长白山蒙古栎次生林群落结构特征及优势树种空间分布格局
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摘要
群落结构特征研究是揭示植物群落维持机制和演替动态的基础,是合理安排森林经营活动的基本前提.以吉林省汪清林业局2块1 hm~2的蒙古栎阔叶混交林固定样地为对象,研究了长白山蒙古栎次生林的群落结构特征,并采用点格局O-ring统计法对群落内优势树种的空间分布格局进行分析.结果表明:两块样地都是以蒙古栎为优势树种的群落类型,都具有明显的层次结构,主要伴生树种存在差异,样地Ⅰ以大青杨、白桦、红松为主,样地Ⅱ以红松、紫椴和色木槭为主.且样地Ⅰ的树种数量、Shannon多样性指数高于样地Ⅱ.两块样地中所有个体的径级分布呈倒"J"型,蒙古栎径级结构呈近似正态型,红松呈倒J型,其他主要伴生树种径级结构存在一定差异.两块样地0～50 m尺度上蒙古栎呈现小尺度聚集、中大尺度随机分布的格局,红松呈先聚集、后随机的分布格局,但样地Ⅰ内红松聚集的尺度和强度均大于样地Ⅱ.样地Ⅰ白桦和大青杨均在0～17 m尺度上呈聚集分布、且聚集强度显著高于其他树种,而在18～50 m尺度分别呈现随机分布和均匀-随机分布.样地Ⅱ中紫椴基本呈现随机分布,色木槭在中大尺度上呈随机或均匀分布,聚集分布集中在小尺度.两块样地处于演替早期阶段的不同发育阶段,相比样地Ⅰ,样地Ⅱ的演替阶段更高、群落相对更加稳定.
Understanding forest community structure is the basis for revealing community maintenance mechanism and succession dynamics, and the premise forest management activities. Taking two permanent 1-hm~2 plots of Quercus mongolica broadleaved mixed forest located in Wangqing Fore-st Bureau in Jilin Province as objects, we analyzed the community structure characteristics of secondary Q. mongolica forest and spatial distribution of dominant species with the point pattern analysis method(the O-ring statistics). The results showed that both plots were dominated by Q. mongo-lica with distinct hierarchy character. The co-dominated trees in plot I were Populus ussuriensis, Be-tula platyphylla, and Pinus koraiensis, which were different from plot II(Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, and Pinus koraiensis). The richness and Shannon index of plot I were higher than that of plot II. The DBH class distribution of trees in both plots were reverse-J-shaped. Individuals of Q. mongolica exhibited a normal distribution and P. koraiensis showed a reverse-J-shaped. There were differences in the diameter structure of other co-dominant tree species. The spatial distribution of Q. mongolica in two plots was aggregation distribution at small scale and random distribution in medium and large scales. P. koraiensis showed aggregation-random distribution at 0-50 m scale, while its aggregation degree in plot I were higher than that of plot II. B. platyphylla and P. ussuriensis in plot I were aggregated at the scale of 0-17 m, and the aggregation intensity was significantly higher than other tree species, and showed random distribution and uniform-random distribution at the scale of 18-50 m, respectively. Random or uniform distribution at the medium-large scale, and aggregate distribution at small scale of T. amurensis were observed in plot II. These results demonstrated that both plots were at the primary stage of succession with different growth stages. The succession stage of plot II was more progressed than that of plot I and the community of plot II was relatively more stable. Our results provide references for the precise management of Q. mongolica secondary forests at different developmental stages.
