羊肚菌栽培的病虫害发生规律及防控措施
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摘要
羊肚菌(Morchella spp.)因其开放粗犷的栽培模式以及特殊的子囊果结构,容易招致多种害虫和环境中微生物的侵袭。认识和了解羊肚菌栽培过程中的病虫害发生规律是防治的前提。基于羊肚菌栽培的田间调查和病虫害研究,结合其它食用菌的病虫害防控策略,描述了羊肚菌栽培中常见的虫害(蜗牛、蛞蝓、跳虫、蚊蝇、蛾类幼虫、马陆和甲螨)、两种细菌性病害(软腐病和红体病)和3种常见的真菌性病害[长孢卵单隔孢霉(Diplo(o|¨)spora longispora)、镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)和蛛网病]的为害特征和发病规律,并提出了防控这些病虫害的措施:羊肚菌栽培播种前要对土壤进行预处理,通过施加石灰、曝晒、焖棚、水淹等措施可有效降低土壤中的病虫害基数;对正在发生的病虫害,可通过诱捕和病原物隔离的方法进行防控;在整个栽培过程中,要结合羊肚菌的生活习性,营造最适宜羊肚菌生长发育的环境条件,通过提高羊肚菌的"自身健康"来增强其抗性。
Morchella mushrooms are apt to be attacked by various pests and microorganisms because of their open and rough field cultivation mode and special ascocarp structure.Understanding the occurrence pattern of diseases and pests in morel field cultivation is the basis of prevention and control.Based on the field investigation and disease studies,combining with the disease and pest control strategies of other mushrooms,the common pathogenesis including pests(e.g.snails,slugs,springtail,sciarid,flies,wood moth larvae,millipede and oribatid)and diseases(bacterial diseases such as soft rot and ascocarp redness,and three common fungal diseases Diplo?spora longispora,Fusarium spp.and cobweb diseases)in morel field cultivation were described and analyzed.The countermeasures for prevention and control of pests and diseases were provided.The land should be pre-treated before seeding through lime usage,sun exposure,braise shed,long time flooding and other measures,in order to reduce the number of pests and pathogens effectively.Diseases and pests that are occurring could be prevented by trapping and pathogen isolation strategies.In the whole cultivation process,the most suitable environment should be created for the growth and development of morels in accordance with their growth habits,therefore enhancing the disease resistance by improving their own health conditions.
Morchella mushrooms are apt to be attacked by various pests and microorganisms because of their open and rough field cultivation mode and special ascocarp structure.Understanding the occurrence pattern of diseases and pests in morel field cultivation is the basis of prevention and control.Based on the field investigation and disease studies,combining with the disease and pest control strategies of other mushrooms,the common pathogenesis including pests(e.g.snails,slugs,springtail,sciarid,flies,wood moth larvae,millipede and oribatid)and diseases(bacterial diseases such as soft rot and ascocarp redness,and three common fungal diseases Diplo?spora longispora,Fusarium spp.and cobweb diseases)in morel field cultivation were described and analyzed.The countermeasures for prevention and control of pests and diseases were provided.The land should be pre-treated before seeding through lime usage,sun exposure,braise shed,long time flooding and other measures,in order to reduce the number of pests and pathogens effectively.Diseases and pests that are occurring could be prevented by trapping and pathogen isolation strategies.In the whole cultivation process,the most suitable environment should be created for the growth and development of morels in accordance with their growth habits,therefore enhancing the disease resistance by improving their own health conditions.
引文
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[19]蔡波,金秋,陈施明,等.4种药剂对海南兰花蜗牛和蛞蝓的防治效果[J].安徽农业大学学报,2016,43(3):462-466.
[2]刘伟,张亚,蔡英丽.我国羊肚菌产业发展的现状及趋势[J].食药用菌,2017,25(2):77-83.
[3]赵永昌,柴红梅,陈卫民.理性认识羊肚菌产业发展诸多问题[J].食药用菌,2018,26(3):121-127.
[4]GUO MP,CHEN K,WANG GZ,et al.First Report of Stipe Rot Disease on Morchella importuna Caused by Fusarium incarnatum-F.equiseti Species Complex in China[J].Plant Disease,2016,100(12):2530.
[5]HE PX,LI CC,CAI YL,et al. First report of pileus rot disease on cultivated Morchella importuna caused by Diploospora longispora in China[J].Journal of General Plant Pathology,2018,84(1):65-69.
[6]罗信昌,陈士瑜.中国菇业大典[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2010.
[7]边银丙.食用菌病害鉴别与防控[M].郑州:中原农民出版社,2016.
[8]朱富春.食用菌跳虫的发生规律及综合防治措施[J].食药用菌,2012,20(5):310-311.
[9]曲绍轩,宋金俤,林金盛,等.食用菌寄主和温度对厉眼蕈蚊生长发育的影响[J].食用菌学报,2015,22(2):89-93.
[10]王梦茹,傳声雷,徐海翔,等.陆地生态系统中马陆的生态功能[J].生物多样性,2019,26(10):1051-1059.
[11]KOIUHLER HR,ALBERTI G.Morphology of the mandibles in the millipedes(Diplopoda,Arthropoda)[J].Zoologica Scripta,1990,19(2):195-202.
[12]MARAUN M,SCHEU S.Changes in microbial biomass,respiration and nutrient status of beech(Fagus sylva tica)leaf litter processed by millipedes(Glomeris marginata)[J].Oecologia,1996,107(1):131-140.
[13]王慧芙,文在根,陈军.中国甲螨名录(Ⅰ)(蜱螨亚纲:甲螨亚目)[J].蛛形学报,2002,11(2):107-127.
[14]李娜.帽儿山森林土壤动物群落生态地理研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨师范大学,2014.
[15]HE XL,PENG WH,MIAO RY,et al.White mold on cultivated morels caused by Paecilomyces penicillatus[J].FEMS microbiology letters,2017,364(5):1-4.
[16]LECOMTE C,ALABOUVETTE C,EDEL-HERMANN V,et al.Biological control of ornamental plant diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum:a review[J].Biological Control,2016,101:17-30.
[17]何培新,刘伟,贺新生,等.粗柄羊肚菌内生真菌多样性研究[J].郑州轻工业学院学报,2014,29(3):1-6.
[18]王丹丹.平菇昆虫种群动态,群落特征和平菇厉眼蕈蚊内禀生态学特性研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.
[19]蔡波,金秋,陈施明,等.4种药剂对海南兰花蜗牛和蛞蝓的防治效果[J].安徽农业大学学报,2016,43(3):462-466.