电子商务有益于农村居民创业吗?——基于社会资本的视角
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摘要
本文通过匹配城乡居民收入分配与生活状况调查(CHIPS2013)、县域电子商务发展指数(a-EDI2013)和《中国县域经济统计年鉴(2014)》数据,研究县域电子商务水平对农村居民创业选择的影响。研究结果表明,电子商务显著地促进了农村居民的创业选择及其创业投资和雇佣规模。考虑内生性问题后,这一结论仍成立。进一步地,电子商务改善农村居民异质且广泛的社会网络,降低农村居民对亲缘信任关系的依赖,部分地破除传统社会资本对农村居民创业的限制,从而促进了农村居民创业。
After matching the data of CHIPS2013 with the a-EDI2013( electronic development index) released by Ali Institute and statistical yearbook of Chinese county in 2014,the impact of county level of e-commerce development on rural residents' entrepreneurship is tested,and the interaction effect of e-commerce and social capital are also estimated.It is found the e-commerce can improve the chance of rural residents' entrepreneurship significantly,and the positive influence is also effective in the capital investment scale and the employee scale.The result is still significant after using instrumental variables. Furthermore e-commerce can improve the heterogeneous and extensive social network,reduce the dependence on relationship trust,and partially eliminate the restrictions of traditional social capital on rural residents' entrepreneurship,so as to promote rural residents' entrepreneurship.
After matching the data of CHIPS2013 with the a-EDI2013( electronic development index) released by Ali Institute and statistical yearbook of Chinese county in 2014,the impact of county level of e-commerce development on rural residents' entrepreneurship is tested,and the interaction effect of e-commerce and social capital are also estimated.It is found the e-commerce can improve the chance of rural residents' entrepreneurship significantly,and the positive influence is also effective in the capital investment scale and the employee scale.The result is still significant after using instrumental variables. Furthermore e-commerce can improve the heterogeneous and extensive social network,reduce the dependence on relationship trust,and partially eliminate the restrictions of traditional social capital on rural residents' entrepreneurship,so as to promote rural residents' entrepreneurship.
引文
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(1)此数据来源于阿里研究院2017年12月2日发布的《中国淘宝村研究报告2017》,其中“淘宝村”的定义为活跃网店数量达到当地家庭户数10%以上、电子商务年交易额达到1 000万元以上的村庄。
(1)以淘宝网为例,买卖双方在淘宝网上购买或销售后,需要在有效期内进行相互评价。以买方对卖方的评价为例,主要包括产品与描述是否相符、售后服务、客服态度、发货速度、物流服务等,给出好评、中评或差评结果,为卖家形成信用积分,并累计所有评分结果,成为该卖家的信用度和信用记录,用来反映该卖家的长期信用状况,供其他买家参考。
(2)例如淘宝论坛、淘宝大学、敦煌网电商论坛、敦煌大学等为创业者提供了交流和学习的渠道。以淘宝论坛为例,淘宝论坛在淘宝网首页,其中包含卖家经验、淘宝群、创业访谈等交流栏目,并在这些栏目内因不同兴趣而产生了各种各样的QQ或微信交流群,包括如何创业、如何运营淘宝店等主题交流群,甚至还会在交流群里产生合作。
(3)电商金融服务包括支付宝、微信支付、蚂蚁花呗、蚂蚁借呗等应用,而花呗、借呗等服务是基于芝麻信用这一个人信用评分。个人信用评分越高,越有可能获得更高的信贷额度。以蚂蚁金服为例,2014—2017年,已有1.63亿农村居民选择使用蚂蚁金服提供的支付、保险及信贷服务,其中有175.7万家农村小企业、个体工商户及养殖户利用信用获得相应的金融服务。
(1)以淘宝平台为例,淘宝平台会根据用户的信用历史、行为偏好、履约能力、身份特质、人脉关系五个维度测算用户的芝麻信用得分,然后决定蚂蚁借呗、蚂蚁花呗等金融服务的额度,这就使得用户在日常行为中更注重遵守信用、注重商业规范。
(1)农村住户是指户主有农业户口(包括改为居民户口时的户口性质是农业户口)且户口所在地是现住的乡镇(街道)内。
(2)电子商务发展指数由B2B网商密度、零售网商密度和规模以上网商占比组成。B2B网商密度=B2B网商数量/人口数量,其中“B2B网商数量”取截至2013年12月底诚信通付费和中国供应商付费会员数,人口数量来自第六次全国人口普查数据;零售网商密度=零售网商数量/人口数量,其中零售网商数量取截至2013年12月淘宝和天猫网商店数,人口数量来自第六次全国人口普查数据;规模以上网商占比=全年成交额超过24万元的零售网商数量/零售网商数量,其中全年成交额取淘宝和天猫网店在2013年1~12月份交易金额。
[2]曾亿武,郭红东.电子商务协会促进淘宝村发展的机理及其运行机制———以广东揭阳市军埔村的实践为例[J].中国农村经济,2016(6):51-60.
