复杂断陷盆地源-汇时空耦合控砂机制分析——以海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷为例
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摘要
综合运用地震、钻井、测井和录井等资料,以"源-汇"系统理论为指导,立足于"源区—搬运—堆积"过程分析,以三大古地貌要素为研究对象,根据各自发育程度提出"源"(物源体系)+"沟"(沟谷体系)+"坡"(坡折体系)的8种耦合方式及时空耦合控制沉积砂体的分布.研究结果表明:"源"的存在最为重要,如果没有足够的物源供给,无论沟谷和坡折如何发育,都不会有大量的砂体沉积;而当有足够的物源供给时,沟谷发育则砂体延伸远,坡折发育则砂体分布广.贝尔凹陷在南屯组沉积时期物源主要来自嵯岗隆起和布勒洪布斯隆起,由凹陷四周向中心汇聚,主要物源方向为北西向和南东向,根据重矿物组合平面展布特征可进一步细分为9个主要的物源体系.随着基准面旋回升降,物源区大小及供源强度都是动态变化的——基准面上升,物源区范围缩小、供源强度减弱;基准面下降,物源区范围扩大、供源强度增强.古地貌控制着主要沟谷的展布,而沟谷则进一步控制着砂体的展布形态和沉积厚度,贝尔凹陷内主要识别出了3种类型的沟谷,分别为U型沟谷、W型沟谷和沟槽;根据构造坡折带在发育位置、构造样式等方面的差异,将贝尔凹陷内识别出的坡折带划分为陡坡断坡型、陡坡同向断阶型、缓坡同向断阶型、缓坡反向断阶型和箕状洼槽型等5种类型,不同构造部位、不同类型的坡折带控制着不同类型的沉积体系.
Guided by the theory of"source-sink"system,seismic,drilling and logging data were comprehensively used to study three palaeogeomorphological elements based on the analysis of"source-transport-accumulation"process.According to the different degrees of development of the three palaeognomy elements,we proposed eight coupling modes of "source"(source system)+ "gully"(gully system)+ "slope"(slope break system).These coupling modes control the distribution of sedimentary sand bodies in time and space.The results show that the existence of"source"is the most important.Without adequate provenance,no matter how well gullys and slope breaks develop,there will not be a large amount of sand deposits.When there is sufficient source supply,gully development extend the sand body far away and the development of slope break results in wide distribution of sand bodies.The provenance of the Beier depression in Nantun formation are mainly from the Cuogang uplift and the Bulehongbusi uplift,converging from the depression to the center.The main source direction is NW and SE.According to the plane distribution characteristics of heavy mineral assemblage,the provenance can be further divided into 9 main provenance systems.With the rise and fall of base level cycles,the size of provenance and intensity of source are all dynamic.When the base level rises,the area of source area shrinks and the intensity of source decreases.When the base level falls,the size of source area enlarges and the intensity of source enhances.Palaeogeomorphology controls the distribution of major gullys,while gullys further control the distribution pattern and sedimentary thickness of sand bodies.Three types of gullys,U-shaped,W-shaped and trench,were identified in the Beier depression.According to the difference of development position and structural style of the structural slope break zone,the slope break zones identified in Beier depression can be divided into five types:steep slope fault type,steep slope fault step type,gentle slope fault step type,gentle slope reverse fault step type and dustpan-shaped trough type.Different structural parts and different types of slope break zones control different types of depositional systems.
Guided by the theory of"source-sink"system,seismic,drilling and logging data were comprehensively used to study three palaeogeomorphological elements based on the analysis of"source-transport-accumulation"process.According to the different degrees of development of the three palaeognomy elements,we proposed eight coupling modes of "source"(source system)+ "gully"(gully system)+ "slope"(slope break system).These coupling modes control the distribution of sedimentary sand bodies in time and space.The results show that the existence of"source"is the most important.Without adequate provenance,no matter how well gullys and slope breaks develop,there will not be a large amount of sand deposits.When there is sufficient source supply,gully development extend the sand body far away and the development of slope break results in wide distribution of sand bodies.The provenance of the Beier depression in Nantun formation are mainly from the Cuogang uplift and the Bulehongbusi uplift,converging from the depression to the center.The main source direction is NW and SE.According to the plane distribution characteristics of heavy mineral assemblage,the provenance can be further divided into 9 main provenance systems.With the rise and fall of base level cycles,the size of provenance and intensity of source are all dynamic.When the base level rises,the area of source area shrinks and the intensity of source decreases.When the base level falls,the size of source area enlarges and the intensity of source enhances.Palaeogeomorphology controls the distribution of major gullys,while gullys further control the distribution pattern and sedimentary thickness of sand bodies.Three types of gullys,U-shaped,W-shaped and trench,were identified in the Beier depression.According to the difference of development position and structural style of the structural slope break zone,the slope break zones identified in Beier depression can be divided into five types:steep slope fault type,steep slope fault step type,gentle slope fault step type,gentle slope reverse fault step type and dustpan-shaped trough type.Different structural parts and different types of slope break zones control different types of depositional systems.
