密闭与间伐荔枝园害虫群落多样性及时空动态分析
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摘要
【目的】明确密闭和间伐荔枝园害虫的群落组成、多样性特征以及年度发生动态,为荔枝园害虫的绿色防控提供科学依据。【方法】2016年对广州地区的密闭和间伐荔枝园进行害虫调查,对不同荔枝园害虫的群落组成、多样性特征以及年度发生动态进行了分析。【结果】密闭荔枝园共采集到害虫7目35科61种,其中半翅目害虫在数量上占绝对优势;间伐荔枝园共采集到6目26科39种,其中鳞翅目害虫在数量上占绝对优势。多样性分析结果表明:密闭荔枝园鳞翅目害虫的Margalef物种丰度最高,其次是半翅目和鞘翅目;Shannon多样性指数从高到低依次是半翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、蜱螨目、双翅目、缨翅目、等翅目;蜱螨目害虫的Pielou均匀度指数最高,其次是半翅目和鞘翅目;双翅目害虫的Simpson生态优势度指数最高,其次是蜱螨目。而间伐荔枝园鳞翅目害虫的Margalef物种丰度同样最高,其次是半翅目和鞘翅目;Shannon多样性指数从高到低依次是鳞翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、蜱螨目、缨翅目;半翅目害虫的Pielou均匀度指数最高,其次是双翅目;蜱螨目害虫的Simpson生态优势度指数最高,其次是双翅目。密闭荔枝园与间伐荔枝园害虫群落个体数的年度发生动态呈现"双峰"模式,分别在4月份和8月份达到最大值。而密闭荔枝园害虫群落物种数的年度发生动态呈现单峰模式,在9月份达到最大值;间伐荔枝园害虫群落物种数的年度发生动态呈现2个高峰期,分别为4—5月份和9月份。【结论】这说明对密闭荔枝园进行合理间伐对降低害虫危害具有重要意义。
【Objective】Litchi is one of the most important fruits in south China. The cultivated area of litchi was increasing in recently year. Pests and diseases became more and more serious in un-thinned litchi orchard. In order to improve the environment of orchard, output and quality of litchi, the un-thinned litchi orchard must be thinned by reasonable thinning. The aim of this study was to reveal the community composition, species diversity, dominant pest species and annual occurrence of pests in thinned and un-thinned litchi orchards in Guangzhou, and to provide a theoretical basis for proper application of thinning and green control of pests.【Methods】A survey was conducted on the pest species diversity in thinned and un-thinned litchi orchards in Guangzhou from January to December in 2016. Some larva were collected and reared in laboratory. All specimens were identified by morphological characteristics and molecular biology and some of that we cannot identify were sent to taxonomists. Specimens were saved in Plant Protection Research Institution, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The pest community compositions, species diversity, dominant pest species and annual occurrence of dominant pests in different orchards were analyzed. And also, the number of species, relative abundance, Margalef richness index, Shannon diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index were calculated.【Results】A total of 61 species were recorded, which belong to 35 families, 7 orders in un-thinned litchi orchard. The number of Hemiptera pests in the un-thinned litchi orchard had an absolute dominance. In thinned litchi orchard, there were 39 species belonging to 26 families and 6 orders and the Lepidoptera pests had the greatest species abundance. The number of pest individual abundance and species in un-thinned litchi orchard was obvious more than that in thinned litchi orchard. The Lepidoptera had the highest Margalef richness index, followed by Hemiptera and Coleoptera, while Isoptera and Thysanoptera were the lowest in un-thinned litchi orchard. Shannon diversity index decreased in order of Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Acarina, Diptera, Thysanoptera and Isoptera. The highest Pielou evenness index was Acarina, then Hemiptera and Coleoptera. The Diptera had the highest Simpson dominance index, followed by Acarina in un-thinned litchi orchard. In thinned litchi orchard, Lepidoptera also had the highest Margalef richness index, followed by Hemiptera and Coleoptera, and Thysanoptera was the lowest. The Shannon diversity index decreased in order of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera,Coleoptera, Diptera, Acarina and Thysanoptera. The Hemiptera had the highest Pielou evenness index,followed by Diptera. The Acarina had the highest Simpson dominance index, followed by Diptera.There were two obvious peaks in individual abundance with the main peak occurring between April and October. In the un-thinned litchi orchard, only one peak in species richness occurred in September. However, there were two peaks in species richness occurred in un-thinned litchi orchard from April to May and September. Different micro-environments within the orchards could have a different community composition. The dominant pest species in un-thinned litchi orchard were Conopomorpha sinensis, Thalassodes immissaria, Tessaratoma papillosa, Litchiomyia chinensis and Unaspis yanonensis. Unlike that though, the dominant pest species were Conopomorpha sinensis, Thalassodes immissaria, Tessaratoma papillosa, Protaetia brevitarsis and Oligonychus litchii in thinned litchi orchard. In