kingdom,Legal Research Paper Series Paper No.19/2017,p.4.
(18)参见[美]阿鲁·萨丹拉彻:《分享经济的爆发》,周恂译,文汇出版社2017年版,第232-233页。
(19)See Thomas Bredgaard,Flemming Larsen,External and Internal Flexicurity:Comparing Denmark and Japan,Comparative Labor Law&Policy Journal,Vol.31,2010,p.748.
(20)参见傅鼎生:《义务的对价:双务合同之本质》,载《法学》2003年第12期。
(21)参见史尚宽:《劳动法原论》,正大印书馆1934年版,第14页。
(22)参见台湾地区劳动法学会:《劳动基准法释义---施行二十年之回顾与展望》,新学林出版股份有限公司2005年版,第135-137页。
(23)See Hugh Collins,K.D.Ewing,Aileen McColgan,Labour Law,Cambridge University Press,2012,p.179.
(24)See Mark Freedland,The Contract of Employment,Oxford University Press,1976,p.20.
(25)See Nicola Countouris,Uses and Misuses of Mutuality of Obligations and the Autonomy of Labour Law,in Alan Bogg,Cathryn Costello,ACL Davies,Jeremias Prassl Eds.,The Autonomy of Labour Law,Hart Publishing,2015,p.174.
(26)See Ali Razak,Kenan Sabani,Khaldoun Cherdoud V.Uber Technologies,Inc.,Civil Action NO.16-573.
(27)参见[德]雷蒙德·瓦尔特曼:《德国劳动法》,沈建峰译,法律出版社2014年版,第44页。
(28)参见谢增毅:《劳动关系的内涵及雇员和雇主身份之认定》,载《比较法研究》2009年第6期。
(29)See Robert Sprague,Worker(Mis)Classification in the Sharing Economy:Trying to Fit Square Pegs into Round Holes,ABA J.Lab.&Emp.L.,Vol.31,2015,p.72.
(30)See Ali Razak,Kenan Sabani,Khaldoun Cherdoud V.Uber Technologies,Inc.,Civil Action NO.16-573.
(31)同前注(22),台湾地区劳动法学会书,第56-57页。
(32)同前注(28),谢增毅文。
(33)See Jennifer Pinsof,A New Take on an Old Problem:Employee Misclassification in the Modern Gig-Economy,Mich.Telecomm.&Tech.L.Rev.Vol.22,2016.p.360.
(34)同前注(22),台湾地区劳动法学会书,第64-65页。
(35)根据北京市朝阳区法院在2018年4月发布的《互联网平台用工劳动争议审判白皮书》,从2015年至2018年第一季度,朝阳区法院共受理互联网平台劳动用工争议案件188件,在62.1%的案件中,劳务提供者要求确认劳动关系。在审结的177起案件中,超过84%的案件双方对劳动关系存在争议。参见石岩:《朝阳法院发布互联网平台用工劳动争议审判白皮书》,北京法院网http://bjgy.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2018/04/id/3261190.shtml,2018年7月5日最后访问。
(36)张琦与上海乐快信息技术有限公司劳动争议一审民事判决书(2016)京0105民初46226号。
(37)参见高健:《“闪送员”出事故,平台被判担责》,载《北京日报》2018年6月14日第07版。
(38)See Uber Technologies Inc.v.Berwick,Case No.CGC-15-546378,2015.
(39)李相国与北京同城必应科技有限公司劳动争议案(2017)京0108民初53634号。
(40)See Uber Technologies Inc.v.Berwick,Case No.CGC-15-546378,2015.
(41)刘慧诉天津五八到家生活服务有限公司劳动争议案(2016)京0105民初2962号;姜鲁萍与天津五八到家生活服务有限公司劳动争议案(2016)京0115民初7582号。
(42)英山县美团外卖配送服务有限公司与石剀熙劳动争议案(2018)鄂1124民初103号。
(43)See Uber Technologies Inc.v.Berwick,Case No.CGC-15-546378,2015.
(44)See Mr H O'Kelly,Mr T M Pearman,Mr P Florent v.Trusthouse Forte Plc,1983WL 914347,para.23.
(45)See Hugh Collins,K.D.Ewing Ailleen,Mc Colgan,Labour Law,Cambridge University Press,2012,p.181.
(46)See Hugh Collins,supra note 45,p.181.
(47)See Alan.L Bogg,Sham Self-Employment in the Supreme Court,41Ind Law J.,Vol.41,2012,p.331.