引文
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[2]林畅松.沉积盆地的层序和沉积充填结构及过程响应[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):849-862.LIN Changsong.Sequence and depositional architecture of sedi-mentary basin and process responses[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):849-862.
[3]冯有良,徐秀生.沉积构造坡折带对岩性油气藏富集带的控制作用:以渤海湾盆地古近系为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2006,33(1):22-31.FENG Youliang,XU Xiusheng.Syndepositional structural slope-break zone controls on lithologic reservoirs:A case from Paleogene Bohai Bay basin[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2006,33(1):22-31.
[4]冯有良,周海民,任建业,等.渤海湾盆地东部古近系层序地层及其对构造活动的响应[J].中国科学(地球科学),2010,40(10):1356-1376.FENG Youliang,ZHOU Haimin,REN Jianye,et al.Paleogene sequence stratigraphy in the east of the Bohai Bay basin and its response to structural movement[J].Science China(Earth Science),2010,40(10):1356-1376.
[5]葛家旺,朱筱敏,黎明,等.陆丰凹陷东部缓坡带层序地层样式及控制因素[J].中国矿业大学学报,2017,46(3):563-577.GE Jiawang,ZHU Xiaomin,LI Ming,et al.Sequence architecture and controlling factors of the Wenchang formation in the gentle slope of eastern Lufeng depression,Pearl River Mouth basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2017,46(3):563-577.
[6]厚刚福,瞿建华,朱峰,等.古地貌对沉积体系和沉积微相的控制作用分析:以准噶尔盆地腹部白垩系清水河组为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2018,47(5):1038-1045.HOU Gangfu,QU Jianhua,ZHU feng,et al.Controlling effect of palaeogeomorphology on sedimentary system and sedimentary microfacies:A case study of the Cretaceous Qingshuihe formation in the hinterland of Junggar basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2018,47(5):1038-1045.
[7]张自力,朱筱敏,李琦,等.霸县凹陷古近系层序格架下沉积充填响应过程分析[J/OL].中国矿业大学学报,(2018-08-07)[2018-10-20]https://doi.org/10.13247/j.cnki.jcumt.000912.ZHANG Zili,ZHU Xiaomin,LI Qi,et al.Response process of sedimentary filling under sequence framework of Paleogene in Baxian sag[J/OL].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,(2018-08-07)[2018-10-20]https://doi.org/10.13247/j.cnki.jcumt.000912.
[8]李思田,潘元林,陆永潮,等.断陷湖盆隐蔽油气藏预测及勘探的关键技术:高精度地震探测基础上的层序地层学研究[J].地球科学(中国地质大学学报),2002,27(5):593-598.LI Sitian,PAN Yuanlin,YU Yongchao,et al.Key technology of prospecting and exploration of subtle traps in lacustrine fault basins:sequence stratigraphic researches on the basis of high resolution seismic survey[J].Earth Science(Journal of China University of Geosciences),2002,27(5):593-598.
[9]黄传炎,王华,肖敦清,等.板桥凹陷断裂陡坡带沙一段层序样式和沉积体系特征及其成藏模式研究[J].沉积学报,2007,25(3):386-391.HUANG Chuanyan,WANG Hua,XIAO Dunqing,et al.Sequence patterns,characteristics of depositional systems and model of reservoirs of fault steep slope belt of the first M ember of Shahejie formation in Banqiao sag[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2007,25(3):386-391.
[10]李占东,于鹏,邵碧莹,等.复杂断陷盆地沉积充填演化与构造活动的响应分析:以海拉尔-塔木察格盆地中部断陷带为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(5):853-860.LI Zhandong,YU Peng,SHAO Biying,et al.Response analysis of sedimentary filling evolution and tectonic activity in complicated faulted basin:An example of middle rift belt in Hailar-Tamtsag basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2015,44(5):853-860.
[11]张阳,回宇婷,邱隆伟,等.双断湖盆沉积特征及其控制因素研究:以孤北洼陷沙四上亚段为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(5):868-876.ZHANG Yang,HUI Yuting,QIU Longwei,et al.Sedimentary characteristics and its controlling factors of double-fault lacustrine basin:A case study of the upper 4th member of Shahejie formation in Gubei depression[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2015,44(5):868-876.
[12]董桂玉,何幼斌.陆相断陷盆地基准面调控下的古地貌要素耦合控砂机制[J].石油勘探与开发,2016(4):529-539.DONG Guiyu,HE Youbin.The coupling mechanism of sand control in the continental facies fault basin under the control of the datum level[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016(4):529-539.
[13]徐长贵.陆相断陷盆地源-汇时空耦合控砂原理:基本思想、概念体系及控砂模式[J].中国海上油气,2013(4):1-11.XU Changgui.The principle of coupling control of source and sink in continental rift basin:basic idea,concept system and sand control model[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas,2013(4):1-11.
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