适应城市消防规划需求的火灾风险评估研究
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摘要
研究城市火灾风险评估,可以为城市消防规划提供有效参考,对推进城市防灾减灾工程具有重要意义。面向所要研究区域的城市消防规划需求,首先分析区域火灾历史统计数据,提炼区域的火灾特点,从火灾危险性、承灾体易损性、城市抗灾能力3方面分析指标影响因子,建立了城市火灾风险评估指标体系;其次,提出了以建设用地地块为评估单元,基于现场调研和卫星遥感影像、城市用地分类相结合的指标因子快速分析方法,并通过加权平均评估城市火灾风险;最后,通过城市火灾风险评估案例研究,阐释了评估的技术流程和结果形式。研究结果表明:适应城市消防规划需求的火灾风险评估方法可以快速定量评估区域火灾风险的空间分布特征,还能识别出消防安全布局的重点地区,进一步支撑城市消防规划编制。
The research of urban fire risk assessment can provide effective reference for the urban fire protection planning,and it's of great significance for promoting the urban disaster prevention and mitigation projects. Facing the requirements of urban fire protection planning in the study area,firstly,the statistical analysis of regional fire history and the characteristics of fire in the study area were analyzed,then the index impact factors were analyzed from three aspects including the fire hazard,vulnerability of disaster-bearing body and urban disaster resistance ability,and an index system of urban fire risk assessment was established. Secondly,a fast analysis method of index factors was put forward,which took the construction land plot as the assessment unit,based on the field investigation and satellite remote sensing image,and combined with the urban land classification,then the urban fire risk was assessed by the weighted average method. Finally,through the case study of urban fire risk assessment,the technical process and results form of the assessment were illustrated. The results showed that the fire risk assessment method adapting to the requirements of urban fire protection planning could not only assess the spatial distribution characteristics of regional fire risk quickly and quantitatively,but also identify the key areas of fire safety layout,so as to further support the preparation of urban fire protection planning.
The research of urban fire risk assessment can provide effective reference for the urban fire protection planning,and it's of great significance for promoting the urban disaster prevention and mitigation projects. Facing the requirements of urban fire protection planning in the study area,firstly,the statistical analysis of regional fire history and the characteristics of fire in the study area were analyzed,then the index impact factors were analyzed from three aspects including the fire hazard,vulnerability of disaster-bearing body and urban disaster resistance ability,and an index system of urban fire risk assessment was established. Secondly,a fast analysis method of index factors was put forward,which took the construction land plot as the assessment unit,based on the field investigation and satellite remote sensing image,and combined with the urban land classification,then the urban fire risk was assessed by the weighted average method. Finally,through the case study of urban fire risk assessment,the technical process and results form of the assessment were illustrated. The results showed that the fire risk assessment method adapting to the requirements of urban fire protection planning could not only assess the spatial distribution characteristics of regional fire risk quickly and quantitatively,but also identify the key areas of fire safety layout,so as to further support the preparation of urban fire protection planning.
引文
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[2]郑双忠.城市火灾风险评估的研究[D].长春:东北师范大学,2003.
[3]屈波.城市区域火灾风险评估研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2005.
[4]伍爱友.城市区域火灾风险评估理论及应用[D].湘潭:湖南科技大学,2008.
[5]马春红,施昆,葛燕飞.GIS城市区域火灾风险评估系统研究[J].测绘科学,2011,36(1):150-152.MA Chunhong,SHI Kun,GE Yanfei.A GIS-based urban regional fire risk assessment system[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(1):150-152.
[6]李保杰,纪亚洲,周云霞.基于GIS城市火灾风险评估[J].中国安全科学学报,2012,22(10):170-176.LI Baojie,JI Yazhou,ZHOU Yunxia.City fire risk evaluation based on GIS[J].China Safety Science Journal,2012,22(10):170-176.
[7]易赛莉.基于GIS和FCA的城市区域火灾风险评估系统研究[J].工程勘察,2013,41(2):53-57,78.YI Saili.Research on urban regional fire risk evaluation system based on GIS and FCA[J].Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2013,41(2):53-57,78.
[8]李丁,刘科伟.基于AHP与GIS的城市区域火灾风险评估研究---以克拉玛依市核心区为例[J].中国安全科学学报,2013,23(4):68-73.LI Ding,LIU Keiwei.Research into evaluation of fire risk in urban area based on AHP and GIS---take the Nucleus of Kelamayi City for example[J].China Safety Science Journal,2013,23(4):68-73.
[9]住房和城乡建设部;公安部.城市消防规划规范:GB 51080-2015[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2015.
[10]相坤,端木祥玲,李磊.城市消防规划中纳入区域火灾风险评估思路的探讨[J].消防技术与产品信息,2016(12):3-5.XING Kun,DUANMU Xiangling,LI Lei.Discussion on incorporating regional fire risk assessment into urban fire planning[J].Fire Technique and Products Information,2016(12):3-5.
[11]张刚.基于空间分析的城市火灾风险评估与应用---以西安为例[J].城市规划,2016,40(8):59-64.ZHANG Gang.Urban fire risk evaluation and its application based on spatial analysis:a case study of Xi’an[J].City Planning Review,2016,40(8):59-64.
[12]温小鹏.基于GIS的区域火灾风险评估及其在城市消防规划中的应用-以福清市中心城区为例[J].福建建筑,2017(4):113-117.WEN Xiaopeng.GIS-based regional fire risk assessment and its application in urban fire planning---take Fuqing City Center for example[J].Fujian Architecture,2017(4):113-117.
[13]杨雅娟.以北京市朝阳区为例探讨城市火灾风险区划及防控措施[J].消防技术与产品信息,2015(9):30-32.YANG Yajuan.Taking Chaoyang district of Beijing as an example to discussing fire risk zoning and some fire risk prevention and controllingmeasures[J].Fire Technique and Products Information,2015(9):30-32.
[14]丁爱君.北京市西城区区域火灾原因分析及风险评估[D].北京:首都经贸大学,2018.