Understanding forest community structure is the basis for revealing community maintenance mechanism and succession dynamics, and the premise forest management activities. Taking two permanent 1-hm~2 plots of Quercus mongolica broadleaved mixed forest located in Wangqing Fore-st Bureau in Jilin Province as objects, we analyzed the community structure characteristics of secondary Q. mongolica forest and spatial distribution of dominant species with the point pattern analysis method(the O-ring statistics). The results showed that both plots were dominated by Q. mongo-lica with distinct hierarchy character. The co-dominated trees in plot I were Populus ussuriensis, Be-tula platyphylla, and Pinus koraiensis, which were different from plot II(Tilia amurensis, Acer mono, and Pinus koraiensis). The richness and Shannon index of plot I were higher than that of plot II. The DBH class distribution of trees in both plots were reverse-J-shaped. Individuals of Q. mongolica exhibited a normal distribution and P. koraiensis showed a reverse-J-shaped. There were differences in the diameter structure of other co-dominant tree species. The spatial distribution of Q. mongolica in two plots was aggregation distribution at small scale and random distribution in medium and large scales. P. koraiensis showed aggregation-random distribution at 0-50 m scale, while its aggregation degree in plot I were higher than that of plot II. B. platyphylla and P. ussuriensis in plot I were aggregated at the scale of 0-17 m, and the aggregation intensity was significantly higher than other tree species, and showed random distribution and uniform-random distribution at the scale of 18-50 m, respectively. Random or uniform distribution at the medium-large scale, and aggregate distribution at small scale of T. amurensis were observed in plot II. These results demonstrated that both plots were at the primary stage of succession with different growth stages. The succession stage of plot II was more progressed than that of plot I and the community of plot II was relatively more stable. Our results provide references for the precise management of Q. mongolica secondary forests at different developmental stages.
引文
[1] Wang Y-H (王义弘),Teng W-H (滕文华),Li J-T (李俊涛),et al.Regeneration forestation and sapling growth of Quercus mongolica.Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报),2000,28(5):28-30 (in Chinese)
[2] Gao Z-T (高志涛),Wu X-C (吴晓春).Discussion on regulation on geographic distribution in Quercus mongolica.Protection Forest Science and Technology (防护林科技),2005(2):83-84 (in Chinese)
[3] Yim YJ.Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in Korean peninsula:IV.Zonal distribution of forest vegetation in relation to thermal climate.Japanese Journal of Ecology,1977,27:269-278
[4] Suh MH,Lee DK.Stand structure and regeneration of Quercus mongolica forests in Korea.Forest Ecology and Management,1998,106:27-34
[5] Wang C-K (王传宽),Zhou X-F (周晓峰),Zhao H-X (赵惠勋).Forest Ecosystem of Quercus mongolica/Long-term Research on Chinese Forest Ecosystem.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,1994 (in Chinese)
[6] Wang W-Q (王文权).Forest Resources in Liaoning Province.Beijing:Chinese Forestry Press,2007 (in Chinese)
[7] Su F-L (苏芳莉),Liu M-G (刘明国),Tan X-R (谭学仁),et al.A study on thinning density of natural secondary forest in Liaoning East.Journal of Northwest Forestry University (西北林学院学报),2007,22(4):106-109 (in Chinese)
[8] Feng Q-Y (冯琦雅),Chen C-F (陈超凡),Qin L (覃林).Effects of different management models on stand structure and plant diversity of natural secondary forests of Quercus mongolica.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2018,54(1):13-20 (in Chinese)
[9] Clark SL,Schweitzer CJ.Stand dynamics of an oak woodland forest and effects of a restoration treatment on forest health.Forest Ecology and Management,2016,381:258-267
[10] Ma W (马武).Individual Tree Growth Model System for Mongolian Oak Forest.Master Thesis.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2012 (in Chinese)
[11] Gao D-Q (高东启),Deng H-F (邓华锋),Wang H-B (王海宾),et al.Dummy variables models in Quercus mongolica.Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报),2014,42(1):2-5 (in Chinese)