(48)参见滴滴政策研究院:《新经济,新就业---2017年滴滴出行平台就业研究报告》,2017年10月,第19页。
(49)See Orsola Razzolini.The Need to Go Beyond the Contract:Economic and Bureaucratic Dependence in Personal Work Relations,31Comp.Lab.L.&Pol'y J.,Vol.31,2010,p.300.
(50)See RenéB9heim and Ulrike Muehlberger,Dependent Forms of Self-employment in the UK:Identifying Workers on the Border between Employment and Self-employment,IZA DP No.1963,2006,p.10.
(51)在英国立法中,工人(worker)和雇员(employee)的内涵有所不同,前者的对象范围相对较宽,包括雇员和非雇员身份的工人。相比非雇员身份的工人,雇员在劳动法上享有更多的权利。
(52)See Aslam v Uber BV,2016WL 06397421(2016),para.100.
(53)See Aslam v Uber BV,supra note 52,para.114.
(54)See A.C.L Davies,Employment Law,Pearson Education,2015,p.111.
(55)See Byrne Bros(Formwork)Ltd v.Baird and Others,[2002]ICR 667,para.17(5).
(56)See Guy Davidov,Who is a Woker?Industrial Law Journal,Vol.34,2005,p.63.
(57)参见[德]曼弗雷德·魏斯、马琳·施密特:《德国劳动法与劳动关系》,倪斐译,商务印书馆2012年版,第44页。
(58)See Elizabeth Kennedy,Freedom from Independence:Collective Bargaining Rights for Dependent Contractors,Berkeley J.Emp.&Lab.L.,Vol.26,2005,p.154.
(59)See Drew Oliphant Professional Corporation v.Harrison,2011ABQB 216,para.76.
(60)See Miriam A.Cherry,Antonio Aloisi,Dependent Contractors in the Gig Economy:A Comparative Approach,66Am.U.L.Rev.,Vol.55,2016,p.673.
(61)参见田思路、贾秀芬:《契约劳动的研究---日本的理论与实践》,法律出版社2007年版,第102页。
(62)参见王天玉:《基于互联网平台提供劳务的劳动关系认定---以“e代驾”在京、沪、穗三地法院的判决为切入点》,载《法学》2016年第6期。
(63)See John A.Pearce,Jonathan P.Silva,The Future of Independent Contractors and Their Status as Non-Employees:Moving on from A Common Law Standard,Hastings Bus.L.J.,Vol.14,2018,p.28.
(64)参见谢增毅:《我国劳动关系法律调整模式的转变》,载《中国社会科学》2017年第2期。
(65)See Drew Oliphant Professional Corporation v.Harrison,2011ABQB 216,para.76.
(66)See Judy Fudge,Eric Tucke,Leah F.Vosko,Employee or Independent Contractor?Charting the Legal Significance of the Distinction in Canada,Canadian Lab.&Emp.L.J.,Vol.10,2003,p.207.
(67)参见王全兴、王茜:《我国“网约工”的劳动关系认定及权益保护》,载《法学》2018年第4期。
(68)See Charlotte O’Brien,Eleanor Spaventa,Eleanor Spaventa,Comparative Report 2015:The Concept of Worker Under Article 45TFEU and Certain Non-Standard Forms of Employment,European Commission,2016,pp.64-65.
(69)See Bettray v Staatssecretaris van Justitie(Case 344/87)[1989]ECR 1637.
(2)参见孟续铎:《完善分享经济用工制度,健全劳动关系调整机制》,载《中国劳动保障报》2017年6月10日第003版。
(3)国家信息中心信息化研究部、中国互联网协会分享经济工作委员会:《中国分享经济发展报告2016》,2016年,第1页。
(4)参见戴燕俊、曹璐:《“互联网+”背景下劳动关系的认定》,载《中国审判》2016年第18期。
(5)参见周建新:《中国东南沿海城市散工的现实状况与学理分析》,载《深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2016年第2期。
(6)See Abel Valenzuela,Day Labor Work,Annual Review of Sociology,Vol.29,2003,p.308.
(7)See Valerio De Stefano,The Rise of the Just-In Time Workforce:On-demand Work,Crowdwork and Labour Protection in the Gig Economy,Comparative Labor Law&Policy Journal,Vol.37,2016,p.474.
(8)See Sarah A.Donovan,David H.Bradley,Jon O.Shimabukuro,What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?Congressional Research Service,2015,p.1.
(9)Richard Dobbs,James Manyika,Jonathan Woetzel,A Labour Market that Works:Connecting Talent with Opportunity in the Digital Age,McKinsey&Company,June 2015,p.1.
