球囊线蚓对西洋参根的取食量及其世代繁殖力
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摘要
【目的】扩充球囊线蚓(Enchytraeus bulbosus Nielsen&Christensen)的生物学理论,并估算这种新害虫对西洋参的危害及损失程度。【方法】设计9阶培养温度与3级亲代新成蚓初始密度互作的二因素试验,对球囊线蚓实验种群培养、观测1代,提取6个属性或数组变量,经方差分析确定多项处理效应,研究培养温度和初始密度对其亲代成蚓存活率、繁殖力和子代取食量的影响。【结果】培养温度(T)对亲代成蚓存活率(SR)、培养期(RP)、F_1代成虫当量(AE)、亲代均殖数(PCR)和亲代日均殖数(DMR)造成显著或极显著影响。SR值在12.0～30.1℃达87.1%,但在9.9和33.0℃显著下降。RP值在9.9～30.1℃随T升高而迅速缩短。在9.9～27.1℃,AE均值为64.3,PCR均值为35.9,二者都在30.1℃显著下降。DMR值随T升高而显著上升,在27.1℃达到最高,然后骤降。T对F_1代新成蚓的取食量(FA)无显著影响,FA均值为鲜参根粉1.19mg/AE。初始密度(N_0)对RP、AE、PCR、DMR和FA作用显著,但对SR不显著。AE随N0升高而显著上升,PCR或DMR都随AE升高而显著下降,此趋势揭示F_1代个体间存在拥挤效应。FA亦随AE升高而显著下降,说明F1代混合群对食物强烈竞争,并构成球囊线蚓取食西洋参宿根的损失系数。【结论】SR、AE、PCR和DMR共同反映球囊线蚓亲代成蚓存活与繁殖特性,而FA则揭示子代新成蚓对西洋参宿根的取食量,这些属性都可用于估算球囊线蚓田间种群及其对西洋参的损害程度,以便测报并有效防治。
【Objective】Impacts of both rearing temperature and initial density on survival rate and fecundity of parental adults and feeding amount of filial new-adults of the pot-worm,Enchytraeus bulbosus Nielsen & Christensen(Clitellata:Enchytraeida:Enchytraeidae)were studied to extend its biological theories and estimate the level of damages and losses of American ginseng,Panax quinquefolium L.,caused by the new pest.【Method】A two-factor experiment was designed in that nine gradients of constant temperature interacted with three levels of initial density of parental new-adult inoculations,and a full generation of the pot-worm was reared and observed.A total of six indexes were extracted,and an ANOVA was performed to determine effects of multiple treatments.【Result】Rearing temperature(T)exerted significant impact on survival rate(SR)of parental adults,rearing period(RP),adult equivalent(AE)of the first filial offspring,per capita reproduction(PCR)by parental adults,and daily mean reproduction(DMR)by parental adults.SRaveraged at 87.1%in the range of 12.0-30.1℃,but reduced significantly at 9.9 and 33.0℃.RPshortened rapidly with Tof 9.9-30.1℃.The mean AEwas 64.3,and mean PCR was 35.9 in 9.9-27.1℃,and both lowered significantly at 30.1 ℃.DMRincreased with Tsignificantly,reached the peak at 27.1℃,and then declined sharply.Thad little influence on feeding amount(FA)of the first filial new-adults on fresh ginseng tissues,and mean FA was fresh mass 1.19 mg ginseng root powders per AE.Initial density(N_0)exerted significant impact on RP,AE,PCR,DMRand FA,but showed little influence on SR.AEincreased significantly with N_0.As decreased with AEsignificantly,the trend of PCRor DMR revealed crowding effect among the first filial individuals.As declined with AEsignificantly,the trend of FA meant strong competition of food in the first filial progenies,and contributed to loss coefficients of American ginseng root.【Conclusion】SR,AE,PCRand DMRreflected the characteristics of pot-worm parental adults to survive and reproduce,whereas FArevealed feeding amount by filial new-adults on American ginseng root.These indexes can be used to estimate the pot-worm's populations and the damages to ginseng in the field so as to forecast and control the pest efficiently.
