非工作时间电子沟通对员工主动性行为影响研究
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摘要
信息技术的发展使得非工作时间电子沟通普遍存在于员工生活中,带来一系列积极或消极影响。本文从自我损耗理论出发,研究了非工作时间电子沟通对员工主动性行为的影响机制,考察早晨耗竭在该关系中的中介作用和组织支持感的调节作用。针对68名员工为期5天的每日研究发现:每日非工作时间电子沟通的情感基调和所需时间分别对员工第二天早晨耗竭具有显著负向和正向影响,对主动性行为均无显著影响;员工每日早晨耗竭对主动性行为具有显著负向影响,且中介每日非工作时间电子沟通(情感基调、所需时间)与主动性行为之间的关系;组织支持感调节每日早晨耗竭与员工主动性行为之间的关系,且调节每日早晨耗竭对非工作时间电子沟通情感基调与员工主动性行为关系的中介作用。
The development of information technology makes electronic communication in non-working time prevalent in the life of employees,bringing series of positive or negative effects. Based on ego depletion theory,this paper examines the influence mechanism of electronic communication on employees' proactive behavior,the mediating role of morning depletion and the moderating role of employees' perceived organizational support. A five-day daily study of 68 employees finds that the affective tone and the requiring time for electronic communication in non-working time each day have significant negative and positive effects on employees' morning depletion of the following day,respectively,and are not significant for proactive behavior. Employees' morning depletion on a daily basis has a significant negative impact on proactive behavior,and mediates the relationship between daily electronic communication( affective tone,requiring time) in non-working time and proactive behavior. Perceived organizational support moderates the relationship between daily morning depletion and employees' proactive behavior and moderates the mediation role of daily morning depletion between affective tone and employees' proactive behavior.
The development of information technology makes electronic communication in non-working time prevalent in the life of employees,bringing series of positive or negative effects. Based on ego depletion theory,this paper examines the influence mechanism of electronic communication on employees' proactive behavior,the mediating role of morning depletion and the moderating role of employees' perceived organizational support. A five-day daily study of 68 employees finds that the affective tone and the requiring time for electronic communication in non-working time each day have significant negative and positive effects on employees' morning depletion of the following day,respectively,and are not significant for proactive behavior. Employees' morning depletion on a daily basis has a significant negative impact on proactive behavior,and mediates the relationship between daily electronic communication( affective tone,requiring time) in non-working time and proactive behavior. Perceived organizational support moderates the relationship between daily morning depletion and employees' proactive behavior and moderates the mediation role of daily morning depletion between affective tone and employees' proactive behavior.
引文
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[3]Derks D.,van Mierlo H.,Schmitz E.B.A Diary Study on Work-Related Smartphone Use,Psychological Detachment and Exhaustion:Examining the Role of the Perceived Segmentation Norm[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2014,19(1):74-84
[4]Ou C.X.,Sia C.L.,Hui C.K.Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Networking Tools at Work[J].Information Technology&People,2013,26(2):172-190
[5]Butts M.M.,Becker W.J.,Boswell W.R.Hot Buttons and Time Sinks:The Effects of Electronic Communication during Nonwork Time on Emotions and Work-Nonwork Conflict[J].Academy of Management Journal,2015,58(3):763-788
[6]Derks D.,Bakker A.B.Smartphone Use,Work-Home Interference,and Burnout:A Diary Study on the Role of Recovery[J].Applied Psychology,2014,63(3):411-440
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[8]Lanaj K.,Johnson R.E.,Barnes C.M.Beginning the Workday Yet Already Depleted?Consequences of Late-Night Smartphone Use and Sleep[J].Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,2014,124(1):11-23
