宜昌市天福庙水库沉积物磷形态分布特征及其释放通量估算
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摘要
为揭示天福庙水库沉积物中磷的形态及空间分布特征,探讨沉积物-水界面磷的释放通量及其主要影响因素,在天福庙水库库区内设立了6个采样点,采用SMT(磷形态标准测试程序)法测量其沉积物中磷的形态组成,对沉积物磷空间分布、间隙水及上覆水PO43-质量浓度变化特征进行了分析,估算了磷释放通量.结果表明:(1)库区沉积物中TP主要由Ca-P(钙磷)构成,TP在水库库尾和支流入库处具有较高的质量分数,分别为4 904.6、5 015.2 mg/kg.TP、IP(无机磷)、Ca-P时空动态具有一致性,磷矿石灰污染是重要原因.(2)孔隙水中PO43-质量浓度在沉积物表层1~3 cm内存在很高的峰值,达11.3 mg/L,各采样点均高于上覆水中PO43-质量浓度,存在向上覆水释放PO43-的风险,孔隙水中PO43-质量浓度与TP质量分数及磷形态相关.(3)采用孔隙水扩散模型法估算PO43-在沉积物-上覆水界面上的释放通量,库区沉积物磷释放通量范围为0.13~3.08 mg/(m2·d),平均值为1.03 mg/(m2·d),处于较高水平.研究显示,磷矿开采是干流沉积物磷来源和形态组成的重要原因,库区磷释放通量与水流扰动密切相关,坝前、支流交汇处、库尾是库区内源磷污染的主要区域.
In order to reveal the morphological and spatial distribution of sediments phosphorus in Tianfumiao Reservoir,and explore the factors and main influence of release flux of phosphate in the sediment-water interface,six sampling sites were set up to measure the phosphorus forms and composition in the sediments using SMT method. The characteristics of phosphorus spatial distribution,PO43-of interstitial,overlying water were analyzed,and the release flux of phosphorus was estimated. The results show:( 1) Ca-P was the primary component of the total phosphorus( TP) in sediments. TP content was higher at the tail and tributary in the reservoir with 4904. 6 and5015. 2 mg/kg,respectively. The overall trend of Ca-P,IP and TP in the vertical direction was basically the same,and TP primarily originated from the accumulation of granular apatite produced by surrounding phosphate rock.( 2) PO43-concentrations of pore water peaked in the 1-3 cm layer of the sediments and was higher than those in the overlying water,with the highest point 11. 3 mg/L,whichwas higher than that of PO43-in the overlying water,and there was a risk of PO43-releasing from pore water to overlying water; the concentration of PO43-in pore water was related to the content of TP and the forms of phosphorus.( 3) Pore water diffusion model was applied to estimate the release fluxes of PO43-on the sediment-overlying water interface,the phosphorus release flux of the sediments was0. 13-3. 08 mg/( m2·d) and average at 1. 03 mg/( m2·d). The study shows that phosphate rock mining is an important cause of phosphorus sources and speciation of the sediments,release fluxes of the phosphorus were closely related to the disturbance of water flow,the head and tail of reservoir,intersection of reservoirs and tributaries were the mainly internal phosphorus pollution area.
In order to reveal the morphological and spatial distribution of sediments phosphorus in Tianfumiao Reservoir,and explore the factors and main influence of release flux of phosphate in the sediment-water interface,six sampling sites were set up to measure the phosphorus forms and composition in the sediments using SMT method. The characteristics of phosphorus spatial distribution,PO43-of interstitial,overlying water were analyzed,and the release flux of phosphorus was estimated. The results show:( 1) Ca-P was the primary component of the total phosphorus( TP) in sediments. TP content was higher at the tail and tributary in the reservoir with 4904. 6 and5015. 2 mg/kg,respectively. The overall trend of Ca-P,IP and TP in the vertical direction was basically the same,and TP primarily originated from the accumulation of granular apatite produced by surrounding phosphate rock.( 2) PO43-concentrations of pore water peaked in the 1-3 cm layer of the sediments and was higher than those in the overlying water,with the highest point 11. 3 mg/L,whichwas higher than that of PO43-in the overlying water,and there was a risk of PO43-releasing from pore water to overlying water; the concentration of PO43-in pore water was related to the content of TP and the forms of phosphorus.( 3) Pore water diffusion model was applied to estimate the release fluxes of PO43-on the sediment-overlying water interface,the phosphorus release flux of the sediments was0. 13-3. 08 mg/( m2·d) and average at 1. 03 mg/( m2·d). The study shows that phosphate rock mining is an important cause of phosphorus sources and speciation of the sediments,release fluxes of the phosphorus were closely related to the disturbance of water flow,the head and tail of reservoir,intersection of reservoirs and tributaries were the mainly internal phosphorus pollution area.