[12] Lou M-H (娄明华),Zhang H-R (张会儒),Lei X-D (雷相东),et al.Individual diameter-height modes for mixed Quercus mongolica broadleaved natural stands based on spatial autocorrelation.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2017,53(6):67-76 (in Chinese)
[13] Yue Y-J (岳永杰),Yu X-X (余新晓),Li G-T (李钢铁),et al.Spatial structure of Quercus mongolica forest in Beijing Songshan Mountain Nature Reserve.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2009,20(8):1811-1816 (in Chinese)
[14] Chen X-M (陈新美),Zhang H-R (张会儒),Jiang H-Q (姜慧泉).Analysis and evaluation on spatial structure of Quercus mongolica forests in over-logged region in Northeast China.Journal of Southwest Forestry University (西南林学院学报),2010,30(6):20-24 (in Chinese)
[15] Zhou J-Y (周建云),Li R (李荣),Zhang W-H (张文辉),et al.Effects of thinning intensity on structure characteristics and spatial distribution of Quercus wutaishanica populations.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2012,48(4):149-155 (in Chinese)
[16] Shen C-C (沈琛琛),Lei X-D (雷相东),Wang F-Y (王福有),et al.Competitive states in natural middle-aged forest of Mongolian oak at Jincang forest farm.Forest Research (林业科学研究),2012,25(3):339-345 (in Chinese)
[17] Liu T (刘彤),Zhou Z-Q (周志强).Seed rain and soil seed bank of Quercus mongolica populations.Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报),2007,35(5):22-23 (in Chinese)
[18] Heydari M,Prévosto B,Abdi T,et al.Establishment of oak seedlings in historically disturbed sites:Regeneration success as a function of stand structure and soil characteristics.Ecological Engineering,2017,107:172-182
[19] Zheng J-P (郑金萍),Yang X-D (杨学东),Guo Z-L (郭忠玲),et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of natural regeneration of Quercus mongolica forest.Journal of Beihua University (Natural Science) (北华大学学报:自然科学版),2015,16(5):652-657 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhu K-Y (朱凯月),Wang Q-C (王庆成),Wu W-J (吴文娟).Effect of gap size on growth and morphology of transplanted saplings of Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2017,53(4):150-157 (in Chinese)
[21] Gosselin M,Fourcin D,DumasY,et al.Influence of forest tree species composition on bryophytic diversity in mixed and pure pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) stands.Forest Ecology and Management,2017,406:318-329
[22] Chen X-R (陈向荣),Yang F-J (杨逢建).Effects of forest protection on the distribution patterns and diameter grades structure of main arbor populations in Quercus mongolica forest.Journal of South China Agricultural University (Natural Science) (华南农业大学学报:自然科学版),2003,24(4):17-20 (in Chinese)
[23] Jin G (金刚),You W-Z (尤文忠),Zhao G (赵刚),et al.The population structure and species diversities of different restoration stages in Quercus mongolica stands of closed tussah fields.Journal of Liaoning Forestry Science & Technology (辽宁林业科技),2010(2):6-10 (in Chinese)
[24] Wang B-S (王伯荪),Yu S-X (余世孝),Peng S-L (彭少麟),et al.Manual on Phytocoenology Laboratory.Guangzhou:Guangdong Higher Education Press,1996 (in Chinese)
[25] Meng X-Y (孟宪宇).Forest Mensuration.3rd Ed.Beijing:Chinese Forestry Press,2006 (in Chinese)
[26] Meyer HA.Structure,growth and drain in balanced uneven-aged forests.Journal of Forestry,1952,50:85-92
[27] Wiegand T,Moloney KA.Rings,circles and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology.Oikos,2004,104:209-229
[28] Wiegand T,Moloney KA.A Handbook of Spatial Point Pattern Analysis in Ecology.Boca Raton,FL,USA:CRC Press,2014
[29] Diao Y-F (刁云飞),Jin G-Z (金光泽),Tian S-Y (田松岩),et al.Species composition and community structure of a Taxus cuspidata forest in Muling Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province,China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2016,52(5):26-36 (in Chinese)
[30] You W-Z (尤文忠),Zhao G (赵刚),Zhang H-D (张慧东),et al.Effects of thinning on growth of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) secondary forests.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2015,35(1):56-64 (in Chinese)
[31] Hao Z-Q (郝占庆),Li B-H (李步杭),Zhang J (张健),et al.Broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest plot in Changbaishan (CBS) of China:Community composition and structure.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2008,32(2):238-250 (in Chinese)