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[12]Griffin M.A.,Neal A.,Parker S.K.A New Model of Work Role Performance:Positive Behavior in Uncertain and Interdependent Contexts[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(2):327-347
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[14]Singh R.,Ragins B.R.,Tharenou P.Who Gets a Mentor?A Longitudinal Assessment of the Rising Star Hypothesis[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,2009,74(1):11-17
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[18]Beal D.J.,Weiss H.M.,Barros E.,et al.An Episodic Process Model of Affective Influences on Performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(6):1054-1068
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[21]Sonnentag S.,Binnewies C.,Mojza E.J.“Did You Have a Nice Evening?”A Day-Level Study on Recovery Experiences,Sleep,and Affect[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2008,93(3):674-684
[22]Gino F.,Schweitzer M.E.,Mead N.L.,et al.Unable to Resist the Temptation:How Self-Control Depletion Promotes Unethical Behavior[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2011,115(2):191-203
[23]Baumeister R.F.,Bratslavsky E.,Muraven M.,et al.Ego Depletion:Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1998,74(5):1252-1265
[24]De Wall C.N.,Baumeister R.F.,Gailliot M.T.,et al.Depletion Makes the Heart Grow Less Helpful:Helping as a Function of Self-Regulatory Energy and Genetic Relatedness[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2008,34(12):1653-1662
[25]HrmM.Work Hours in Relation to Work Stress,Recovery and Health[J].Scandinavian Journal of Work,Environment&Health,2006,32(6):502-514
[26]Jarvenpaa S.L.,Lang K.R.Managing the Paradoxes of Mobile Technology[J].Information Systems Management,2005,22(4):7-23
[27]Baumeister R.F.,Muraven M.,Tice D.M.Ego Depletion:A Resource Model of Volition,Self-Regulation,and Controlled Processing[J].Social Cognition,2000,18(2):130-150
[28]Akerstedt T.,Fredlund P.,Gillberg M.,et al.Work Load and Work Hours in Relation to Disturbed Sleep and Fatigue in a Large Representative Sample[J].Journal of Psychosomatic Research,2002,53(1):585-588
[29]Lang A.H.,Kompier M.A.J.,Taris T.W.,et al.A Hard Day’s Night:A Longitudinal Study on the Relationships among Job Demands and Job Control,Sleep Quality and Fatigue[J].Journal of Sleep Research,2009,18(3):374-383
[30]Barnes C.M.,Wagner D.T.,Ghumman S.Borrowing from Sleep to Pay Work and Family:Expanding Time-Based Conflict to the Broader Non-Work Domain[J].Personnel Psychology,2012,65(4):789-819
[31]Czeisler C.A.,Duffy J.F.,Shanahan T.L.,et al.Stability,Precision,and Near-24-Hour Period of the Human Circadian Pacemaker[J].Science,1999,284(5423):2177-2181
[32]Folkard S.,Tucker P.Shift Work,Safety and Productivity[J].Occupational Medicine-Oxford,2003,53(2):95-101
[33]Son M.,Kong J.O.,Koh S.B.,et al.Effects of Long Work Hours and Night Shift on Severe Sleepiness among Workers with 12-Hour Shift Systems for 5 to 7 Consecutive Days in the Automobile Factories of Korea[J].Journal of Sleep Research,2008,17(4):385-394
[34]Querstret D.,Cropley M.Exploring the Relationship between Work-Related Rumination,Sleep Quality,and Work-Related Fatigue[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2012,17(3):341-353
[35]Siltaloppi M.,Kinnunen U.,Feldt T.Recovery Experiences as Moderators between Psychosocial Work Characteristics and Occupational Well-Being[J].Work&Stress,2009,23(4):330-348
[36]Sonnentag S.,Bayer U.V.Switching off Mentally:Predictors and Consequences of Psychological Detachment from Work during Off-Job Time[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2005,10(4):393-414