引文
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[12]AN Wenchao,ZHANG Shuwu,LI Xiaoming.Research on phosphorus loads and characteristics of adsorption and release in surface sediments of Nanyang Lake and Weishan Lake in China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2015,187(1):1-7.
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[15]ZHANG Kun,CHENG Pengda,ZHONG Baocheng,et al.Total phosphorus release from bottom sediments in flowing water[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2012,24(4):589-594.
[16]王雨春,万国江,王仕禄,等.红枫湖、百花湖沉积物中磷的存在形态研究[J].矿物学报,2000(3):273-278.WANG Yuchun,WAN Guojiang,WANG Shilu,et al.Forms of phosphorusin sediments of Lake Baihua and Lake Hongfeng,Guizhou[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2000(3):273-278.
[17]ULLMAN W J,ALLER R C.Diffusion coefficients in nearshore marine sediments[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1982,27(3):552-556.
[18]牛凤霞,肖尚斌,王雨春,等.三峡库区沉积物秋末冬初的磷释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1308-1314.NIU Fengxia,XIAO Shangbin,WANG Yuchun,et al.Estimation of releasing fluxes of sediment phosphorous in the Three Gorges Reservoir during late autumn and early winter[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1308-1314.
[19]李宝,丁士明,范成新,等.滇池福保湾底泥内源氮磷营养盐释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):114-120.LI Bao,DING Shiming,FAN Chengxin,et al.Estimation of releasing fluxes of sediment nitrogen and phosphorus in Fubao Bay in Dianchi Lake[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(1):114-120.
[20]徐徽,张路,商景阁,等.太湖水土界面氮磷释放通量的流动培养研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2009,25(4):66-71.XU Hui,ZHANG Lu,SHANG Jingge,et al.Study on ammonium and phosphate fluxes at the sediment-water interface of Lake Taihu using flow-through incubation[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2009,25(4):66-71.
[21]张奇,喻庆国,王胜龙,等.滇西北剑湖沉积物磷形态、空间分布及释放贡献[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(10):3792-3803.ZHANG Qi,YU Qingguo,WANG Shenglong,et al.Phosphorus fractions,spatial distribution and release contributions in sediments of Jianhu Lake,northwestern Yunnan Plateau,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(10):3792-3803.
[22]李乐,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.滇池柱状沉积物磷形态垂向变化及对释放的贡献[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3384-3393.LI Le,WANG Shengrui,JIAO Lixin,et al.Vertical variation of phosphorus forms in Lake Dianchi and contribution to release[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3384-3393.
[23]汪艳雯,岳钦艳,刘庆,等.山东省南四湖底泥中磷的形态分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(2):125-129.WANG Yanwen,YUE Qinyan,LIU Qing,et al.Phosphorus species and distribution characteristics in sediment of Nansi Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(2):125-129.
[24]王雯雯,王书航,赵丽,等.丹江口水库表层沉积物有机/无机磷形态特征[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(3):808-818.WANG Wenwen,WANG Shuhang,ZHAO Li,et al.Identification of inorganic and organic species of phosphorus and its bio-availability by aequential extraction method in surface sediments of Danjiangkou Reservoir[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(3):808-818.
[25]赵林,方东明,宋伟男,等.海河干流表层沉积物中磷形态的空间分布特征及其对水相磷的影响[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2014,44(2):603-609.ZHAO Lin,FANG Dongming,SONG Weinan,et al.Spatial distribution of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments and its impact on soluble phosphorus in main stream of Haihe River[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2014,44(2):603-609.
[26]孙淑娟,黄岁樑.海河沉积物中磷释放的模拟研究[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(4):128-133.SUN Shujuan,HUANG Suiliang.Simulated experiment of phosphorus release from Haihe River sediment[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(4):128-133.
[27]HUANG Qinghui,WANG Zijian,WANG Donghong,et al.Origins and mobility of phosphorus forms in the sediments of lakes Taihu and Chaohu,China[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2005,40(1):91-102.
