大纵湖区域鸟类群落的结构及群落相似性
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摘要
大纵湖是分布在鸟类东亚—澳大利西亚迁徙路径上的重要淡水湖泊。为了了解大纵湖区域中鸟类群落的结构及其影响因素,于2015年12月至2016年4月,在大纵湖区域设置了6条调查样线和3个调查样点,开展鸟类调查。调查结果显示,共记录了113种鸟类,隶属于13目39科,个体数量累计达51 694只;其中,隶属于雀形目鸟类的物种数量最多,为50种;隶属于鸻形目鸟类的个体数量最多,为23 825只;迁徙季、越冬季、繁殖季大纵湖鸟类多样性指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数都依次减小,但是,该区天然湖泊、养殖水域和城镇用地中的鸟类群落结构存在差异,两种水域生境与城镇用地中的鸟类群落结构差异较大,天然湖泊和养殖水域中的鸟类群落相似性较高;大纵湖区域中的鸟类群落结构与栖息地质量和鸟类迁徙节律有关。人类活动干扰,尤其是无序的围网养殖,是影响该区域鸟类群落结构的主要因素。
Dazong Lake is an important freshwater lake, serves as a critical stopover for migrant waterfowls on the East Asian-Australian Flyway. From December 2015 to April 2017, bird census was conducted in the six lines and three points with the methods of line transects and point count in Dazong Lake, in order to understand the spatiotemporal change of bird community structure, dynamic of population and corresponding environmental factors. Total number of 51 694 individuals were counted and 133 species were recorded belonging to 13 orders and 39 families. Among them, the largest number of species was 50 species belonging to Passeriformes. And the largest number of individuals was 23 825 from Charadriiformes. The ShannonWinner biodiversity indexes, Simpson dominance indexes and Pielou evenness indexes of the bird communities all were the highest in the migratory season, medium in the winter season and the lowest in breeding season in the study area. There were 3 kinds of habitats including urban land, aquaculture water and natural pools in Dazong Lake. The difference of bird community structure between water habitat and terrestrial habitat was obvious, and the similarity of bird community structure between natural pools and aquaculture water was also obvious. The bird community structure in Dazong Lake was related to habitat quality and the migrating rhythm. Human activities, especially the unordered enclosure aquaculture, had a negative influence over the bird communities in Dazong Lake.
Dazong Lake is an important freshwater lake, serves as a critical stopover for migrant waterfowls on the East Asian-Australian Flyway. From December 2015 to April 2017, bird census was conducted in the six lines and three points with the methods of line transects and point count in Dazong Lake, in order to understand the spatiotemporal change of bird community structure, dynamic of population and corresponding environmental factors. Total number of 51 694 individuals were counted and 133 species were recorded belonging to 13 orders and 39 families. Among them, the largest number of species was 50 species belonging to Passeriformes. And the largest number of individuals was 23 825 from Charadriiformes. The ShannonWinner biodiversity indexes, Simpson dominance indexes and Pielou evenness indexes of the bird communities all were the highest in the migratory season, medium in the winter season and the lowest in breeding season in the study area. There were 3 kinds of habitats including urban land, aquaculture water and natural pools in Dazong Lake. The difference of bird community structure between water habitat and terrestrial habitat was obvious, and the similarity of bird community structure between natural pools and aquaculture water was also obvious. The bird community structure in Dazong Lake was related to habitat quality and the migrating rhythm. Human activities, especially the unordered enclosure aquaculture, had a negative influence over the bird communities in Dazong Lake.
引文
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[15]李丽纯,冉江洪,曾宗永,等.重庆库区不同海拔段繁殖鸟类群落的物种多样性[J].应用与环境生物学报, 2006, 1122(4):537-542.
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[20]班璇,余成,魏珂,等.围网养殖对洪湖水质的影响分析[J].环境科学与技术, 2010, 3333(9):125-129.
[21]吕士成,周志刚,吕玉友.大纵湖生境变迁对水鸟分布的影响[D].北京:中国林业出版社, 2000:267-269.
[22]武晶,刘志民.生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响研究综述[J].生态学杂志, 2014, 3333(7):1946-1952.
[23]钟明,侍昊,安树青,等.中国野生动物生境适宜性评价和生境破碎化研究[J].生态科学, 2016, 3355(4):205-209.
[2]卞晓燕,苗春林,司万童,等. 2016年春季包头南海子湿地鸟类多样性调查[J].湿地科学, 2018, 1166(3):347-351.
[3]柯长青.基于地图与遥感信息的大纵湖近期水域变化研究[J].海洋湖沼通报, 2001, 33(2):16-22.
[4]王浠浠,刘凌,王哲,等.大纵湖大型底栖动物群落结构与水质生物学评价[J].环境保护科学, 2014, 400(2):1-7.
[5]成孝锋,鱼浩.大纵湖退圩(围)还湖功能区划问题[J].中国水利,2012, 222(2):51-52.
[6]侍爱秋.大纵湖水环境污染分析及防治对策研究[J].环境科学与管理, 2013, 3388(10):37-39.
[7]江红星,徐文彬,钱法文,等.栖息地演变与人为干扰对升金湖越冬水鸟的影响[J].应用生态学报, 2007, 1188(8):1832-1836.
[8]Bibby C J, Burgess N D, Hill D A. Bird Census Techniques[M].London:Academic Press, 1992.
[9]马克平,黄建辉.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究:Ⅱ丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性[J].生态学报, 1995, 1188(3):268-277.
[10]Clarke K R, Warwick R M. Change in marine communities:An approach to statistical analysis and interpretation[J]. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine New York, 2001, 4400(5):689-692.
[11]冯威,赵成章,岳冉,等.张掖国家湿地公园冬春季鸟类群落多样性和相似性分析[J].生态学杂志, 2017, 3366(8):2224-2231.
[12]李德志,石强,臧润国,等.物种或种群生态位宽度与生态位重叠的计测模型[J].林业科学, 1995, 4422(7):95-103.
[13]柳毅,徐焕然,袁红,等.天津滨海国际机场鸟类群落结构及多样性特征[J].生态学杂志, 2017, 3366(3):740-746.
[14]梁晨霞,李波,张雨薇,等.内蒙古乌兰察布地区鸟类群落结构及季节变化[J].生态学杂志, 2017, 3366(1):94-103.
[15]李丽纯,冉江洪,曾宗永,等.重庆库区不同海拔段繁殖鸟类群落的物种多样性[J].应用与环境生物学报, 2006, 1122(4):537-542.
[16]王刚.生态位理论若干问题探讨[J].兰州大学学报, 1990, 26(2):109-113.
[17]Ricotta C, Bacaro G, Caccianiga M, et al. A classical measure of phylogenetic dissimilarity and its relationship with beta diversity[J]. Basic&Applied Ecology, 2015, 1166(1):10-18.
[18]Baselga A. Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity[J]. Global Ecology&Biogeography, 2010, 19(1):134-143.
[19]Ewers R M, Didham R K. Confounding factors in the detection of species responses to habitat fragmentation[J]. Biological Reviews, 2006, 8811(1):117.
[20]班璇,余成,魏珂,等.围网养殖对洪湖水质的影响分析[J].环境科学与技术, 2010, 3333(9):125-129.
[21]吕士成,周志刚,吕玉友.大纵湖生境变迁对水鸟分布的影响[D].北京:中国林业出版社, 2000:267-269.
[22]武晶,刘志民.生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响研究综述[J].生态学杂志, 2014, 3333(7):1946-1952.
[23]钟明,侍昊,安树青,等.中国野生动物生境适宜性评价和生境破碎化研究[J].生态科学, 2016, 3355(4):205-209.