国家重点生态功能区生态系统服务时空格局及其变化特征
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摘要
基于遥感数据及地理信息系统平台,利用生态模型,定量分析中国国家重点生态功能区在实施转移支付前(2000~2010年)、后(2010~2015年)生态系统宏观格局及关键生态系统服务的时空分布格局及其变化特征。研究结果表明:在气候变化与转移支付政策的共同影响下,中国国家重点生态功能区生态系统宏观结构总体好转,荒漠化得到有效控制,水体与湿地得到有效恢复,但森林及草地生态系统发生退化,农田与聚落生态系统面积进一步扩大;水土流失及土壤风蚀得到有效遏制,水源涵养及土壤保持服务得到大幅提升,但防风固沙服务整体有所下降,同时人类活动对生物多样性维护功能的威胁程度基本持衡。
In order to improve ecosystem services and protect national ecological security in China, national key ecological function zones(NKEFZ) were designated, and the policy of financial transfer payment was established to protect ecosystems and environment in those zones. In order to evaluate the ecological effects of financial transfer payment policy, this study analyzed the dynamics of ecosystem macrostructure and key ecosystem services quantitatively before(2000-2010) and after(2010-2015) the implementation of financial transfer payment policy based on remote sensing data, Geographic Information System and ecological models in the NKEFZ. Water regulation service was simulated based on precipitation storage method, soil conservation service was simulated by Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, and sand fixation service was simulated by Revised Wind Erosion Equation. The results showed that: grassland and forest were main ecosystem types in NKEFZ. After implementation of the financial transfer payment policy, the ecosystem condition of NKEFZ has been improved overall. Desertification has been effectively controlled, with an area decrease of 1 976.44 km2. Water and wetlands have been restored with an area expansion of 514.32 km2. However, ecological degradation still existed in some local NKEFZ. The area of forest and grassland ecosystems in NKEFZ have slightly decreased by 0.13% and 0.29%, respectively, and farmland and settlements areas have expanded significantly by 1.2% and 17.03%. In terms of ecosystem services, water regulation service has been improved, with water conservation volume increasing by 1.37%; Soil water erosion has been curbed and soil conservation service has been improved dramatically, with the soil loss and conservation volume changed by-9.06% and 10.78%,especially those NKEFZ located in the northeast and central regions of China; Soil wind erosion has also been curbed, with soil loss decreasing by 26.46%, however, the sand fixation service has declined by 26.59% overall. The threat of human activities on biodiversity maintenance remained relatively stable, with human disturbance index increasing 0.000 9. Under the joint effects of climate change and the implementation of financial transfer payment policy, the ecosystem conditions in the NKEFZ have been generally improved, which meant the policy has achieved ecological benefits to a certain extent. However, the increase of cultivated land and settlement area, reduction of grassland and forest area, the decrease of sand fixation service, and the acceleration of the increase of human disturbance all indicated that the ecological degradation still existed. In order to protect the NKEFZ effectively and realize the planning objectives, continuous efforts are still needed.
In order to improve ecosystem services and protect national ecological security in China, national key ecological function zones(NKEFZ) were designated, and the policy of financial transfer payment was established to protect ecosystems and environment in those zones. In order to evaluate the ecological effects of financial transfer payment policy, this study analyzed the dynamics of ecosystem macrostructure and key ecosystem services quantitatively before(2000-2010) and after(2010-2015) the implementation of financial transfer payment policy based on remote sensing data, Geographic Information System and ecological models in the NKEFZ. Water regulation service was simulated based on precipitation storage method, soil conservation service was simulated by Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, and sand fixation service was simulated by Revised Wind Erosion Equation. The results showed that: grassland and forest were main ecosystem types in NKEFZ. After implementation of the financial transfer payment policy, the ecosystem condition of NKEFZ has been improved overall. Desertification has been effectively controlled, with an area decrease of 1 976.44 km2. Water and wetlands have been restored with an area expansion of 514.32 km2. However, ecological degradation still existed in some local NKEFZ. The area of forest and grassland ecosystems in NKEFZ have slightly decreased by 0.13% and 0.29%, respectively, and farmland and settlements areas have expanded significantly by 1.2% and 17.03%. In terms of ecosystem services, water regulation service has been improved, with water conservation volume increasing by 1.37%; Soil water erosion has been curbed and soil conservation service has been improved dramatically, with the soil loss and conservation volume changed by-9.06% and 10.78%,especially those NKEFZ located in the northeast and central regions of China; Soil wind erosion has also been curbed, with soil loss decreasing by 26.46%, however, the sand fixation service has declined by 26.59% overall. The threat of human activities on biodiversity maintenance remained relatively stable, with human disturbance index increasing 0.000 9. Under the joint effects of climate change and the implementation of financial transfer payment policy, the ecosystem conditions in the NKEFZ have been generally improved, which meant the policy has achieved ecological benefits to a certain extent. However, the increase of cultivated land and settlement area, reduction of grassland and forest area, the decrease of sand fixation service, and the acceleration of the increase of human disturbance all indicated that the ecological degradation still existed. In order to protect the NKEFZ effectively and realize the planning objectives, continuous efforts are still needed.
引文
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[3]熊善高,万军,龙花楼,等.重点生态功能区生态系统服务价值时空变化特征及启示--以湖北省宜昌市为例[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(1):296-302.[Xiong Shangao,Wan Jun,Long Hualou et al.Spatiotemporal dynamics and implications of eco-system service value in the key ecological function are-Case of Yichang City Hubei Province.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(1):296-302.]