[28]VILMIN L,AISSA-GROUZ N,GARNIER J,et al.Impact of hydrosedimentary processes on the dynamics of soluble reactive phosphorus in the Seine River[J].Biogeochemistry,2015,122(2/3):229-251.
[29]王岩,姜霞,李永峰,等.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布与水体营养状态特征[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(5):484-491.WANG Yan,JIANG Xia,LI Yongfeng,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and nutritional characteristics of water of Dongting Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(5):484-491.
[30]AVILS A,NIELL F X.The control of a small dam in nutrient inputs to a hypertrophic estuary in a Mediterranean climate[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution,2007,180(1/2/3/4):97-108.
[31]PULLEY S,FOSTER I,ANTUNES P.The dynamics of sedimentassociated contaminants over a transition from drought to multiple flood events in a lowland UK catchment[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30(5):704-719.
[32]KIV T,NOGES T,LAAS A.Phosphorus retention as a function of external loading,hydraulic turnover time,area and relative depth in54 lakes and reservoirs[J].Hydrobiologia,2011,660(1):105-115.
[2]王圣瑞.湖泊沉积物-水界面过程:氮磷生物地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003:1-25.
[3]WU Fengchang,QING Hairuo,WAN Guojiang.Regeneration of N,P and Si near the sediment-water interface of lakes from southwestern China plateau[J].Water Research,2001,35(5):1334-1337.
[4]TORRES I C,TURNER B L,REDDY K R.The chemical nature of phosphorus in subtropical lake sediments[J].Aquatic Geochemistry,2014,20(4):437-457.
[5]CHRISTOPHORIDIS C,FYTIANOS K.Conditions affecting the release of phosphorus from surface lake sediments[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2006,35(4):1181-1192.
[6]KAISERLI A,VOUTSA D,SAMARA C.Phosphorus fractionation in lake sediments-lakes Volvi and Koronia,N.Greece[J].Chemosphere,2002,46(8):1147-1155.
[7]ZHANG Zhijian,WANG Zhaode,WANG Yaowei,et al.Properties of phosphorus retention in sediments under different hydrological regimes:a laboratory-scale simulation study[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,404(3/4):109-116.
[8]MAAVARA T,PARSONS C T,RIDENOUR C,et al.Global phosphorus retention by river damming[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2015,112(51):15603-15608.
[9]苏玉萍,林佳,林婉珍,等.亚热带深水库沉积物-水界面磷释放受控因子的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1465-1470.SU Yuping,LIN Jia,LIN Wanzhen,et al.A study on the limiting factors for the release of phosphorus at the sediment-water interface in the Shanzi Reservoir in Fujian Province[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2008,27(4):1465-1470.
[10]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:243-250.
[11]RUBAN V,LOPEZ S,PARDO P,et al.Harmonized protocol and certified reference material for the determination of extractable contents of phosphorus in freshwater sediments-a synthesis of recent works[J].Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry,2001,370:224-228.
[12]AN Wenchao,ZHANG Shuwu,LI Xiaoming.Research on phosphorus loads and characteristics of adsorption and release in surface sediments of Nanyang Lake and Weishan Lake in China[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2015,187(1):1-7.
[13]PALMER-FELGATE E J,BOWES M J,STRATFORD C,et al.Phosphorus release from sediments in a treatment wetland:contrast between DET and EPC methodologies[J].Ecological Engineering,2011,37(6):826-832.
[14]LIU Cheng,FAN Chengxin,SHEN Qiushi,et al.Effects of riverine suspended particulate matter on the post-dredging increase in internal phosphorus loading across the sediment-water interface[J].Environmental Pollution,2016,211:165-172.
[15]ZHANG Kun,CHENG Pengda,ZHONG Baocheng,et al.Total phosphorus release from bottom sediments in flowing water[J].Journal of Hydrodynamics,2012,24(4):589-594.
[16]王雨春,万国江,王仕禄,等.红枫湖、百花湖沉积物中磷的存在形态研究[J].矿物学报,2000(3):273-278.WANG Yuchun,WAN Guojiang,WANG Shilu,et al.Forms of phosphorusin sediments of Lake Baihua and Lake Hongfeng,Guizhou[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,2000(3):273-278.
[17]ULLMAN W J,ALLER R C.Diffusion coefficients in nearshore marine sediments[J].Limnology and Oceanography,1982,27(3):552-556.