[37]Sonnentag S.,Fritz C.The Recovery Experience Questionnaire:Development and Validation of a Measure for Assessing Recuperation and Unwinding from Work[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2007,12(3):204-221
[38]Meijman T.F.,Mulder G.Psychological Aspects of Workload[J].New Handbook of Work&Organizational Psychology,1998,11(2):5-33
[39]Binnewies C.,Sonnentag S.,Mojza E.J.Daily Performance at Work:Feeling Recovered in the Morning as a Predictor of DayLevel Job Performance[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2009,30(1):67-93
[40]Muraven M.,Baumeister F.R.Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources:Does Self-Control Resemble a Muscle?[J].Psychological Bulletin,2000,126(2):247-259
[41]Eisenberger R.,Huntington R.,Hutchison S.,et al.Perceived Organizational Support[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1986,71(2):500-507
[42]Bogler R.,Nir A.E.The Importance of Teachers’Perceived Organizational Support to Job Satisfaction[J].Journal of Educational Administration,2012,50(3):287-306
[43]Amabile T.M.,Conti R.,Coon H.,et al.Assessing The Work Environment for Creativity[J].Academy of Management Journal,1996,39(5):1154-1184
[44]Gupta V.,Agarwal U.A.,Khatri N.The Relationships between Perceived Organizational Support,Affective Commitment,Psychological Contract Breach,Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and Work Engagement[J].Journal of Advanced Nursing,2016,72(11):2806-2817
[45]Arefin M.S.,Raquib M.,Arif I.The Relationship between High-Performance Work Systems and Proactive Behaviors:The Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support[J].European Scientific Journal,2015,11(2):314-327
[46]Bosset I.,Bourgeois E.Motivation to Transfer:Linking Perceived Organizational Support to Training to Personal Goals[J].Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft,2015,18(1):169-199
[47]刘宗华,李燕萍,毛天平.高承诺人力资源实践与员工绩效---组织支持感的中介作用[J].软科学,2015,29(10):92-95
[48]Kim K.Y.,Eisenberger R.,Baik K.Perceived Organizational Support and Affective Organizational Commitment:Moderating Influence of Perceived Organizational Competence[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2016,37(4):558-583
[49]Stamper C.L.,Johlke M.C.The Impact of Perceived Organizational Support on the Relationship between Boundary Spanner Role Stress and Work Outcomes[J].Journal of Management,2015,29(4):569-588
[50]Liu L.,Wen F.,Xu X.,et al.Effective Resources for Improving Mental Health among Chinese Underground Coal Miners:Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Capital[J].Journal of Occupational Health,2015,57(1):58-68
[51]Ning X.D.,Huang X.Z.,Cheng H.L.,et al.The Relationship among Job Satisfaction,Perceived Organizational Support and Job Burnout of Nurses[J].Journal of Nursing Administration,2015,32(5):305-307
[52]Karatepe O.M.Do Personal Resources Mediate the Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on Emotional Exhaustion and Job Outcomes?[J].International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,2015,27(1):4-26
[53]Karasek R.A.Job Demands,Job Decision Latitude,and Mental Strain:Implications for Job Redesign[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1979,24(2):285-308
[54]Christian M.S.,Ellis A.P.J.Examining the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Workplace Deviance:A Self-Regulatory Perspective[J].Academy of Management Journal,2011,54(5):913-934
[55]Parker S.K.,Collins C.G.Taking Stock:Integrating and Differentiating Multiple Proactive Behaviors[J].Journal of Management:Official Journal of the Southern Management Association,2010,36(3):633-662
[56]Goldberg L.R.A Broad-Bandwidth,Public-Domain,Personality Inventory Measuring the Lower-Level Facets of Several FiveFactor Models[J].Personality Psychology in Europe,1999,13(7):7-28