(10)例如,美国国会服务中心和欧洲议会的相关报告中均持此观点。See Sarah A.Donovan,David H.Bradley,Jon O.Shimabukuro,What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers?Congressional Research Service,2015,p.1.Employment and Social Affairs,The Situation of Workers in the Collaborative Economy,European Parliament,October 2016,p.1.
(11)同前注(3),国家信息中心信息化研究部报告,第5页。
(12)See Alex Hern,Why the Term'Sharing Economy'Needs to Die,The Guardian,5October 2015.
(13)See Daniel G.Cockayne,Sharing and Neoliberal Discourse:The Economic Function of Sharing in the Digital On-Demand Economy,Geoforum,Vol.77,2016,p.75.
(14)See Orly Lobel,The Gig Economy&The Future of Employment and Labor Law,U.S.F.L.Rev.,Vol.51,2017,p.51.
(15)在实践中,某些平台企业采取直接用工的模式,与劳务提供者签订了劳动合同;也有些平台企业采用加盟/代理的模式,由第三方企业与劳务提供者签订劳动合同,平台企业仅作为平台对接服务提供方。对于这两种模式,由于劳动关系较为明晰,本文认为其不属于“零工经济”的范畴,故不作讨论。
(16)See Uber Technologies Inc.v.Berwick,Case No.CGC-15-546378,2015.
(17)See Mark Freedland,Jeremias Prassl,Employees,Workers and the‘Sharing Economy’Changing Practices and Changing Concepts in The United Kingdom,Legal Research Paper Series Paper No.19/2017,p.4.
(18)参见[美]阿鲁·萨丹拉彻:《分享经济的爆发》,周恂译,文汇出版社2017年版,第232-233页。
(19)See Thomas Bredgaard,Flemming Larsen,External and Internal Flexicurity:Comparing Denmark and Japan,Comparative Labor Law&Policy Journal,Vol.31,2010,p.748.
(20)参见傅鼎生:《义务的对价:双务合同之本质》,载《法学》2003年第12期。
(21)参见史尚宽:《劳动法原论》,正大印书馆1934年版,第14页。
(22)参见台湾地区劳动法学会:《劳动基准法释义---施行二十年之回顾与展望》,新学林出版股份有限公司2005年版,第135-137页。
(23)See Hugh Collins,K.D.Ewing,Aileen McColgan,Labour Law,Cambridge University Press,2012,p.179.
(24)See Mark Freedland,The Contract of Employment,Oxford University Press,1976,p.20.
(25)See Nicola Countouris,Uses and Misuses of Mutuality of Obligations and the Autonomy of Labour Law,in Alan Bogg,Cathryn Costello,ACL Davies,Jeremias Prassl Eds.,The Autonomy of Labour Law,Hart Publishing,2015,p.174.
(26)See Ali Razak,Kenan Sabani,Khaldoun Cherdoud V.Uber Technologies,Inc.,Civil Action NO.16-573.
(27)参见[德]雷蒙德·瓦尔特曼:《德国劳动法》,沈建峰译,法律出版社2014年版,第44页。
(28)参见谢增毅:《劳动关系的内涵及雇员和雇主身份之认定》,载《比较法研究》2009年第6期。
(29)See Robert Sprague,Worker(Mis)Classification in the Sharing Economy:Trying to Fit Square Pegs into Round Holes,ABA J.Lab.&Emp.L.,Vol.31,2015,p.72.
(30)See Ali Razak,Kenan Sabani,Khaldoun Cherdoud V.Uber Technologies,Inc.,Civil Action NO.16-573.
(31)同前注(22),台湾地区劳动法学会书,第56-57页。
(32)同前注(28),谢增毅文。
(33)See Jennifer Pinsof,A New Take on an Old Problem:Employee Misclassification in the Modern Gig-Economy,Mich.Telecomm.&Tech.L.Rev.Vol.22,2016.p.360.
(34)同前注(22),台湾地区劳动法学会书,第64-65页。
(35)根据北京市朝阳区法院在2018年4月发布的《互联网平台用工劳动争议审判白皮书》,从2015年至2018年第一季度,朝阳区法院共受理互联网平台劳动用工争议案件188件,在62.1%的案件中,劳务提供者要求确认劳动关系。在审结的177起案件中,超过84%的案件双方对劳动关系存在争议。参见石岩:《朝阳法院发布互联网平台用工劳动争议审判白皮书》,北京法院网http://bjgy.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2018/04/id/3261190.shtml,2018年7月5日最后访问。
(36)张琦与上海乐快信息技术有限公司劳动争议一审民事判决书(2016)京0105民初46226号。
(37)参见高健:《“闪送员”出事故,平台被判担责》,载《北京日报》2018年6月14日第07版。
(38)See Uber Technologies Inc.v.Berwick,Case No.CGC-15-546378,2015.