【Objective】Impacts of both rearing temperature and initial density on survival rate and fecundity of parental adults and feeding amount of filial new-adults of the pot-worm,Enchytraeus bulbosus Nielsen & Christensen(Clitellata:Enchytraeida:Enchytraeidae)were studied to extend its biological theories and estimate the level of damages and losses of American ginseng,Panax quinquefolium L.,caused by the new pest.【Method】A two-factor experiment was designed in that nine gradients of constant temperature interacted with three levels of initial density of parental new-adult inoculations,and a full generation of the pot-worm was reared and observed.A total of six indexes were extracted,and an ANOVA was performed to determine effects of multiple treatments.【Result】Rearing temperature(T)exerted significant impact on survival rate(SR)of parental adults,rearing period(RP),adult equivalent(AE)of the first filial offspring,per capita reproduction(PCR)by parental adults,and daily mean reproduction(DMR)by parental adults.SRaveraged at 87.1%in the range of 12.0-30.1℃,but reduced significantly at 9.9 and 33.0℃.RPshortened rapidly with Tof 9.9-30.1℃.The mean AEwas 64.3,and mean PCR was 35.9 in 9.9-27.1℃,and both lowered significantly at 30.1 ℃.DMRincreased with Tsignificantly,reached the peak at 27.1℃,and then declined sharply.Thad little influence on feeding amount(FA)of the first filial new-adults on fresh ginseng tissues,and mean FA was fresh mass 1.19 mg ginseng root powders per AE.Initial density(N_0)exerted significant impact on RP,AE,PCR,DMRand FA,but showed little influence on SR.AEincreased significantly with N_0.As decreased with AEsignificantly,the trend of PCRor DMR revealed crowding effect among the first filial individuals.As declined with AEsignificantly,the trend of FA meant strong competition of food in the first filial progenies,and contributed to loss coefficients of American ginseng root.【Conclusion】SR,AE,PCRand DMRreflected the characteristics of pot-worm parental adults to survive and reproduce,whereas FArevealed feeding amount by filial new-adults on American ginseng root.These indexes can be used to estimate the pot-worm's populations and the damages to ginseng in the field so as to forecast and control the pest efficiently.
引文
[1]Nielsen C O,Christensen B.The Enchytraeidae,critical revision and taxonomy of European species[J].Natura Jutlandica,1963,10(S2):1-19.
[2]赵利敏,马桂兰.7种农药对球囊线蚓(近孔目:线蚓科)的毒力测定[J].农药,2014,53(12):927-928,936.Zhao L M,Ma G L.Evaluation of toxicity of seven pesticides on Enchytraeus bulbosus(Plesiopora:Enchytraeidae)[J].Agrochemicals,2014,53(12):927-928,936.
[3]Agrios G N.Plant pathology[M].3rd ed.California:Academic Press,Inc,1988:34-35.
[4]赵利敏,王启明,张东东,等.吡虫啉、咯菌腈和辛硫磷对西洋参幼苗的协同保护[J].中药材,2015,38(7):1349-1354.Zhao L M,Wang Q M,Zhang D D,et al.Cooperative protection of American ginseng seedlings by applying imidacloprid,fludioxonil and phoxim[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2015,38(7):1349-1354.
[5]赵利敏,陈荣信,张斌,等.种植西洋参的经济效益及相应的保护措施[J].人参研究,2017,29(5):27-32.Zhao L M,Chen R X,Zhang B,et al.Economic benefits of growing American ginseng(Panax quinquefolium)and corresponding protective measures[J].Ginseng Research,2017,29(5):27-32.
[6]Manson D C M.Three new species,and a redescription of mites of the genus Schwiebea(Acarina:Tyroglyphidae)[J].Acarologia,1972,14(1):71-75.
[7]Karg W.Zur kenntnis der gattung Schwiebea Oudemans,1916(Acarina,Sarcoptiformes)[J].Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift:Neue Folge,1987,34(1/2/3):141-148.
[8]江镇涛.中国粉螨一新记录属三新记录种及一新种记述(真螨目:粉螨总科)[J].江西科学,1991,9(4):240-244.Jiang Z T.Descriptions of one new record genus,three new record species and one new species of the family Acaridae from China(Acariforms:Acaroidea)[J].Jiangxi Science,1991,9(4):240-244.
[9]赵利敏,陈浩.似士维螨对西洋参根的取食量及其繁殖潜势[J].昆虫学报,2016,59(2):219-226.Zhao L M,Chen H.Feeding amount of American ginseng root by Schwiebea similis(Acari:Acaridae)and its reproductive potential[J].Acta Entomologica Sinica,2016,59(2):219-226.
[10]郭素芬,赵利敏,兰阿峰.似士维螨(Schwiebea similis)在9种作物上的取食与繁殖选择[J].农学学报,2016,6(8):23-28.Guo S F,Zhao L M,Lan A F.Feeding and reproductive choices of Schwiebea similis(Acari:Acaridae)on nine crops[J].Journal of Agriculture,2016,6(8):23-28.
[11]赵利敏.似士维螨对西洋参的经济危害水平和经济阈值[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(1):108-113.Zhao L M.Economic-injury level and economic threshold of Schwiebeasimilis(Acari:Acaridae)on American ginseng[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2018,27(1):108-113.
[12]赵利敏.似士维螨形态分类学特征的显微观测[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(5):757-762.Zhao L M.Microscopic observation on morphotaxonomic characteristics of Schwiebea similis(Acari:Acaridae)[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2018,27(5):757-762.