[57]Preacher K.J.,Curran P.J.,Bauer D.J.Computational Tools for Probing Interactions in Multiple Linear Regression,Multilevel Modeling,and Latent Curve Analysis[J].Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics,2006,31(4):437-448
[58]Bauer D.J.,Preacher K.J.,Gil K.M.Conceptualizing and Testing Random Indirect Effects and Moderated Mediation in Multilevel Models:New Procedures and Recommendations[J].Psychological Methods,2006,11(2):142-163
[59]陈瑞,郑毓煌,刘文静.中介效应分析:原理、程序、Bootstrap方法及其应用[J].营销科学学报,2013,9(4):120-135
[60]De Wall C.N.,Baumeister R.F.,Mead N.L.,et al.How Leaders Self-Regulate Their Task Performance:Evidence That Power Promotes Diligence,Depletion,and Disdain[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2010,100(3):47-65
[2]Tomlinson J.Employment Regulation,Welfare and Gender Regimes:A Comparative Analysis of Women’s Working-time Patterns and Work-life Balance in the UK and the US[J].International Journal of Human Resource Management,2007,18(3):401-415
[3]Derks D.,van Mierlo H.,Schmitz E.B.A Diary Study on Work-Related Smartphone Use,Psychological Detachment and Exhaustion:Examining the Role of the Perceived Segmentation Norm[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2014,19(1):74-84
[4]Ou C.X.,Sia C.L.,Hui C.K.Computer-Mediated Communication and Social Networking Tools at Work[J].Information Technology&People,2013,26(2):172-190
[5]Butts M.M.,Becker W.J.,Boswell W.R.Hot Buttons and Time Sinks:The Effects of Electronic Communication during Nonwork Time on Emotions and Work-Nonwork Conflict[J].Academy of Management Journal,2015,58(3):763-788
[6]Derks D.,Bakker A.B.Smartphone Use,Work-Home Interference,and Burnout:A Diary Study on the Role of Recovery[J].Applied Psychology,2014,63(3):411-440
[7]Byron K.Carrying Too Heavy a Load?The Communication and Miscommunication of Emotion by Email[J].Academy of Management Review,2008,33(2):309-327
[8]Lanaj K.,Johnson R.E.,Barnes C.M.Beginning the Workday Yet Already Depleted?Consequences of Late-Night Smartphone Use and Sleep[J].Organizational Behavior&Human Decision Processes,2014,124(1):11-23
[9]Boswell W.R.,Olson-Buchanan J.B.The Use of Communication Technologies after Hours:The Role of Work Attitudes and Work-Life Conflict[J].Journal of Management:Official Journal of the Southern Management Association,2007,33(4):592-610
[10]Mahatanankoon P.The Impact of Personal Electronic Communications on Work-Life Balance and Cognitive Absorption[J].International Journal of Information Communication Technologies&Human Development,2010,2(1):1-17
[11]Bateman T.S.,Crant J.M.The Proactive Component of Organizational Behavior:A Measure and Correlates[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,1993,14(2):103-118
[12]Griffin M.A.,Neal A.,Parker S.K.A New Model of Work Role Performance:Positive Behavior in Uncertain and Interdependent Contexts[J].Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(2):327-347
[13]Seibert S.E.,Kraimer M.L.,Crant J.N.What Do Proactive People Do?A Longitudinal Model Linking Proactive Personality and Career Success[J].Personnel Psychology,2001,54(4):845-874
[14]Singh R.,Ragins B.R.,Tharenou P.Who Gets a Mentor?A Longitudinal Assessment of the Rising Star Hypothesis[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior,2009,74(1):11-17
[15]Fritz C.,Sonnentag S.Antecedents of Day-Level Proactive Behavior:A Look at Job Stressors and Positive Affect during the Workday[J].Journal of Management,2009,35(1):94-111
[16]Ohly S.,Sonnentag S.,Pluntke F.Routinization,Work Characteristics and Their Relationships with Creative and Proactive Behaviors[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2006,27(3):257-279
[17]谭树华,许燕,王芳,等.自我损耗:理论、影响因素及研究走向[J].心理科学进展,2012,20(5):715-725
[18]Beal D.J.,Weiss H.M.,Barros E.,et al.An Episodic Process Model of Affective Influences on Performance[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(6):1054-1068