[3]梁强,邹立凯,杨学儒,等.政府支持对包容性创业的影响机制研究———基于揭阳军埔农村电商曾几何时创业集群的案例分析[J].南方经济,2016(1):42-56.
[4]周应恒,刘常瑜.“淘宝村”农户电商创业集聚现象的成因探究———基于沙集镇和颜集镇的调研[J].南方经济,2018(1):62-84.
[5]程宣梅,陈侃翔,林汉川.农村电子商务促进包容性创业的微观机制及政策展望[J].浙江工业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(1):18-22.
[6]CUMMING D,JOHAN S.The differential impact of the internet on spurring regional entrepreneurship[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2010,34(5):857-883.
[7]KIM Y,ORAZEM P F.Broadband internet and new firm location decision in rural areas[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2017,99(1):285-302.
[8]KALAKOTA R,WHINSTON A B.Electronic commerce:a manager’s guide[M].Boston:Addison-Wesley Professional,1997.
[9]XIAO Q,MARINO L D,ZHUANG W.A situated perspective of entrepreneurial learning:implications for entrepreneurial innovation propensity[J].Journal of Business&Entrepreneurship,2010,22(1):69-89.
[10]TSAI W. Knowledge transfer in interorganizational networks:effects of network position and absorptive capacity on business unit innovation andperformance[J].Academy of Management Journal,2001,44(5):996-1004.
[11]GLAVAS C,MATHEWS S.How international entrepreneurship characteristics influence internet capabilities for the international business processes ofthe firm[J].International Business Review,2014,23(1):228-245.
[12]王聪.电子商务与农户创业行为———基于农村合作组织的电子商务平台构建[J].行政与法,2012(1):37-40.
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[15]吴昕晖,袁振杰,朱竑.全球信息网络与乡村性的社会文化建构———以广州里仁洞“淘宝村”为例[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015(2):115-123.
[16]AVGEROU C,LI B.Relational and institutional embeddedness of web-enabled entrepreneurial networks:case studies of entrepreneurs in China[J].Information Systems Journal,2013,23(4):329-350.
[17]TURBAN E,KING D,LEE J,et al.Electronic commerce:a management perspective[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Machine Press,2003.
[18]PUTNAM R D,LEONARDI R,NANETTI R Y. Making democracy work:civic traditions in modern Italy[M]. Princeton:Princeton UniversityPress,1994.
[19]边燕杰,丘海雄.企业的社会资本及其功效[J].中国社会科学,2000(2):87-99,207.
[20]LIN B,LI P C,CHEN J S. Social capital,human capital,and entrepreneurial strategies:a study of Taiwanese high-tech new ventures[J].Technological Forecasting and Social Change,2006,73(2):168-181.
[21]MCEVILY B,ZAHEER A.Bridging ties:a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities[J].Strategic Management Journal,1999,20(12):1133-1156.
[22]MCKNIGHT D H,CUMMINGS L L,CHERVANY N L.Initial trust formation in new organizational relationships[J].The Academy of ManagementReview,1998,23(3):473-490.
[23]谢康,吴瑶,肖静华,等.组织变革中的战略风险控制———基于企业互联网转型的多案例研究[J].管理世界,2016(2):133-148,188.
[24]陈然.地方自觉与乡土重构:“淘宝村”现象的社会学分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(3):74-81,134-135.
[25]KWON S W,ARENIUS P.Nations of entrepreneurs:a social capital perspective[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2010,25(3):315-330.
[26]SORENSON O.Interdependence and adaptability:organizational learning and the long-term effect of integration[J].Management Science,2003,49(4):446-463.
[27]SHANE S,CABLE D.Network ties,reputation and the financing of new ventures[J].Management Science,2002,48(3):364-381.
[28]ALDER P S,KWON S W.Social capital:prospects for a new concept[J].The Academy of Management Review,2002,27(1):17-40.