(39)李相国与北京同城必应科技有限公司劳动争议案(2017)京0108民初53634号。
(40)See Uber Technologies Inc.v.Berwick,Case No.CGC-15-546378,2015.
(41)刘慧诉天津五八到家生活服务有限公司劳动争议案(2016)京0105民初2962号;姜鲁萍与天津五八到家生活服务有限公司劳动争议案(2016)京0115民初7582号。
(42)英山县美团外卖配送服务有限公司与石剀熙劳动争议案(2018)鄂1124民初103号。
(43)See Uber Technologies Inc.v.Berwick,Case No.CGC-15-546378,2015.
(44)See Mr H O'Kelly,Mr T M Pearman,Mr P Florent v.Trusthouse Forte Plc,1983WL 914347,para.23.
(45)See Hugh Collins,K.D.Ewing Ailleen,Mc Colgan,Labour Law,Cambridge University Press,2012,p.181.
(46)See Hugh Collins,supra note 45,p.181.
(47)See Alan.L Bogg,Sham Self-Employment in the Supreme Court,41Ind Law J.,Vol.41,2012,p.331.
(48)参见滴滴政策研究院:《新经济,新就业---2017年滴滴出行平台就业研究报告》,2017年10月,第19页。
(49)See Orsola Razzolini.The Need to Go Beyond the Contract:Economic and Bureaucratic Dependence in Personal Work Relations,31Comp.Lab.L.&Pol'y J.,Vol.31,2010,p.300.
(50)See RenéB9heim and Ulrike Muehlberger,Dependent Forms of Self-employment in the UK:Identifying Workers on the Border between Employment and Self-employment,IZA DP No.1963,2006,p.10.
(51)在英国立法中,工人(worker)和雇员(employee)的内涵有所不同,前者的对象范围相对较宽,包括雇员和非雇员身份的工人。相比非雇员身份的工人,雇员在劳动法上享有更多的权利。
(52)See Aslam v Uber BV,2016WL 06397421(2016),para.100.
(53)See Aslam v Uber BV,supra note 52,para.114.
(54)See A.C.L Davies,Employment Law,Pearson Education,2015,p.111.
(55)See Byrne Bros(Formwork)Ltd v.Baird and Others,[2002]ICR 667,para.17(5).
(56)See Guy Davidov,Who is a Woker?Industrial Law Journal,Vol.34,2005,p.63.
(57)参见[德]曼弗雷德·魏斯、马琳·施密特:《德国劳动法与劳动关系》,倪斐译,商务印书馆2012年版,第44页。
(58)See Elizabeth Kennedy,Freedom from Independence:Collective Bargaining Rights for Dependent Contractors,Berkeley J.Emp.&Lab.L.,Vol.26,2005,p.154.
(59)See Drew Oliphant Professional Corporation v.Harrison,2011ABQB 216,para.76.
(60)See Miriam A.Cherry,Antonio Aloisi,Dependent Contractors in the Gig Economy:A Comparative Approach,66Am.U.L.Rev.,Vol.55,2016,p.673.
(61)参见田思路、贾秀芬:《契约劳动的研究---日本的理论与实践》,法律出版社2007年版,第102页。
(62)参见王天玉:《基于互联网平台提供劳务的劳动关系认定---以“e代驾”在京、沪、穗三地法院的判决为切入点》,载《法学》2016年第6期。
(63)See John A.Pearce,Jonathan P.Silva,The Future of Independent Contractors and Their Status as Non-Employees:Moving on from A Common Law Standard,Hastings Bus.L.J.,Vol.14,2018,p.28.
(64)参见谢增毅:《我国劳动关系法律调整模式的转变》,载《中国社会科学》2017年第2期。
(65)See Drew Oliphant Professional Corporation v.Harrison,2011ABQB 216,para.76.
(66)See Judy Fudge,Eric Tucke,Leah F.Vosko,Employee or Independent Contractor?Charting the Legal Significance of the Distinction in Canada,Canadian Lab.&Emp.L.J.,Vol.10,2003,p.207.
(67)参见王全兴、王茜:《我国“网约工”的劳动关系认定及权益保护》,载《法学》2018年第4期。
(68)See Charlotte O’Brien,Eleanor Spaventa,Eleanor Spaventa,Comparative Report 2015:The Concept of Worker Under Article 45TFEU and Certain Non-Standard Forms of Employment,European Commission,2016,pp.64-65.
(69)See Bettray v Staatssecretaris van Justitie(Case 344/87)[1989]ECR 1637.