[19]Baumeister R.F.,Vohs K.D.Self-Regulation,Ego Depletion,and Motivation[J].Social&Personality Psychology Compass,2007,1(1):115-128
[20]Baumeister R.Ego Depletion and Self-Regulation Failure:A Resource Model of Self-Control[J].Alcoholism:Clinical and Experimental Research,2003,27(2):281-284
[21]Sonnentag S.,Binnewies C.,Mojza E.J.“Did You Have a Nice Evening?”A Day-Level Study on Recovery Experiences,Sleep,and Affect[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,2008,93(3):674-684
[22]Gino F.,Schweitzer M.E.,Mead N.L.,et al.Unable to Resist the Temptation:How Self-Control Depletion Promotes Unethical Behavior[J].Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,2011,115(2):191-203
[23]Baumeister R.F.,Bratslavsky E.,Muraven M.,et al.Ego Depletion:Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1998,74(5):1252-1265
[24]De Wall C.N.,Baumeister R.F.,Gailliot M.T.,et al.Depletion Makes the Heart Grow Less Helpful:Helping as a Function of Self-Regulatory Energy and Genetic Relatedness[J].Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2008,34(12):1653-1662
[25]HrmM.Work Hours in Relation to Work Stress,Recovery and Health[J].Scandinavian Journal of Work,Environment&Health,2006,32(6):502-514
[26]Jarvenpaa S.L.,Lang K.R.Managing the Paradoxes of Mobile Technology[J].Information Systems Management,2005,22(4):7-23
[27]Baumeister R.F.,Muraven M.,Tice D.M.Ego Depletion:A Resource Model of Volition,Self-Regulation,and Controlled Processing[J].Social Cognition,2000,18(2):130-150
[28]Akerstedt T.,Fredlund P.,Gillberg M.,et al.Work Load and Work Hours in Relation to Disturbed Sleep and Fatigue in a Large Representative Sample[J].Journal of Psychosomatic Research,2002,53(1):585-588
[29]Lang A.H.,Kompier M.A.J.,Taris T.W.,et al.A Hard Day’s Night:A Longitudinal Study on the Relationships among Job Demands and Job Control,Sleep Quality and Fatigue[J].Journal of Sleep Research,2009,18(3):374-383
[30]Barnes C.M.,Wagner D.T.,Ghumman S.Borrowing from Sleep to Pay Work and Family:Expanding Time-Based Conflict to the Broader Non-Work Domain[J].Personnel Psychology,2012,65(4):789-819
[31]Czeisler C.A.,Duffy J.F.,Shanahan T.L.,et al.Stability,Precision,and Near-24-Hour Period of the Human Circadian Pacemaker[J].Science,1999,284(5423):2177-2181
[32]Folkard S.,Tucker P.Shift Work,Safety and Productivity[J].Occupational Medicine-Oxford,2003,53(2):95-101
[33]Son M.,Kong J.O.,Koh S.B.,et al.Effects of Long Work Hours and Night Shift on Severe Sleepiness among Workers with 12-Hour Shift Systems for 5 to 7 Consecutive Days in the Automobile Factories of Korea[J].Journal of Sleep Research,2008,17(4):385-394
[34]Querstret D.,Cropley M.Exploring the Relationship between Work-Related Rumination,Sleep Quality,and Work-Related Fatigue[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2012,17(3):341-353
[35]Siltaloppi M.,Kinnunen U.,Feldt T.Recovery Experiences as Moderators between Psychosocial Work Characteristics and Occupational Well-Being[J].Work&Stress,2009,23(4):330-348
[36]Sonnentag S.,Bayer U.V.Switching off Mentally:Predictors and Consequences of Psychological Detachment from Work during Off-Job Time[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2005,10(4):393-414
[37]Sonnentag S.,Fritz C.The Recovery Experience Questionnaire:Development and Validation of a Measure for Assessing Recuperation and Unwinding from Work[J].Journal of Occupational Health Psychology,2007,12(3):204-221
[38]Meijman T.F.,Mulder G.Psychological Aspects of Workload[J].New Handbook of Work&Organizational Psychology,1998,11(2):5-33
[39]Binnewies C.,Sonnentag S.,Mojza E.J.Daily Performance at Work:Feeling Recovered in the Morning as a Predictor of DayLevel Job Performance[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2009,30(1):67-93