[29]DONEY P M,CANNON J P,MULLEN M R. Understanding the influence of national culture on the development of trust[J]. The Academy ofManagement Review,1998,23(3):601-620.
[30]MITTON DG.The complete entrepreneur[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,1989,13(3):9-19.
[31]蒋剑勇,钱文荣,郭红东.社会网络、先前经验与农民创业决策[J].农业技术经济,2014(2):17-25.
[32]张鑫,谢家智,张明.社会资本、借贷特征与农民创业模式选择[J].财经问题研究,2015(3):104-112.
[33]LIN N.Building a network theory of social capital[J].Connections,1999,22(1):28-51.
[34]BIAN Y J,ANG S.Guanxi networks and job mobility in China and Singapore[J].Social Forces,1997,75(3):981-1005.
[35]HWANG P,BURGERS W.Properties of trust:an analytical view[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1997,69(1):67-73.
[36]王金杰,李启航.电子商务环境下的多维教育与农村居民创业选择———基于CFPS2014和CHIPS2013农村居民数据的实证分析[J].南开经济研究,2017(6):75-92.
[37]温兴祥,程超.教育有助于提高农村居民的创业收益吗?———基于CHIP农村住户调查数据的三阶段估计[J].中国农村经济,2017(9):80-96.
[38]陈硕.分税制改革、地方财政自主权与公共品供给[J].经济学(季刊),2010(4):1427-1446.
[39]陈硕.从治理到制度:央地关系下的中国政治精英选拔[Z].复旦大学经济系工作论文,2015.
[40]谭华清,赵廷辰,谭之博.教育会促进农民自主创业吗?[J].经济科学,2015(3):103-113.
[41]潘安成,肖宇佳.“家和万事兴”:夫妻关系维持与日常创业行为的探索性研究[J].南开管理理论,2017(5):56-68.
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(1)此数据来源于阿里研究院2017年12月2日发布的《中国淘宝村研究报告2017》,其中“淘宝村”的定义为活跃网店数量达到当地家庭户数10%以上、电子商务年交易额达到1 000万元以上的村庄。
(1)以淘宝网为例,买卖双方在淘宝网上购买或销售后,需要在有效期内进行相互评价。以买方对卖方的评价为例,主要包括产品与描述是否相符、售后服务、客服态度、发货速度、物流服务等,给出好评、中评或差评结果,为卖家形成信用积分,并累计所有评分结果,成为该卖家的信用度和信用记录,用来反映该卖家的长期信用状况,供其他买家参考。
(2)例如淘宝论坛、淘宝大学、敦煌网电商论坛、敦煌大学等为创业者提供了交流和学习的渠道。以淘宝论坛为例,淘宝论坛在淘宝网首页,其中包含卖家经验、淘宝群、创业访谈等交流栏目,并在这些栏目内因不同兴趣而产生了各种各样的QQ或微信交流群,包括如何创业、如何运营淘宝店等主题交流群,甚至还会在交流群里产生合作。
(3)电商金融服务包括支付宝、微信支付、蚂蚁花呗、蚂蚁借呗等应用,而花呗、借呗等服务是基于芝麻信用这一个人信用评分。个人信用评分越高,越有可能获得更高的信贷额度。以蚂蚁金服为例,2014—2017年,已有1.63亿农村居民选择使用蚂蚁金服提供的支付、保险及信贷服务,其中有175.7万家农村小企业、个体工商户及养殖户利用信用获得相应的金融服务。
(1)以淘宝平台为例,淘宝平台会根据用户的信用历史、行为偏好、履约能力、身份特质、人脉关系五个维度测算用户的芝麻信用得分,然后决定蚂蚁借呗、蚂蚁花呗等金融服务的额度,这就使得用户在日常行为中更注重遵守信用、注重商业规范。
(1)农村住户是指户主有农业户口(包括改为居民户口时的户口性质是农业户口)且户口所在地是现住的乡镇(街道)内。
(2)电子商务发展指数由B2B网商密度、零售网商密度和规模以上网商占比组成。B2B网商密度=B2B网商数量/人口数量,其中“B2B网商数量”取截至2013年12月底诚信通付费和中国供应商付费会员数,人口数量来自第六次全国人口普查数据;零售网商密度=零售网商数量/人口数量,其中零售网商数量取截至2013年12月淘宝和天猫网商店数,人口数量来自第六次全国人口普查数据;规模以上网商占比=全年成交额超过24万元的零售网商数量/零售网商数量,其中全年成交额取淘宝和天猫网店在2013年1~12月份交易金额。