明崇祯年间"人相食"事件时空特征、原因与影响研究
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摘要
依据《中国基本古籍库》、《爱如生数据库·中国方志库》等进行古文献数据库全文信息检索的结果,统计了崇祯年间"人相食"事件发生的时空特征。结果表明,崇祯朝十七年间,共有73省次、475县次发生有饥荒食人事件。其中又以崇祯十三年(224县次)、十四年(127县次)最为严重,且以青黄不接的春季"人相食"事件最为多发。空间上,以河南布政司发生县次最多(12年次,103县次),其次是山东、山西、北京、陕西、南京,空间差异显著,北方明显多于南方。引起食人事件的原因中,"旱灾"或"旱灾+其他灾害"合计共有440县次,占总次数的93%。大旱灾-粮食资源极度短缺-米价大涨-无粮可食-人口大量饿死-出现食人现象,是崇祯年间"人相食"事件发生的典型过程。气候干旱化、较长时间持续不雨是导致崇祯年间"大旱-蝗灾-疫灾-饥荒"灾害链状发生,最后致使食人现象大面积出现的主导因素。气候恶化引起食物资源的极度匮乏,是导致明王朝灭亡的重要原因,气候变化对于历史进程具有不可忽视的影响。
According to the results of the full text information retrieval of the ancient literature database based on "China's Basic Ancient Books Library" and "Ai Rusheng Database o China Fangzhi Library", we analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of the "Famine and Cannibalism" events during Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty. The results showed that during the 17 years of the Chongzhen period, there were 73 provinces and 475 counties with incidents of famine and cannibalism. Among them, Chongzhen's thirteen years(1640 AD, 224 counties) and fourteen years(1641 AD, 127 counties) were the most serious, and the "Famine and Cannibalism" incidents were the most common in the spring. In terms of space, Henan Province had the most counties occurred the events(12 years, 103 counties), followed by Shandong, Shanxi, Beijing, Shaanxi, and Nanjing. The spatial difference was obvious, and the north areas were significantly more than the south. Among the causes of the cannibalism, "drought" or "drought + other disasters" totaled 440 counties. accounting for 93% of the total numbers. Severe drought-extremely shortage of food resources-a large increase in rice prices-no food to eat-a large number of people starving to death-the "Famine and Cannibalism" incidents occurred, was a typical process of " Famine and Cannibalism " incidents during the Chongzhen years. The arid climate and long lasting without rain were the leading factors in the chain of disasters of "drought-locust-plague-famine" disasters during the Chongzhen period. The extreme shortage of food resources caused by climate deterioration was an important reason for the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Climate change had a negligible impact on the historical process.
According to the results of the full text information retrieval of the ancient literature database based on "China's Basic Ancient Books Library" and "Ai Rusheng Database o China Fangzhi Library", we analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of the "Famine and Cannibalism" events during Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty. The results showed that during the 17 years of the Chongzhen period, there were 73 provinces and 475 counties with incidents of famine and cannibalism. Among them, Chongzhen's thirteen years(1640 AD, 224 counties) and fourteen years(1641 AD, 127 counties) were the most serious, and the "Famine and Cannibalism" incidents were the most common in the spring. In terms of space, Henan Province had the most counties occurred the events(12 years, 103 counties), followed by Shandong, Shanxi, Beijing, Shaanxi, and Nanjing. The spatial difference was obvious, and the north areas were significantly more than the south. Among the causes of the cannibalism, "drought" or "drought + other disasters" totaled 440 counties. accounting for 93% of the total numbers. Severe drought-extremely shortage of food resources-a large increase in rice prices-no food to eat-a large number of people starving to death-the "Famine and Cannibalism" incidents occurred, was a typical process of " Famine and Cannibalism " incidents during the Chongzhen years. The arid climate and long lasting without rain were the leading factors in the chain of disasters of "drought-locust-plague-famine" disasters during the Chongzhen period. The extreme shortage of food resources caused by climate deterioration was an important reason for the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Climate change had a negligible impact on the historical process.
引文
[1]刘静.基于古籍库中典型描述语检索的人口大量死亡事件时空特征与原因分析[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2018:73-90.
[2]高建国,贾燕.中国清代灾民痛苦指数研究[A].//李文海,夏明方.天有凶年:清代灾荒与中国社会[C].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007:3-21.
[3]陈岭.明清时期灾荒食人现象的时空分布分析[J].宜春学院学报,2012,34(6):62-66.
[4]邓拓.中国救荒史[M].北京:北京出版社,1998:1-420.
[5]袁林.西北灾荒史[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1994:1-1815.