[18]牛凤霞,肖尚斌,王雨春,等.三峡库区沉积物秋末冬初的磷释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1308-1314.NIU Fengxia,XIAO Shangbin,WANG Yuchun,et al.Estimation of releasing fluxes of sediment phosphorous in the Three Gorges Reservoir during late autumn and early winter[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1308-1314.
[19]李宝,丁士明,范成新,等.滇池福保湾底泥内源氮磷营养盐释放通量估算[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):114-120.LI Bao,DING Shiming,FAN Chengxin,et al.Estimation of releasing fluxes of sediment nitrogen and phosphorus in Fubao Bay in Dianchi Lake[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(1):114-120.
[20]徐徽,张路,商景阁,等.太湖水土界面氮磷释放通量的流动培养研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2009,25(4):66-71.XU Hui,ZHANG Lu,SHANG Jingge,et al.Study on ammonium and phosphate fluxes at the sediment-water interface of Lake Taihu using flow-through incubation[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2009,25(4):66-71.
[21]张奇,喻庆国,王胜龙,等.滇西北剑湖沉积物磷形态、空间分布及释放贡献[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(10):3792-3803.ZHANG Qi,YU Qingguo,WANG Shenglong,et al.Phosphorus fractions,spatial distribution and release contributions in sediments of Jianhu Lake,northwestern Yunnan Plateau,China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017,37(10):3792-3803.
[22]李乐,王圣瑞,焦立新,等.滇池柱状沉积物磷形态垂向变化及对释放的贡献[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3384-3393.LI Le,WANG Shengrui,JIAO Lixin,et al.Vertical variation of phosphorus forms in Lake Dianchi and contribution to release[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3384-3393.
[23]汪艳雯,岳钦艳,刘庆,等.山东省南四湖底泥中磷的形态分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(2):125-129.WANG Yanwen,YUE Qinyan,LIU Qing,et al.Phosphorus species and distribution characteristics in sediment of Nansi Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(2):125-129.
[24]王雯雯,王书航,赵丽,等.丹江口水库表层沉积物有机/无机磷形态特征[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(3):808-818.WANG Wenwen,WANG Shuhang,ZHAO Li,et al.Identification of inorganic and organic species of phosphorus and its bio-availability by aequential extraction method in surface sediments of Danjiangkou Reservoir[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(3):808-818.
[25]赵林,方东明,宋伟男,等.海河干流表层沉积物中磷形态的空间分布特征及其对水相磷的影响[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2014,44(2):603-609.ZHAO Lin,FANG Dongming,SONG Weinan,et al.Spatial distribution of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments and its impact on soluble phosphorus in main stream of Haihe River[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2014,44(2):603-609.
[26]孙淑娟,黄岁樑.海河沉积物中磷释放的模拟研究[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(4):128-133.SUN Shujuan,HUANG Suiliang.Simulated experiment of phosphorus release from Haihe River sediment[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2008,21(4):128-133.
[27]HUANG Qinghui,WANG Zijian,WANG Donghong,et al.Origins and mobility of phosphorus forms in the sediments of lakes Taihu and Chaohu,China[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A:Toxic/Hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering,2005,40(1):91-102.
[28]VILMIN L,AISSA-GROUZ N,GARNIER J,et al.Impact of hydrosedimentary processes on the dynamics of soluble reactive phosphorus in the Seine River[J].Biogeochemistry,2015,122(2/3):229-251.
[29]王岩,姜霞,李永峰,等.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布与水体营养状态特征[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(5):484-491.WANG Yan,JIANG Xia,LI Yongfeng,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and nutritional characteristics of water of Dongting Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(5):484-491.
[30]AVILS A,NIELL F X.The control of a small dam in nutrient inputs to a hypertrophic estuary in a Mediterranean climate[J].Water,Air&Soil Pollution,2007,180(1/2/3/4):97-108.
[31]PULLEY S,FOSTER I,ANTUNES P.The dynamics of sedimentassociated contaminants over a transition from drought to multiple flood events in a lowland UK catchment[J].Hydrological Processes,2016,30(5):704-719.
[32]KIV T,NOGES T,LAAS A.Phosphorus retention as a function of external loading,hydraulic turnover time,area and relative depth in54 lakes and reservoirs[J].Hydrobiologia,2011,660(1):105-115.