市场导向下大宗水权交易的差别化定价模型
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摘要
水权交易是治水新思路下发挥市场对水资源配置决定性作用的有效途径之一,水权定价模型研究有助于规范和加快水权交易市场发展。区域水权和取水权两种交易模式影响范围广、社会敏感性高,是中国当前两种主要的大宗水权交易模式,市场交易中,价格机制是培育和活跃两种大宗水权市场的核心要素之一。梳理总结现有定价模型和定价机制在大宗水权交易定价中的适应性,提出水权价格是使用者对水资源生产性使用能力的体现。以市场为导向,在全成本价格的基础上,建立区域水权的协商定价模型和取水权竞价模型,论证市场竞争机制对水权增值的作用机理,并以内蒙古黄河干流盟市间水权转让为例,进行定价模型的案例研究,发现该案例宜采用成本价基础上的竞价模型形成其最终交易价格,且从实证结果看,竞价模型既能保障回收水权的全成本,又能促进水权向更高效益的用途流动。最后,提出树立大宗经济性用水水权的商品属性认识、健全大宗水权的基础价格评估机制、将大宗水权交易纳入大宗商品交易体系以及建立多种形式的大宗水权交易平台等对策建议。
The two types of regional water rights and water rights trading modes exhibit a wide range of influence and high social sensitivity, which are the two major modes of bulk water rights trading in China. The price mechanism is one of the core elements of cultivating and activating two major water rights markets. The current study summarizes the adaptability of the existing pricing models and pricing mechanisms in the pricing of bulk water rights transactions, and puts forward that water rights prices reflect the users' ability to use water resources productively. On the basis of full-cost prices, a negotiated pricing model for regional water rights and a bidding model for water rights are established to demonstrate the mechanism of market competition mechanisms for water rights appreciation. In detail, the price of regional water rights transaction is negotiated by both parties according to the cost evaluation price of the third party organization, while the price of water rights is generated by the buyers' bidding starting from the cost evaluation price. Taking the transfer of water rights between Inner Mongolian and Yellow River mainstream cities as an example, a case study of the pricing model was conducted. This study argues that the market bidding should be adopted to form the price of 20 million m3/year water rights transaction in the pilot phase of water right transfer between cities in the mainstream of the Yellow River in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Finally, several countermeasures are proposed, e. g., establishing the awareness of commodity attributes of large-scale economic water and water rights, improving basic water price assessment mechanisms for bulk water rights, integrating bulk water rights transactions into bulk commodity trading systems, and establishing various forms of bulk water rights trading platforms.
The two types of regional water rights and water rights trading modes exhibit a wide range of influence and high social sensitivity, which are the two major modes of bulk water rights trading in China. The price mechanism is one of the core elements of cultivating and activating two major water rights markets. The current study summarizes the adaptability of the existing pricing models and pricing mechanisms in the pricing of bulk water rights transactions, and puts forward that water rights prices reflect the users' ability to use water resources productively. On the basis of full-cost prices, a negotiated pricing model for regional water rights and a bidding model for water rights are established to demonstrate the mechanism of market competition mechanisms for water rights appreciation. In detail, the price of regional water rights transaction is negotiated by both parties according to the cost evaluation price of the third party organization, while the price of water rights is generated by the buyers' bidding starting from the cost evaluation price. Taking the transfer of water rights between Inner Mongolian and Yellow River mainstream cities as an example, a case study of the pricing model was conducted. This study argues that the market bidding should be adopted to form the price of 20 million m3/year water rights transaction in the pilot phase of water right transfer between cities in the mainstream of the Yellow River in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Finally, several countermeasures are proposed, e. g., establishing the awareness of commodity attributes of large-scale economic water and water rights, improving basic water price assessment mechanisms for bulk water rights, integrating bulk water rights transactions into bulk commodity trading systems, and establishing various forms of bulk water rights trading platforms.
引文
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[2]Parker S.Market Mechanisms in Water Allocation in Australia[C].Beijing:Proceedings of OECD Workshop on Environment,2006.
[3]Claydon G K,Onta P S.Smart Water Planning in Queensland[C].Melbourne:Oz Water’09 Conference,2009.
[4]Brill E,Hochman E,Zil D.Allocation and pricing at the water district level[J].American Journal of Agricultural Economics,1997,79(3):952-963.
[5]郑通汉,许长新.我国水权价格的影响因素分析[J].中国水利,2007,(8):46-51.[Zheng T H,Xu C X.Analysis on the influencing factors of China's water rights price[J].China Water Resources,2007,(8):46-51.]
[6]谢文轩,许长新.水权交易中定价模型研究[J].人民长江,2009,40(21):101-103.[Xie W X,Xu C X.Research on pricing model in water rights transaction[J].People's Yangtze River,2009,40(21):101-103.]
[7]陈立梅.甘肃民勤绿洲水权价格形成研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2011.[Chen L M.Study on Formation of Water Right Price in Minqin Oasis,Gansu Province[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2011.]