[6]宋正海.中国古代重大自然灾害和异常年表总集[M].广州:广东教育出版社,1992:1-657.
[7]宋正海.中国古代自然灾异相关性年表总汇[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2009:1-712.
[8]袁祖亮.中国灾害通史(明代卷)[M].郑州:郑州大学出版社,2009:1-656.
[9]张德二.中国三千年气象记录总集[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,2004:1-3666.
[10]周振鹤,郭红,靳润成.中国行政区划通史(明代卷)[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007:1-840.
[11]陈建徽,陈发虎,张家武,等.中国西北干旱区小冰期的湿度变化特征[J].地理学报,2008,63(1):23-33.
[12]Yang B,Braeuning A,J ohnson K R,et al.General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29(9):38-42.
[13]王绍武.小冰期气候的研究[J].第四纪研究,1995,15(3):202-212.
[14]张德二.中国的小冰期气候及其与全球变化的关系[J].第四纪研究,1991,11(2):104-112.
[15]肖杰,郑国璋,郭政昇,等.明清小冰期鼎盛期气候变化及其社会响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(6):79-84.
[16]张蓓蓓,王朋,文彦君,等.明清时期关中地区干旱灾害时空特征及其对小冰期气候变化响应研究[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(3):105-110.
[17]Chen J H,Chen F H,Feng S,et al.Hydroclimatic changes in China and surroundings during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age:spatial patterns and possible mechanisms[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2015,107:98-111.
[18]Chen F H,Chen J H,Holmes J,et al.Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia:a review,synthesis and comparison with monsoon region[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29(7):1055-1068.
[19]Huang W,Feng S,Chen J,et al.Physical Mechanisms of Summer Precipitation Variations in the Tarim Basin in Northwestern China[J].Journal of Climate,2015,28(9):3579-3591.
[20]任维鹤,易桂田,李泉.中国东部季风区小冰期干湿变化及影响机制[J].安徽师范大学学报:自然科学版,2017,40(5):479-483.
[21]葛全胜,等.中国历史气候变化[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:511-525.
[22]许靖华.太阳、气候、饥荒与民族大迁移[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(4):366-383.
① 图形根据程光裕,徐圣谟主编,张其昀监修.《中国历史地图》,北京:中国文化大学出版部,1980,67-68页制作,底图无修改。
(1)黄粹涵.中国食人史料钞,2004年,1-463页.该资料为作者自印本,未正式出版,文中作为参考对照,根据其中记录再查找古籍和地方志原始记载,以后者为准。
(2)清钱以垲,《(康熙)隰州志》,卷21
(3)清袁通,《(道光)河内县志》,卷23
(4)民国王诏,《(民国)和政县志》
(5)清陆继萼,《(乾隆)登封县志》卷7
(6)清李馥荣,《滟滪囊》卷1
(7)清张廷玉,《明史》卷291列传179
(8)民国阎佩礼,《(民国)永和县志》卷14
(9)清常星景,《(康熙)隆德县志》卷2
(10)明任弘烈,《(康熙)泰安州志》卷1
(11)清黄怀祖,《(乾隆)平原县志》卷9
(12)清叶士宽,《(乾隆)沁州志》卷9
(13)清章焞,《(康熙)龙门县志》卷2
(14)民国洪家禄,《(民国)大名县志》卷26
(15)清谷应泰,《明史纪事本末》卷75
(16)康熙《真阳县志》卷8《灾祥》
(17)清傅维鳞,《明书》卷38志1
(18)民国陈国楝,《(民国)隆德县志》拾遗
(19)清傅恒,《通鉴辑览》卷114
(20)清袁文观,《(乾隆)同官县志》卷1
(21)清叶芝,《(乾隆)伏羌县志》卷14
(22)清陈士槇,《(道光)兰州府志》卷12
(23)民国苏毓琦,《(民国)宁晋县志》卷1
(24)清王昶,《(嘉庆)直隶太仓州志》卷58
(25)民国苏毓琦,《(民国)宁晋县志》卷4
(26)明任弘烈,《(康熙)泰安州志》卷1
(27)清计六奇,《明季北略》卷16
(28)民国徐家璘,《(民国)商水县志》卷24
(29)民国马子寛,《(民国)重修滑县志》卷14
(30)清张廷玉,《明史》卷252列传140
[2]高建国,贾燕.中国清代灾民痛苦指数研究[A].//李文海,夏明方.天有凶年:清代灾荒与中国社会[C].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2007:3-21.
[3]陈岭.明清时期灾荒食人现象的时空分布分析[J].宜春学院学报,2012,34(6):62-66.
[4]邓拓.中国救荒史[M].北京:北京出版社,1998:1-420.
