上海市典型畜禽养殖场恶臭污染物排放特征调查
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摘要
以上海市10家典型畜禽养殖场为对象,采用现场布点采样、实验室分析的方法,调查不同畜禽种类(蛋鸡、奶牛和肉猪)与不同排放环节的恶臭排放特征。结果表明:各畜禽养殖场场界臭气浓度为<10～128。蛋鸡场、奶牛场、猪场的主要恶臭排放环节臭气浓度分别为10～412、10～511和10～538。蛋鸡场粪便堆肥环节、奶牛场污水贮存环节、猪场畜舍养殖环节分别为该类畜禽养殖场的主要臭气排放环节,应重点加以控制。猪场春夏季的NH_3、H_2S浓度与臭气浓度极显著(P<0.01)相关,而奶牛场的NH_3、H_2S浓度与臭气浓度无显著相关性。粪污处理工艺对比表明,制作有机肥相比简易堆肥能有效降低粪便堆肥环节的臭气浓度。
Ten typical livestock(layer, dairy, swine) farms in Shanghai were selected as the research object. The characteristics of odor pollutants emissions of typical livestock and poultry farms and different emission stages were investigated by using on-site sampling and laboratory analysis. It was shown that the odor concentration of each farm boundary was between<10 and 128. The odor concentrations of main odor emission stages in layer farms, dairy farms and swine farms were 10-412, 10-511 and 10-538, respectively. Manure composting of the layer farms, waste water storage of the dairy farms and housing of swine farms had greater odor emission than the other odor emission stages of the according livestock and poultry farms, to which more attentions should be paid. There were significant(P<0.01) correlations within NH_3, H_2S contents and odor concentration in swine farms, yet these correlations were not significant in dairy farms. Organic fertilizer production could reduce the odor concentration effectively as compared with simple composting in the manure treatment stage.
Ten typical livestock(layer, dairy, swine) farms in Shanghai were selected as the research object. The characteristics of odor pollutants emissions of typical livestock and poultry farms and different emission stages were investigated by using on-site sampling and laboratory analysis. It was shown that the odor concentration of each farm boundary was between<10 and 128. The odor concentrations of main odor emission stages in layer farms, dairy farms and swine farms were 10-412, 10-511 and 10-538, respectively. Manure composting of the layer farms, waste water storage of the dairy farms and housing of swine farms had greater odor emission than the other odor emission stages of the according livestock and poultry farms, to which more attentions should be paid. There were significant(P<0.01) correlations within NH_3, H_2S contents and odor concentration in swine farms, yet these correlations were not significant in dairy farms. Organic fertilizer production could reduce the odor concentration effectively as compared with simple composting in the manure treatment stage.
引文
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[26]代小蓉,NI Jiqin,潘乔纳,等.华东地区典型保育猪舍温湿度和空气质量监测[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):315-322.DAI X R,NI J Q,PAN Q N,et al.Monitoring of temperature,humidity and air quality inside pig weaner house in eastern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):315-322.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]王亘,耿静,冯本利,等.天津市恶臭投诉现状与对策建议[J].环境科学与管理,2008,33(9):49-52,63.WANG G,GENG J,FENG B L,et al.Odor complaints status of Tianjin and relative suggestions[J].Environmental Science and Management,2008,33(9):49-52,63.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]邬坚平,钱华.上海市恶臭污染投诉的调查分析[J].上海环境科学,2003(S2):185-189,202.WU J P,QIAN H.Investigative analysis on the residents complaining odour pollutions in Shanghai[J].Shanghai Environmental Sciences,2003(S2):185-189,202.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]王令,丁忠浩.恶臭污染分析及防治技术[J].工业安全与环保,2005,31(3):28-30.WANG L,DING Z H.Analyses on malodor pollution and the preventive techniques for it[J].Industrial Safety and Dust Control,2005,31(3):28-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]DONHAM K J.The concentration of swine production:effects on swine health,productivity,human health,and the environment[J].Veterinary Clinics of North America:Food Animal Practice,2000,16(3):559-597.
[6]IVERSEN M,KIRYCHUK S,DROST H,et al.Human health effects of dust exposure in animal confinement buildings[J].Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health,2000,6(4):283-288.