[40]Muraven M.,Baumeister F.R.Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources:Does Self-Control Resemble a Muscle?[J].Psychological Bulletin,2000,126(2):247-259
[41]Eisenberger R.,Huntington R.,Hutchison S.,et al.Perceived Organizational Support[J].Journal of Applied Psychology,1986,71(2):500-507
[42]Bogler R.,Nir A.E.The Importance of Teachers’Perceived Organizational Support to Job Satisfaction[J].Journal of Educational Administration,2012,50(3):287-306
[43]Amabile T.M.,Conti R.,Coon H.,et al.Assessing The Work Environment for Creativity[J].Academy of Management Journal,1996,39(5):1154-1184
[44]Gupta V.,Agarwal U.A.,Khatri N.The Relationships between Perceived Organizational Support,Affective Commitment,Psychological Contract Breach,Organizational Citizenship Behaviour and Work Engagement[J].Journal of Advanced Nursing,2016,72(11):2806-2817
[45]Arefin M.S.,Raquib M.,Arif I.The Relationship between High-Performance Work Systems and Proactive Behaviors:The Mediating Role of Perceived Organizational Support[J].European Scientific Journal,2015,11(2):314-327
[46]Bosset I.,Bourgeois E.Motivation to Transfer:Linking Perceived Organizational Support to Training to Personal Goals[J].Zeitschrift Für Erziehungswissenschaft,2015,18(1):169-199
[47]刘宗华,李燕萍,毛天平.高承诺人力资源实践与员工绩效---组织支持感的中介作用[J].软科学,2015,29(10):92-95
[48]Kim K.Y.,Eisenberger R.,Baik K.Perceived Organizational Support and Affective Organizational Commitment:Moderating Influence of Perceived Organizational Competence[J].Journal of Organizational Behavior,2016,37(4):558-583
[49]Stamper C.L.,Johlke M.C.The Impact of Perceived Organizational Support on the Relationship between Boundary Spanner Role Stress and Work Outcomes[J].Journal of Management,2015,29(4):569-588
[50]Liu L.,Wen F.,Xu X.,et al.Effective Resources for Improving Mental Health among Chinese Underground Coal Miners:Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Capital[J].Journal of Occupational Health,2015,57(1):58-68
[51]Ning X.D.,Huang X.Z.,Cheng H.L.,et al.The Relationship among Job Satisfaction,Perceived Organizational Support and Job Burnout of Nurses[J].Journal of Nursing Administration,2015,32(5):305-307
[52]Karatepe O.M.Do Personal Resources Mediate the Effect of Perceived Organizational Support on Emotional Exhaustion and Job Outcomes?[J].International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,2015,27(1):4-26
[53]Karasek R.A.Job Demands,Job Decision Latitude,and Mental Strain:Implications for Job Redesign[J].Administrative Science Quarterly,1979,24(2):285-308
[54]Christian M.S.,Ellis A.P.J.Examining the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Workplace Deviance:A Self-Regulatory Perspective[J].Academy of Management Journal,2011,54(5):913-934
[55]Parker S.K.,Collins C.G.Taking Stock:Integrating and Differentiating Multiple Proactive Behaviors[J].Journal of Management:Official Journal of the Southern Management Association,2010,36(3):633-662
[56]Goldberg L.R.A Broad-Bandwidth,Public-Domain,Personality Inventory Measuring the Lower-Level Facets of Several FiveFactor Models[J].Personality Psychology in Europe,1999,13(7):7-28
[57]Preacher K.J.,Curran P.J.,Bauer D.J.Computational Tools for Probing Interactions in Multiple Linear Regression,Multilevel Modeling,and Latent Curve Analysis[J].Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics,2006,31(4):437-448
[58]Bauer D.J.,Preacher K.J.,Gil K.M.Conceptualizing and Testing Random Indirect Effects and Moderated Mediation in Multilevel Models:New Procedures and Recommendations[J].Psychological Methods,2006,11(2):142-163
[59]陈瑞,郑毓煌,刘文静.中介效应分析:原理、程序、Bootstrap方法及其应用[J].营销科学学报,2013,9(4):120-135
[60]De Wall C.N.,Baumeister R.F.,Mead N.L.,et al.How Leaders Self-Regulate Their Task Performance:Evidence That Power Promotes Diligence,Depletion,and Disdain[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2010,100(3):47-65