[5]袁林.西北灾荒史[M].兰州:甘肃人民出版社,1994:1-1815.
[6]宋正海.中国古代重大自然灾害和异常年表总集[M].广州:广东教育出版社,1992:1-657.
[7]宋正海.中国古代自然灾异相关性年表总汇[M].合肥:安徽教育出版社,2009:1-712.
[8]袁祖亮.中国灾害通史(明代卷)[M].郑州:郑州大学出版社,2009:1-656.
[9]张德二.中国三千年气象记录总集[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,2004:1-3666.
[10]周振鹤,郭红,靳润成.中国行政区划通史(明代卷)[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2007:1-840.
[11]陈建徽,陈发虎,张家武,等.中国西北干旱区小冰期的湿度变化特征[J].地理学报,2008,63(1):23-33.
[12]Yang B,Braeuning A,J ohnson K R,et al.General characteristics of temperature variation in China during the last two millennia[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29(9):38-42.
[13]王绍武.小冰期气候的研究[J].第四纪研究,1995,15(3):202-212.
[14]张德二.中国的小冰期气候及其与全球变化的关系[J].第四纪研究,1991,11(2):104-112.
[15]肖杰,郑国璋,郭政昇,等.明清小冰期鼎盛期气候变化及其社会响应[J].干旱区资源与环境,2018,32(6):79-84.
[16]张蓓蓓,王朋,文彦君,等.明清时期关中地区干旱灾害时空特征及其对小冰期气候变化响应研究[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(3):105-110.
[17]Chen J H,Chen F H,Feng S,et al.Hydroclimatic changes in China and surroundings during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age:spatial patterns and possible mechanisms[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2015,107:98-111.
[18]Chen F H,Chen J H,Holmes J,et al.Moisture changes over the last millennium in arid central Asia:a review,synthesis and comparison with monsoon region[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2010,29(7):1055-1068.
[19]Huang W,Feng S,Chen J,et al.Physical Mechanisms of Summer Precipitation Variations in the Tarim Basin in Northwestern China[J].Journal of Climate,2015,28(9):3579-3591.
[20]任维鹤,易桂田,李泉.中国东部季风区小冰期干湿变化及影响机制[J].安徽师范大学学报:自然科学版,2017,40(5):479-483.
[21]葛全胜,等.中国历史气候变化[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:511-525.
[22]许靖华.太阳、气候、饥荒与民族大迁移[J].中国科学(D辑),1998,28(4):366-383.
① 图形根据程光裕,徐圣谟主编,张其昀监修.《中国历史地图》,北京:中国文化大学出版部,1980,67-68页制作,底图无修改。
(1)黄粹涵.中国食人史料钞,2004年,1-463页.该资料为作者自印本,未正式出版,文中作为参考对照,根据其中记录再查找古籍和地方志原始记载,以后者为准。
(2)清钱以垲,《(康熙)隰州志》,卷21
(3)清袁通,《(道光)河内县志》,卷23
(4)民国王诏,《(民国)和政县志》
(5)清陆继萼,《(乾隆)登封县志》卷7
(6)清李馥荣,《滟滪囊》卷1
(7)清张廷玉,《明史》卷291列传179
(8)民国阎佩礼,《(民国)永和县志》卷14
(9)清常星景,《(康熙)隆德县志》卷2
(10)明任弘烈,《(康熙)泰安州志》卷1
(11)清黄怀祖,《(乾隆)平原县志》卷9
(12)清叶士宽,《(乾隆)沁州志》卷9
(13)清章焞,《(康熙)龙门县志》卷2
(14)民国洪家禄,《(民国)大名县志》卷26
(15)清谷应泰,《明史纪事本末》卷75
(16)康熙《真阳县志》卷8《灾祥》
(17)清傅维鳞,《明书》卷38志1
(18)民国陈国楝,《(民国)隆德县志》拾遗
(19)清傅恒,《通鉴辑览》卷114
(20)清袁文观,《(乾隆)同官县志》卷1
(21)清叶芝,《(乾隆)伏羌县志》卷14
(22)清陈士槇,《(道光)兰州府志》卷12
(23)民国苏毓琦,《(民国)宁晋县志》卷1
(24)清王昶,《(嘉庆)直隶太仓州志》卷58
(25)民国苏毓琦,《(民国)宁晋县志》卷4
(26)明任弘烈,《(康熙)泰安州志》卷1
(27)清计六奇,《明季北略》卷16
(28)民国徐家璘,《(民国)商水县志》卷24
(29)民国马子寛,《(民国)重修滑县志》卷14
(30)清张廷玉,《明史》卷252列传140
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