un-thinned litchi orchard, the number of individual abundance of dominant pests were increasing with the increase of temperature, which reached the first peak between April and May, then the number of Thalassodes immissaria, Tessaratoma papillosa and Litchiomyia chinensis decreased from the flowering phase till the fruitlet phase over. From July to September, the number of Thalassodes immissaria, Litchiomyia chinensis and Unaspis yanonensis started rising again and reached the second peak at September. The pattern of annual occurrence of Conopomorpha sinensis was a humped-shaped model with a peak at August, and the number of Conopomorpha sinensis declined sharply with the end of longan harvest. The occurrence of Conopomorpha sinensis was consistent with the phenological period of litchi growth. The patterns of annual occurrence of dominant pests in thinned orchard were the same as that in un-thinned litchi orchard,but the number of dominant pests in thinned litchi orchard was less than that in un-thinned litchi orchard. The number of Thalassodes immissaria, Tessaratoma papillosa, Protaetia brevitarsis and Oligonychus litchii reached the first peak between April and May, and the second peak appeared between September and October. The annual occurrence of Conopomorpha sinensis was also a humped-shaped model with a peak in July.【Conclusion】The un-thinned litchi orchard has higher pest species diversity. After reasonable thinning, the pest species and quantity both decreased significantly in thinned litchi orchard. In the meantime the ecological environment, the output and litchi quality in the thinned litchi orchard were obviously improved. There was a strong correlation between the pest occurrence and litchi phenology. Therefore, a pest control should be carried out according to different phenological growth period of litchi. In addition, it is necessary to take an extensive and deep investigation about the species and biodiversity of natural enemies in the orchard, to provide scientific references for green production.
【Objective】Litchi is one of the most important fruits in south China. The cultivated area of litchi was increasing in recently year. Pests and diseases became more and more serious in un-thinned litchi orchard. In order to improve the environment of orchard, output and quality of litchi, the un-thinned litchi orchard must be thinned by reasonable thinning. The aim of this study was to reveal the community composition, species diversity, dominant pest species and annual occurrence of pests in thinned and un-thinned litchi orchards in Guangzhou, and to provide a theoretical basis for proper application of thinning and green control of pests.【Methods】A survey was conducted on the pest species diversity in thinned and un-thinned litchi orchards in Guangzhou from January to December in 2016. Some larva were collected and reared in laboratory. All specimens were identified by morphological characteristics and molecular biology and some of that we cannot identify were sent to taxonomists. Specimens were saved in Plant Protection Research Institution, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The pest community compositions, species diversity, dominant pest species and annual occurrence of dominant pests in different orchards were analyzed. And also, the number of species, relative abundance, Margalef richness index, Shannon diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson dominance index were calculated.【Results】A total of 61 species were recorded, which belong to 35 families, 7 orders in un-thinned litchi orchard. The number of Hemiptera pests in the un-thinned litchi orchard had an absolute dominance. In thinned litchi orchard, there were 39 species belonging to 26 families and 6 orders and the Lepidoptera pests had the greatest species abundance. The number of pest individual abundance and species in un-thinned litchi orchard was obvious more than that in thinned litchi orchard. The Lepidoptera had the highest Margalef richness index, followed by Hemiptera and Coleoptera, while Isoptera and Thysanoptera were the lowest in un-thinned litchi orchard. Shannon diversity index decreased in order of Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Acarina, Diptera, Thysanoptera and Isoptera. The highest Pielou evenness index was Acarina, then Hemiptera and Coleoptera. The Diptera had the highest Simpson dominance index, followed by Acarina in un-thinned litchi