[13]Fan Q H,Zhang Z Q.Rhizoglyphus echinopus and Rhizoglyphus robini(Acari:Acaridae)from Australia and New Zealand:identification,host plants and geographical distribution[J].Systematic&Applied Acarology Special Publications,2003,16:1-16.
[14]张天宇,钱学聪.秦巴山区西洋参病虫综合防治技术要点[J].陕西农业科学,1989(2):45.Zhang T Y,Qian X C.Key points of integrated control techniques of pests on American ginseng grown in Qin-Ba mountainous areas[J].Shaanxi Agrosciences,1989(2):45.
[15]WoRMS.Enchytraeus Henle,1837[EB/OL].[2018-03-26].http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137347.
[16]Rota E.Italian Enchytraeidae(Oligochaeta).Ⅰ[J].Bolletino di Zoologia,1995,62(2):183-231.
[17]Rota E,Healy B.A taxonomic study of some Swedish Enchytraeidae(Oligochaeta),with descriptions of four new species and notes on the genus Fridericia[J].Journal of Natural History,1999,33(1):29-64.
[18]Rota E.Enchytraeus bulbosus Nielsen&Christensen,1963[EB/OL].[2018-03-26].http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:96366.
[19]陈静,蒋万祥,沈琦,等.线蚓科分类学研究进展[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2461-2472.Chen J,Jiang W X,Shen Q,et al.Systematics of the Enchytraeidae(Annelida,Clitellata):past,present and future[J].Acta Ecologica Sinca,2015,35(8):2461-2472.
[20]马桂兰,赵利敏.球囊线蚓的发育起点温度和有效积温(环带纲:近孔目:线蚓科)[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(2):151-155.Ma G L,Zhao L M.Threshold temperature and thermal constant for development of Enchytraeus bulbosus(Clitellata:Plesiopora:Enchytraeidae)[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2015,24(2):151-155.
[21]赵利敏,张斌.陕西留坝西洋参种植棚内的温度特征[J].中国农业气象,2015,36(5):544-552.Zhao L M,Zhang B.Temperature properties within plastic greenhouses for American ginseng growth in Liuba County,Shaanxi,China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(5):544-552.
[22]Sánchez-Ramos I,Alvarez-Alfageme F,Casta1era P.Development and survival of the cheese mites,Acarus farris and Tyrophagus neiswanderi(Acari:Acaridae),at constant temperatures and 90%relative humidity[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2007,43:64-72.
[23]Little T M,Hills F J.Agriculatural experimentation:design and analysis[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,1978.
[24]李春喜,邵云,姜丽娜.生物统计学[M].4版.北京:科学出版社,2008.Li C X,Shao Y,Jiang L N.Biostatistics[M].4th ed.Beijing:Science Press,2008.
[25]辛金生,王东红,辛彪,等.西洋参引种栽培试验报告[J].山西林业科技,1992(2):34-39.Xin J S,Wang D H,Xin B,et al.Experimental report for introduction and cultivation of American ginseng[J].Shanxi Forest Science and Technology,1992(2):34-39.
[26]Elkinton J S.Insect population ecology:an African perspective[M].Nairobi:The International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology Science Press,1993:77-84.
[2]赵利敏,马桂兰.7种农药对球囊线蚓(近孔目:线蚓科)的毒力测定[J].农药,2014,53(12):927-928,936.Zhao L M,Ma G L.Evaluation of toxicity of seven pesticides on Enchytraeus bulbosus(Plesiopora:Enchytraeidae)[J].Agrochemicals,2014,53(12):927-928,936.
[3]Agrios G N.Plant pathology[M].3rd ed.California:Academic Press,Inc,1988:34-35.
[4]赵利敏,王启明,张东东,等.吡虫啉、咯菌腈和辛硫磷对西洋参幼苗的协同保护[J].中药材,2015,38(7):1349-1354.Zhao L M,Wang Q M,Zhang D D,et al.Cooperative protection of American ginseng seedlings by applying imidacloprid,fludioxonil and phoxim[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials,2015,38(7):1349-1354.
[5]赵利敏,陈荣信,张斌,等.种植西洋参的经济效益及相应的保护措施[J].人参研究,2017,29(5):27-32.Zhao L M,Chen R X,Zhang B,et al.Economic benefits of growing American ginseng(Panax quinquefolium)and corresponding protective measures[J].Ginseng Research,2017,29(5):27-32.
[6]Manson D C M.Three new species,and a redescription of mites of the genus Schwiebea(Acarina:Tyroglyphidae)[J].Acarologia,1972,14(1):71-75.
[7]Karg W.Zur kenntnis der gattung Schwiebea Oudemans,1916(Acarina,Sarcoptiformes)[J].Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift:Neue Folge,1987,34(1/2/3):141-148.