[32] Lei X-D (雷相东),Zhang H-R (张会儒).Comparison of plant species diversity of four forest types in over-logged forest area in Northeastern China.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2003,22(5):47-50 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang M (王淼),Li Q-R (李秋荣),Hao Z-Q (郝占庆),et al.Effects of soil water regimes on the growth of Quercus mongolica seedlings in Changbai Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(10):1765-1770 (in Chinese)
[34] Fan H-B (樊后保),Zang R-G (臧润国),Li D-Z (李德志).Natural regeneration of Mongolian oak population.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),1996,15(3):15-20 (in Chinese)
[35] Shen GC,Yu MJ,Hu XS,et al.Species-area relationships explained by the joint effects of dispersal limitation and habitat heterogeneity.Ecology,2009,90:3033-3041
[36] Lin YC,Chang LW,Yang KC,et al.Point patterns of tree distribution determined by habitat heterogeneity and dispersal limitation.Ocecologia,2011,165:175-184
[37] Yu S-L (于顺利),Ma K-P (马克平),Liu C-R (刘灿然),et al.Neighbor diversity and interspecific association of Quercus mongolica.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2002,13(3):271-274 (in Chinese)
[38] Fan H-B (樊后保),Wang Y-H (王义弘),Zang R-G (臧润国).Spatial distribution pattern of Mongolian oak population and its dynamics.Journal of Fujian College of Forestry (福建林学院学报),1994,14(2):100-103 (in Chinese)
[2] Gao Z-T (高志涛),Wu X-C (吴晓春).Discussion on regulation on geographic distribution in Quercus mongolica.Protection Forest Science and Technology (防护林科技),2005(2):83-84 (in Chinese)
[3] Yim YJ.Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in Korean peninsula:IV.Zonal distribution of forest vegetation in relation to thermal climate.Japanese Journal of Ecology,1977,27:269-278
[4] Suh MH,Lee DK.Stand structure and regeneration of Quercus mongolica forests in Korea.Forest Ecology and Management,1998,106:27-34
[5] Wang C-K (王传宽),Zhou X-F (周晓峰),Zhao H-X (赵惠勋).Forest Ecosystem of Quercus mongolica/Long-term Research on Chinese Forest Ecosystem.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,1994 (in Chinese)
[6] Wang W-Q (王文权).Forest Resources in Liaoning Province.Beijing:Chinese Forestry Press,2007 (in Chinese)
[7] Su F-L (苏芳莉),Liu M-G (刘明国),Tan X-R (谭学仁),et al.A study on thinning density of natural secondary forest in Liaoning East.Journal of Northwest Forestry University (西北林学院学报),2007,22(4):106-109 (in Chinese)
[8] Feng Q-Y (冯琦雅),Chen C-F (陈超凡),Qin L (覃林).Effects of different management models on stand structure and plant diversity of natural secondary forests of Quercus mongolica.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2018,54(1):13-20 (in Chinese)
[9] Clark SL,Schweitzer CJ.Stand dynamics of an oak woodland forest and effects of a restoration treatment on forest health.Forest Ecology and Management,2016,381:258-267
[10] Ma W (马武).Individual Tree Growth Model System for Mongolian Oak Forest.Master Thesis.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2012 (in Chinese)
[11] Gao D-Q (高东启),Deng H-F (邓华锋),Wang H-B (王海宾),et al.Dummy variables models in Quercus mongolica.Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报),2014,42(1):2-5 (in Chinese)
[12] Lou M-H (娄明华),Zhang H-R (张会儒),Lei X-D (雷相东),et al.Individual diameter-height modes for mixed Quercus mongolica broadleaved natural stands based on spatial autocorrelation.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2017,53(6):67-76 (in Chinese)
[13] Yue Y-J (岳永杰),Yu X-X (余新晓),Li G-T (李钢铁),et al.Spatial structure of Quercus mongolica forest in Beijing Songshan Mountain Nature Reserve.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2009,20(8):1811-1816 (in Chinese)
[14] Chen X-M (陈新美),Zhang H-R (张会儒),Jiang H-Q (姜慧泉).Analysis and evaluation on spatial structure of Quercus mongolica forests in over-logged region in Northeast China.Journal of Southwest Forestry University (西南林学院学报),2010,30(6):20-24 (in Chinese)
[15] Zhou J-Y (周建云),Li R (李荣),Zhang W-H (张文辉),et al.Effects of thinning intensity on structure characteristics and spatial distribution of Quercus wutaishanica populations.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2012,48(4):149-155 (in Chinese)
[16] Shen C-C (沈琛琛),Lei X-D (雷相东),Wang F-Y (王福有),et al.Competitive states in natural middle-aged forest of Mongolian oak at Jincang forest farm.Forest Research (林业科学研究),2012,25(3):339-345 (in Chinese)
[17] Liu T (刘彤),Zhou Z-Q (周志强).Seed rain and soil seed bank of Quercus mongolica populations.Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报),2007,35(5):22-23 (in Chinese)