[8]陈洁,郑卓.基于成本补偿的水权定价模型研究[J].价值工程,2008,27(12):20-23.[Chen J,Zheng Z.Study on the model of water rights pricing based on costs compensation[J].Value Engineering,2008,27(12):20-23.]
[9]尹明万,贾玲,甘泓,等.水权转让定价方法及其应用综述[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2010,8(4):258-264.[Yin M W,Jia L,Gan H,et al.Water rights transfer pricing method and its application[J].Journal of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,2010,8(4):258-264.]
[10]郭洁.水权交易中新的定价方法实物期权方法[J].中国农村水利水电,2006,(4):42-44.[Guo J.New pricing method in water rights trading,namely real options method[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2006,(4):42-44.]
[11]刘钢,杨柳,石玉波,等.准市场条件下的水权交易双层动态博弈定价机制实证研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(4):151-159.[Liu G,Yang L,Yang L,Shi Y B,et al.Empirical study on double layer dynamic game price decision mechanics of water rights transaction under Quasi-Market[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2017,27(4):151-159.]
[12]邓晓红,钟方雷.水权交易多轮一阶密封投标拍卖定价研究[J].中国农村水利水电,2010,(3):117-120.[Deng X H,Zheng F L.Study on pricing of first-round sealed tender auctions for water rights trade[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2010,(3):117-120.]
[13]邓晓红,徐中民.内陆河流域试验拍卖水权定价影响因素:以黑河流域甘州区为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(5):1587-1595.[Deng X H,Xu Z M.A laboratory study of auctions for water rights transactions in inland river basin:A case study of irrigation areas of Heihe river basin[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(5):1587-1595.]
[14]郑航,陈奔,林木.基于集市型水权交易模型的报价行为[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2017,57(4):351-356.[Zheng H,Chen B,Lin M.Bidding behavior in an optimal water trading model[J].Tsinghua Univ(Sci&Technol),2017,57(4):351-356.]
[15]唐润,王慧敏,王海燕.政府规制下的水权拍卖问题研究[J].资源科学,2011,33(10):1883-1889.[Tang R,Wang H M,Wang HY.A study on water right auction under government regulations[J].Resources Science,2011,33(10):1883-1889.]
[16]陈旭升,李磊.我国水权交易发展中若干问题研究[J].商业研究,2006,(8):158-160.[Chen X S,Li L.Study on some problems in the development of water rights transaction in China[J].Commercial Research,2006,(8):158-160.]
[17]李长杰,王先甲,范文涛.水权交易机制及博弈模型研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2007,27(5):90-94.[Li C J,Wang X J,Fan W T.Research on water rights trading mechanism and game model[J].System Engineering Theory and Practice,2007,27(5):90-94.]
[18]吴凤平,王丰凯,金姗姗.关于我国区域水权交易定价研究:基于双层规划模型的分析[J].价格理论与实践,2017,(2):157-160.[Wu F P,Wang F K,Jin S S.Study on pricing the regional water rights in our country:Based on the analysis of the bi-level programming model[J].Price Theory and Practice,2017,(2):157-160.]
[19]韩桂兰,孙建光.塔里木河流域绿洲生态水权价格计量研究[J].统计与信息论坛,2015,30(11):54-56.[Han G L,Sun J G.Study on the measurement of ecological water right price of oasis in Tarim River Basin[J].Statistics and Information Forum,2015,30(11):54-56.]
[20]董文虎.不同经济性质水的配置原则和管理模式:四论水权、水价、水市场[J].水利发展研究,2002,2(5):1-6.[Dong W H.The configuration principles and management models of water of different economic nature-some comments on water right,water price,water market[J].Water Development Research,2002,2(5):1-6.]
[21]田贵良,顾少卫,韦丁,等.农业水价综合改革对水权交易价格形成的影响研究[J].价格理论与实践,2017,(2):66-69.[Tian GL,Gu S W,Wei D,et al.Research on the impact of comprehensive reform of agricultural water price on the formation of water rights transaction price[J].Price Theory and Practice,2017,(2):66-69.]
[22]中华人民共和国水利部.水权交易管理暂行办法[EB/OL].(2016-04-19)[2018-06-28].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-05/22/content_5075679.htm.[Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.Interim Measures for the Management of Water Rights Transactions[EB/OL].(2016-04-19)[2018-06-28].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-05/22/content_5075679.htm.]
[23]Coase R H.The institutional structure of production[J].The American Economic Review,1992,82(4):713-719.
[24]Chen S,Wang Y,Zhu T.Exploring China’s farmer-level watersaving mechanisms:Analysis of an experiment conducted in Taocheng District,Hebei Province[J].Water,2014,6(3):547-563.
[25]Williamson O E.The economic institutions of capitalism:Firms,markets,relational contracting[J].Social Science Electronic Publishing,1985,32(4):61-75.
[26]Wang Y.A simulation of water markets with transaction costs[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,103:54-61.
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