[7]SCHENKER M,FERGUSON T,GAMSKY T.Respiratory risks associated with agriculture[J].Occupational Medicine,1991,6(3):415-428.
[8]SCHENKER M B,CHRISTIANI D,CORMIER Y,et al.Respiratory health hazards in agriculture[J].American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine,1998,158(5 II):S1.
[9]DE BOER S,MORRISON W D,BRAITHWAITE L A.Effects of environmental quality in livestock buildings on swine health and productivity:a literature review[J].Transactions of the ASHRAE,1991,97(2):511-518.
[10]POWERS W J.Odor control for livestock systems[J].Journal of Animal Science,1999,77(Suppl.2):169.
[11]MAURER D L,KOZIEL J A,HARMON J D,et al.Summary of performance data for technologies to control gaseous,odor,and particulate emissions from livestock operations:air management practices assessment tool(AMPAT)[J].Data in Brief,2016,7:1413-1429.
[12]HONG S W,LEE I B,HWANG H S,et al.Field experiment for developing an atmospheric diffusion model of a livestock odor[J].Journal of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers,2008,50(4):77-88.
[13]MIELCAREK P,RZEZ/NIK W.Odor emission factors from livestock production[J].Polish Journal of Environmental Studies,2015,24:27-35.
[14]ZHANG S,CAI L,KOZIEL J A,et al.Field air sampling and simultaneous chemical and sensory analysis of livestock odorants with sorbent tubes and GC-MS/olfactometry[J].Sensors and Actuators B:Chemical,2010,146(2):427-432.
[15]AKDENIZ N,JACOBSON L D,HETCHLER B P,et al.Odor and odorous chemical emissions from animal buildings:part 2.odor emissions[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2012,55(6):2335-2345.
[16]GAY S W,SCHMIDT D R,CLANTON C J,et al.Odor,total reduced sulfur,and ammonia emissions from animal housing facilities and manure storage units in Minnesota[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,2003,19(3):347-360.
[17]闫志英,许力山,李志东,等.畜禽粪便恶臭控制研究及应用进展[J].应用与环境生物学报,2014,20(2):322-327.YAN Z Y,XU L S,LI Z D,et al.Progress in research and application of controlling odor from livestock manure[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2014,20(2):322-327.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]魏波.集约化猪场的恶臭排放与扩散研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.WEI B.Study on odor emission and dispersion from concentrated pig farm[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]徐廷生,雷雪芹.日本畜牧场粪尿恶臭的控制[J].世界农业,2000(10):37-38.XU T S,LEI X Q.Control of odd pollutants in livestock and poultry farms in Japan[J].World Agriculture,2000(10):37-38.(in Chinese)
[20]NIELSEN V C,VOORBURG J H.Odour prevention and control of organic sludge and livestock farming[M].[S.l.]:CRC Press,2014.
[21]LE P D,AARNINK A J A,OGINK N W M,et al.Effects of environmental factors on odor emission from pig manure[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2005,48(2):757-765.
[22]JACOBSON L D,HETCHLER B P,SCHMIDT D R,et al.Quality assured measurements of animal building emissions:odor concentrations[J].Journal of the Air&Waste Management Association,2008,58(6):806-811.
[23]PARKER D B,RHOADES M B,SCHUSTER G L,et al.Odor characterization at open-lot beef cattle feedyards using triangular forced-choice olfactometry[J].Transactions of the ASAE,2005,48(4):1527-1535.
[24]ALGERS B,BERTONI G,BROOM D M,et al.Scientific report of EFSA prepared by the Animal Health and Animal Welfare Unit on the effects of farming systems on dairy cow welfare and disease[J].Annex to the EFSA Journal,2009,1143:1-7.
[25]朱志平,董红敏,尚斌,等.育肥猪舍氨气浓度测定与排放通量的估算[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(4):1076-1080.ZHU Z P,DONG H M,SHANG B,et al.Measurement of ammonia concentration and estimation on emission flux of finishing pig in pig house[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(4):1076-1080.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]代小蓉,NI Jiqin,潘乔纳,等.华东地区典型保育猪舍温湿度和空气质量监测[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(7):315-322.DAI X R,NI J Q,PAN Q N,et al.Monitoring of temperature,humidity and air quality inside pig weaner house in eastern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(7):315-322.(in Chinese with English abstract)