[18] Heydari M,Prévosto B,Abdi T,et al.Establishment of oak seedlings in historically disturbed sites:Regeneration success as a function of stand structure and soil characteristics.Ecological Engineering,2017,107:172-182
[19] Zheng J-P (郑金萍),Yang X-D (杨学东),Guo Z-L (郭忠玲),et al.Characteristics and influencing factors of natural regeneration of Quercus mongolica forest.Journal of Beihua University (Natural Science) (北华大学学报:自然科学版),2015,16(5):652-657 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhu K-Y (朱凯月),Wang Q-C (王庆成),Wu W-J (吴文娟).Effect of gap size on growth and morphology of transplanted saplings of Quercus mongolica and Fraxinus mandshurica.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2017,53(4):150-157 (in Chinese)
[21] Gosselin M,Fourcin D,DumasY,et al.Influence of forest tree species composition on bryophytic diversity in mixed and pure pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) stands.Forest Ecology and Management,2017,406:318-329
[22] Chen X-R (陈向荣),Yang F-J (杨逢建).Effects of forest protection on the distribution patterns and diameter grades structure of main arbor populations in Quercus mongolica forest.Journal of South China Agricultural University (Natural Science) (华南农业大学学报:自然科学版),2003,24(4):17-20 (in Chinese)
[23] Jin G (金刚),You W-Z (尤文忠),Zhao G (赵刚),et al.The population structure and species diversities of different restoration stages in Quercus mongolica stands of closed tussah fields.Journal of Liaoning Forestry Science & Technology (辽宁林业科技),2010(2):6-10 (in Chinese)
[24] Wang B-S (王伯荪),Yu S-X (余世孝),Peng S-L (彭少麟),et al.Manual on Phytocoenology Laboratory.Guangzhou:Guangdong Higher Education Press,1996 (in Chinese)
[25] Meng X-Y (孟宪宇).Forest Mensuration.3rd Ed.Beijing:Chinese Forestry Press,2006 (in Chinese)
[26] Meyer HA.Structure,growth and drain in balanced uneven-aged forests.Journal of Forestry,1952,50:85-92
[27] Wiegand T,Moloney KA.Rings,circles and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology.Oikos,2004,104:209-229
[28] Wiegand T,Moloney KA.A Handbook of Spatial Point Pattern Analysis in Ecology.Boca Raton,FL,USA:CRC Press,2014
[29] Diao Y-F (刁云飞),Jin G-Z (金光泽),Tian S-Y (田松岩),et al.Species composition and community structure of a Taxus cuspidata forest in Muling Nature Reserve of Heilongjiang Province,China.Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学),2016,52(5):26-36 (in Chinese)
[30] You W-Z (尤文忠),Zhao G (赵刚),Zhang H-D (张慧东),et al.Effects of thinning on growth of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) secondary forests.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2015,35(1):56-64 (in Chinese)
[31] Hao Z-Q (郝占庆),Li B-H (李步杭),Zhang J (张健),et al.Broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest plot in Changbaishan (CBS) of China:Community composition and structure.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报),2008,32(2):238-250 (in Chinese)
[32] Lei X-D (雷相东),Zhang H-R (张会儒).Comparison of plant species diversity of four forest types in over-logged forest area in Northeastern China.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2003,22(5):47-50 (in Chinese)
[33] Wang M (王淼),Li Q-R (李秋荣),Hao Z-Q (郝占庆),et al.Effects of soil water regimes on the growth of Quercus mongolica seedlings in Changbai Mountains.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(10):1765-1770 (in Chinese)
[34] Fan H-B (樊后保),Zang R-G (臧润国),Li D-Z (李德志).Natural regeneration of Mongolian oak population.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),1996,15(3):15-20 (in Chinese)
[35] Shen GC,Yu MJ,Hu XS,et al.Species-area relationships explained by the joint effects of dispersal limitation and habitat heterogeneity.Ecology,2009,90:3033-3041
[36] Lin YC,Chang LW,Yang KC,et al.Point patterns of tree distribution determined by habitat heterogeneity and dispersal limitation.Ocecologia,2011,165:175-184
[37] Yu S-L (于顺利),Ma K-P (马克平),Liu C-R (刘灿然),et al.Neighbor diversity and interspecific association of Quercus mongolica.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2002,13(3):271-274 (in Chinese)
[38] Fan H-B (樊后保),Wang Y-H (王义弘),Zang R-G (臧润国).Spatial distribution pattern of Mongolian oak population and its dynamics.Journal of Fujian College of Forestry (福建林学院学报),1994,14(2):100-103 (in Chinese)