orchard. In thinned litchi orchard, Lepidoptera also had the highest Margalef richness index, followed by Hemiptera and Coleoptera, and Thysanoptera was the lowest. The Shannon diversity index decreased in order of Lepidoptera, Hemiptera,Coleoptera, Diptera, Acarina and Thysanoptera. The Hemiptera had the highest Pielou evenness index,followed by Diptera. The Acarina had the highest Simpson dominance index, followed by Diptera.There were two obvious peaks in individual abundance with the main peak occurring between April and October. In the un-thinned litchi orchard, only one peak in species richness occurred in September. However, there were two peaks in species richness occurred in un-thinned litchi orchard from April to May and September. Different micro-environments within the orchards could have a different community composition. The dominant pest species in un-thinned litchi orchard were Conopomorpha sinensis, Thalassodes immissaria, Tessaratoma papillosa, Litchiomyia chinensis and Unaspis yanonensis. Unlike that though, the dominant pest species were Conopomorpha sinensis, Thalassodes immissaria, Tessaratoma papillosa, Protaetia brevitarsis and Oligonychus litchii in thinned litchi orchard. In un-thinned litchi orchard, the number of individual abundance of dominant pests were increasing with the increase of temperature, which reached the first peak between April and May, then the number of Thalassodes immissaria, Tessaratoma papillosa and Litchiomyia chinensis decreased from the flowering phase till the fruitlet phase over. From July to September, the number of Thalassodes immissaria, Litchiomyia chinensis and Unaspis yanonensis started rising again and reached the second peak at September. The pattern of annual occurrence of Conopomorpha sinensis was a humped-shaped model with a peak at August, and the number of Conopomorpha sinensis declined sharply with the end of longan harvest. The occurrence of Conopomorpha sinensis was consistent with the phenological period of litchi growth. The patterns of annual occurrence of dominant pests in thinned orchard were the same as that in un-thinned litchi orchard,but the number of dominant pests in thinned litchi orchard was less than that in un-thinned litchi orchard. The number of Thalassodes immissaria, Tessaratoma papillosa, Protaetia brevitarsis and Oligonychus litchii reached the first peak between April and May, and the second peak appeared between September and October. The annual occurrence of Conopomorpha sinensis was also a humped-shaped model with a peak in July.【Conclusion】The un-thinned litchi orchard has higher pest species diversity. After reasonable thinning, the pest species and quantity both decreased significantly in thinned litchi orchard. In the meantime the ecological environment, the output and litchi quality in the thinned litchi orchard were obviously improved. There was a strong correlation between the pest occurrence and litchi phenology. Therefore, a pest control should be carried out according to different phenological growth period of litchi. In addition, it is necessary to take an extensive and deep investigation about the species and biodiversity of natural enemies in the orchard, to provide scientific references for green production.
引文
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[4]黄衍章,江世宏,钱学聪,杨长举.荔枝害虫治理现状及展望[J].深圳职业技术学院学报,2002(1):26-32.HUANG Yanzhang,JIANG Shihong,QIAN Xuecong,YANG Changju. The present and future of the litchi pest contron[J].Journal of Shenzhen Polytechnic,2002(1):208-213.
[5]黄汉杰,陈炳旭,钟国洪.荔枝蒂蛀虫猖獗危害的原因及防治措施探讨[J].广东农业科学,2001(6):35-36.HUANG Hanjie,CHEN Bingxu,ZHONG Guohong. Discussions on the causes of wide occurence and prevention and control measures of Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley in litchi[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2001(6):35-36.
[6]曾赞安,梁广文.荔枝蒂蛀虫室内饲养技术的研究[J].昆虫天敌,2007,29(4):160-165.ZENG Zan’an,LIANG Guangwen. Studies on rearing techniques of Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley(Lepidoptera:Gracillariidae)in laboratory[J]. Natural Enemies of Insects,2007,29(4):160–165.
[7]刘德广,梁伟光,丁勇,黄明度.复合荔枝园节肢动物群落动态的研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(6):885-889.LIU Deguang,LIANG Weiguang,DING Yong,HUANG Mingdu. Studies on dynamics of arthropod community in two kinds of litchi orchard habitats[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(6):885-889.
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