[8]江镇涛.中国粉螨一新记录属三新记录种及一新种记述(真螨目:粉螨总科)[J].江西科学,1991,9(4):240-244.Jiang Z T.Descriptions of one new record genus,three new record species and one new species of the family Acaridae from China(Acariforms:Acaroidea)[J].Jiangxi Science,1991,9(4):240-244.
[9]赵利敏,陈浩.似士维螨对西洋参根的取食量及其繁殖潜势[J].昆虫学报,2016,59(2):219-226.Zhao L M,Chen H.Feeding amount of American ginseng root by Schwiebea similis(Acari:Acaridae)and its reproductive potential[J].Acta Entomologica Sinica,2016,59(2):219-226.
[10]郭素芬,赵利敏,兰阿峰.似士维螨(Schwiebea similis)在9种作物上的取食与繁殖选择[J].农学学报,2016,6(8):23-28.Guo S F,Zhao L M,Lan A F.Feeding and reproductive choices of Schwiebea similis(Acari:Acaridae)on nine crops[J].Journal of Agriculture,2016,6(8):23-28.
[11]赵利敏.似士维螨对西洋参的经济危害水平和经济阈值[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(1):108-113.Zhao L M.Economic-injury level and economic threshold of Schwiebeasimilis(Acari:Acaridae)on American ginseng[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2018,27(1):108-113.
[12]赵利敏.似士维螨形态分类学特征的显微观测[J].西北农业学报,2018,27(5):757-762.Zhao L M.Microscopic observation on morphotaxonomic characteristics of Schwiebea similis(Acari:Acaridae)[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2018,27(5):757-762.
[13]Fan Q H,Zhang Z Q.Rhizoglyphus echinopus and Rhizoglyphus robini(Acari:Acaridae)from Australia and New Zealand:identification,host plants and geographical distribution[J].Systematic&Applied Acarology Special Publications,2003,16:1-16.
[14]张天宇,钱学聪.秦巴山区西洋参病虫综合防治技术要点[J].陕西农业科学,1989(2):45.Zhang T Y,Qian X C.Key points of integrated control techniques of pests on American ginseng grown in Qin-Ba mountainous areas[J].Shaanxi Agrosciences,1989(2):45.
[15]WoRMS.Enchytraeus Henle,1837[EB/OL].[2018-03-26].http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137347.
[16]Rota E.Italian Enchytraeidae(Oligochaeta).Ⅰ[J].Bolletino di Zoologia,1995,62(2):183-231.
[17]Rota E,Healy B.A taxonomic study of some Swedish Enchytraeidae(Oligochaeta),with descriptions of four new species and notes on the genus Fridericia[J].Journal of Natural History,1999,33(1):29-64.
[18]Rota E.Enchytraeus bulbosus Nielsen&Christensen,1963[EB/OL].[2018-03-26].http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:96366.
[19]陈静,蒋万祥,沈琦,等.线蚓科分类学研究进展[J].生态学报,2015,35(8):2461-2472.Chen J,Jiang W X,Shen Q,et al.Systematics of the Enchytraeidae(Annelida,Clitellata):past,present and future[J].Acta Ecologica Sinca,2015,35(8):2461-2472.
[20]马桂兰,赵利敏.球囊线蚓的发育起点温度和有效积温(环带纲:近孔目:线蚓科)[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(2):151-155.Ma G L,Zhao L M.Threshold temperature and thermal constant for development of Enchytraeus bulbosus(Clitellata:Plesiopora:Enchytraeidae)[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica,2015,24(2):151-155.
[21]赵利敏,张斌.陕西留坝西洋参种植棚内的温度特征[J].中国农业气象,2015,36(5):544-552.Zhao L M,Zhang B.Temperature properties within plastic greenhouses for American ginseng growth in Liuba County,Shaanxi,China[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2015,36(5):544-552.
[22]Sánchez-Ramos I,Alvarez-Alfageme F,Casta1era P.Development and survival of the cheese mites,Acarus farris and Tyrophagus neiswanderi(Acari:Acaridae),at constant temperatures and 90%relative humidity[J].Journal of Stored Products Research,2007,43:64-72.
[23]Little T M,Hills F J.Agriculatural experimentation:design and analysis[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,Inc,1978.
[24]李春喜,邵云,姜丽娜.生物统计学[M].4版.北京:科学出版社,2008.Li C X,Shao Y,Jiang L N.Biostatistics[M].4th ed.Beijing:Science Press,2008.
[25]辛金生,王东红,辛彪,等.西洋参引种栽培试验报告[J].山西林业科技,1992(2):34-39.Xin J S,Wang D H,Xin B,et al.Experimental report for introduction and cultivation of American ginseng[J].Shanxi Forest Science and Technology,1992(2):34-39.
[26]Elkinton J S.Insect population ecology:an African perspective[M].Nairobi:The International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology Science Press,1993:77-84.