[4]曾菊新,杨晴青,刘亚晶,等.国家重点生态功能区乡村人居环境演变及影响机制--以湖北省利川市为例[J].人文地理,2016,31(1):81-88.[Zeng Juxin,Yang Qingqing,Liu Yajing et al.Research on evolution and influential mechanism for rural human settlement in national key ecological function areas:Acase of Lichuan.Human Geography,2016,31(1):81-88.]
[5]陈全,周忠发,闫利会.国家重点生态功能区生态文明建设评价--以贵州省荔波县为例[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(9):1-6.[Chen Quan,Zhou Zhongfa,Yan Lihui.The evaluation of ecological civilization construction of the national key ecological function areas-Acase study in Libo County,Guizhou Province.Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2016,37(9):1-6.]
[6]孙小涛,周忠发,陈全,等.重点生态功能区水土流失敏感性评价与分布研究--以贵州省雷山县为例[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(6):73-78+133.[Sun Xiaotao,Zhou Zhongfa,Chen Quan et al.Sensitivity evaluation and the spatial distribution of soil erosion in key ecological function areas:A case of Leishan City of Guizhou.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(6):73-78+133.]
[7]吴丹,邹长新,高吉喜.我国重点生态功能区生态状况变化[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(5):703-707.[Wu Dan,Zhou Changxin,Gao Jixi.Variation of ecology in the key ecological function zones in China.Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(5):703-707.]
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[10]李晓炜,侯西勇,邸向红,等.从生态系统服务角度探究土地利用变化引起的生态失衡--以莱州湾海岸带为例[J].地理科学,2016,36(8):1197-1204.[Li Xiaowei,Hou Xiyong,Di Xianghong et al.Effects of land use change on imbalance in ecosystem services:a case study of Laizhou Bay Coastal Zone.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(8):1197-1204.]
[11]韩永伟,高馨婷,高吉喜,等.重要生态功能区典型生态服务及其评估指标体系的构建[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(12):2986-2992.[Han Yongwei,Gao Xinting,Gao Jixi et al.Typical ecosystem services and evaluation indicator system of significant eco-function areas.Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(12):2986-2992.]
[12]韩永伟,拓学森,高吉喜,等.黑河下游重要生态功能区植被防风固沙功能及其价值初步评估[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(1):58-65.[Han Yongwei,Tuo Xuesen,Gao Jixi et al.Assessment on the sand-fixing function and its value of the vegetation in eco-function protection areas of the lower reaches of the Heihe River.JournalofNatural Resources,2011,26(1):58-65.]
[13]邓伟,刘红,李世龙,等.重庆市重要生态功能区生态系统服务动态变化[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(2):250-258.[Deng Wei,Liu Hong,Li Shilong et al.Dynamic changes of ecosystem services of key ecological function areas in Chongqing,China.Research of Environmental Science,2015,28(2):250-258.]
[14]吴丹,邹长新,高吉喜,等.水源涵养型重点生态功能区生态状况变化研究[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(1):174-179.[Wu Dan,Zhou Changxin,Gao Jixi et al.Ecological status changes of water conservation key ecological function areas in China.Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(1):174-179.
[15]Zhai Jun,Liu Yuping,HouPeng et al.Water conservation service assessment and its spatiotemporal features in National Key Ecological Function Zones[J/OL].Advances in Meteorology,2016:1-11.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5194091.
[16]Zhang Caixia,Zhang Leiming,Li Shimei et al.Soil conservation of national key ecological function areas[J].Journal of Resource and Ecology,2015,6(6):397-404.
[17]黄麟,曹巍,吴丹,等.2000~2010年我国重点生态功能区生态系统变化状况[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(9):2758-2766.[Huang Lin,Cao Wei,Wu Dan et al.Assessment on the changing conditions of ecosystems in key ecological function zones in China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(9):2758-2766.]
[18]高江波,侯文娟,赵东升,等.基于遥感数据的西藏高原自然生态系统脆弱性评估[J].地理科学,2016,36(4):580-587.[Gao Jiangbo,Hou Wenjuan,Zhao Dongsheng et al.Comprehensive assessment of natural ecosystem vulnerability in tibetan plateau based on Satellite-derived Datasets.Scientia geographica sinica,2016,36(4):580-587.]
[19]樊杰.中国主体功能区划方案[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):186-201.[Fan Jie.Journal of geographical sciences.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):186-201.]
[20]赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华,等.中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(4):480-491.[Zhao Tongqian,Ouyang Zhiyun,Zheng Hua et al.Forest ecosystem services and their valuation in China.Journal of Natural Resources,2004,19(4):480-491.]
[21]吴丹.中国主要陆地生态系统水源涵养服务研究[D].北京:中国科学院,2014.[Wu Dan.Research on Water Regulation Service of the Main Terrestrial Ecosystems in China.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014.]
[22]怡凯,王诗阳,王雪,等.基于RUSLE模型的土壤侵蚀时空分异特征分析--以辽宁省朝阳市为例[J].地理科学,2015,35(3):365-372.[Yi Kai,Wang Shiyang,Wang Xue et al.The characteristics of spatial-temporal differentiation of soil erosion based on RUSLE model:A case study of Chaoyang City,Liaoning Province.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(3):365-372.]
[23]Shao Quanqin,Fan Jiangwen,Liu Jiyuan et al.Assessment on the effects of the first-stage ecological conservation and restoration project in Sanjiangyuan region.Journal of Geographical Sciences,2017,71(2):3-20.
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