从汉匈战争看大规模战争对游牧民族的负面影响
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摘要
传统观点认为,游牧民族马上骑射,来去迅捷,生产条件与战斗条件高度一致,战争的成本较小。在与农耕民族的战争中,游牧民族壮大实力,掠取资源,占尽优势。实际上,在缺乏长城防御的情况下,游牧民族以小规模的骑兵对中原边境地区进行战争,采用运动战、游击战的方式,杀伤人员,掠取劳动力和财富,遇到中原军队大规模出击时,则快速撤离,这样的战争对游牧民族无疑是有利的。长城修筑后,游牧骑兵的速度优势被大大限制,战争的规模变大,伤亡人数变多,残酷程度提高。大规模的战争,对游牧民族如同双刃剑,在获取战争利益的同时,也会严重影响到牧业生产,造成牧业劳动力的大量损伤,甚至会造成草原帝国的衰落和游牧政权内部的矛盾与分裂,其负面影响不容小觑。
Traditional wisdom holds that nomadic nationalities ride and shoot on horseback, come and go rapidly, and the production conditions are highly consistent with combat conditions, so the cost of war is relatively small.In the war with agrarian nationalities, the nomadic nationalities strengthened their strength and seized resources, and made the most of their advantages.In fact, in the absence of the Great Wall defense, the nomadic nationalities waged wars on the border areas of the Central Plains with small cavalry, killing people and plundering labor and wealth by means of mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare. If they confronted a large-scale attack by the Central Plains army, they would withdraw quickly. Such warfare is undoubtedly beneficial to the nomadic nationalities.After the Great Wall was built, the speed advantage of nomadic cavalry was greatly limited, the scale of war became larger, the number of casualties increased, and the degree of cruelty increased.Asa double-edged sword to nomadic nationalities, large-scale war would seriously affect animal husbandry production, result in a large number of damage to animal husbandry labor force, and even cause the decline of the grassland Empire and contradictions and splits within the nomadic regime while gaining the benefits of war. Its negative impacts should not be underestimated.
Traditional wisdom holds that nomadic nationalities ride and shoot on horseback, come and go rapidly, and the production conditions are highly consistent with combat conditions, so the cost of war is relatively small.In the war with agrarian nationalities, the nomadic nationalities strengthened their strength and seized resources, and made the most of their advantages.In fact, in the absence of the Great Wall defense, the nomadic nationalities waged wars on the border areas of the Central Plains with small cavalry, killing people and plundering labor and wealth by means of mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare. If they confronted a large-scale attack by the Central Plains army, they would withdraw quickly. Such warfare is undoubtedly beneficial to the nomadic nationalities.After the Great Wall was built, the speed advantage of nomadic cavalry was greatly limited, the scale of war became larger, the number of casualties increased, and the degree of cruelty increased.Asa double-edged sword to nomadic nationalities, large-scale war would seriously affect animal husbandry production, result in a large number of damage to animal husbandry labor force, and even cause the decline of the grassland Empire and contradictions and splits within the nomadic regime while gaining the benefits of war. Its negative impacts should not be underestimated.
引文
[1] 王明珂. 游牧者的抉择—面对汉帝国的北亚游牧部族 [M]. 桂林: 广西师范大学出版社, 2008.
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[5] 王子今. 秦汉边疆与民族问题 [M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2011.
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[7] 常生荣, 主编. 烽火狼烟: 中国长城新考 [M]. 北京: 中国友谊出版公司, 2013.
[8] 范晔. 后汉书 [M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1965.
[9] 魏收. 魏书 [M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1974.
① 转引于余英时著、乌文玲等译《汉代贸易与扩张》,上海古籍出版社,2005年版第42页。
[2] 司马迁. 史记 [M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1959.
[3] 班固. 汉书 [M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1962.
[4] 王庆宪. 匈奴与西汉关系史研究 [D]. 内蒙古大学, 2007.
[5] 王子今. 秦汉边疆与民族问题 [M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2011.
[6] 马长寿. 论匈奴部落国家的奴隶制 [M]//匈奴史论文集. 北京: 中华书局, 1983.
[7] 常生荣, 主编. 烽火狼烟: 中国长城新考 [M]. 北京: 中国友谊出版公司, 2013.
[8] 范晔. 后汉书 [M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1965.
[9] 魏收. 魏书 [M]. 北京: 中华书局, 1974.
① 转引于余英时著、乌文玲等译《汉代贸易与扩张》,上海古籍出版社,2005年版第42页。