基于淹水时长梯度的鄱阳湖优势湿地植被生态阈值
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摘要
2003年后,鄱阳湖和长江的"江湖关系"变化显著,湖区枯水问题严重,洲滩淹水时间缩短,湿地植被的水分需求难以得到保障,湿地退化趋势初步显现。为量化湿地植被对淹水时长的生态需求,通过耦合水动力模型和统计模型,建立植被分布面积对淹水时长的响应关系,明确了优势湿地植被的生态阈值。结果表明:湿地植被对淹水时长的响应关系符合高斯曲线,持续一定时间的淹水,是保障植被生长的必要条件;淹水时间过长,植被生长将受到胁迫。在淹水时长梯度下,湿地植被具有最适、适宜和限制区间,且存在明显种间差异:苔草对淹水的适应能力最强,适宜生态阈值为60～240 d,最适生态阈值为120～180 d,淹水超过300 d的区域,苔草生长受限;狗牙根适应能力较弱,适宜和最适生态阈值分别为30～60 d、30～90 d,淹水超过120 d的区域,狗牙根无法生存。植物面对淹水的不同生存策略,如休眠、形态结构调整等,是决定阈值种间差异的主要原因。研究结果能够为确定生态水文过程线,遏制鄱阳湖湿地退化趋势提供科学依据。
After 2003,the "river-lake" relation between Poyang Lake and Yangtze River has been changed significantly. The flooding duration for the wetlands is obviously shorter than that before 2003,and it is hard to guarantee the ecological demands of wetland plants. The trend of wetland degradation has emerged gradually. In order to illustrate the ecological demands of wetland plants for flooding duration,the response curve has been established by the coupling between hydrodynamic model and statistical model,and the ecological thresholds of the six dominant wetland plants of Poyang Lake are quantified,respectively. The results demonstrate that the relation between area of wetland plants and flooding duration can be depicted through Gaussian curve,and the optimal,suitable and inhibited thresholds can be estimated along the gradient of flooding duration. Besides,there are obvious differences for the ecological thresholds among the six species of wetland plants. For instance,Carex has the strongest adaptability to flooding,and the suitable and the optimal thresholds for the Carex are 60～240 days and 120～180 days, respectively, while its growth would be inhibited if the duration of flooding is longer than 300 days. Among the six species of wetland plants, Cynodon dactylon shows weakest adaptability to flooding, its suitable and optimal thresholds are 30～60 days and 30～90 days,respectively,and it is not found in area where the flooding duration is longer than 120 days. Different survival strategies,such as dormancy and morphological plasticity,are the main reason for the different ecological threshold. The findings of this study can be used for guiding the eco-hydrological process regulation and wetland restoration.
After 2003,the "river-lake" relation between Poyang Lake and Yangtze River has been changed significantly. The flooding duration for the wetlands is obviously shorter than that before 2003,and it is hard to guarantee the ecological demands of wetland plants. The trend of wetland degradation has emerged gradually. In order to illustrate the ecological demands of wetland plants for flooding duration,the response curve has been established by the coupling between hydrodynamic model and statistical model,and the ecological thresholds of the six dominant wetland plants of Poyang Lake are quantified,respectively. The results demonstrate that the relation between area of wetland plants and flooding duration can be depicted through Gaussian curve,and the optimal,suitable and inhibited thresholds can be estimated along the gradient of flooding duration. Besides,there are obvious differences for the ecological thresholds among the six species of wetland plants. For instance,Carex has the strongest adaptability to flooding,and the suitable and the optimal thresholds for the Carex are 60～240 days and 120～180 days, respectively, while its growth would be inhibited if the duration of flooding is longer than 300 days. Among the six species of wetland plants, Cynodon dactylon shows weakest adaptability to flooding, its suitable and optimal thresholds are 30～60 days and 30～90 days,respectively,and it is not found in area where the flooding duration is longer than 120 days. Different survival strategies,such as dormancy and morphological plasticity,are the main reason for the different ecological threshold. The findings of this study can be used for guiding the eco-hydrological process regulation and wetland restoration.
引文
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[3]殷书柏,吕宪国,武海涛.湿地定义研究中的若干理论问题[J].湿地科学,2010,8(2):182-188.
[4]余晓,李翀,王昊,等.额尔古纳河洪水淹没模拟及湿地植被变化分析[J].水利学报,2011,42(11):1308-1315.
[5] PAGTER M,BRAGATO C,BRIX H. Tolerance and physiological responses of Phragmites australis to water defi?cit[J]. Aquatic Botany,2005,81(4):285-299.
[6] AHN C,MOSER K F,SPARKS R E,et al. Developing a dynamic model to predict the recruitment and early sur?vival of black willow(Salix nigra)in response to different hydrologic conditions[J]. Ecological Modelling,2007,204(3/4):315-325.
[7]赵慧霞,吴绍洪,姜鲁光.生态阈值研究进展[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):338-345.
[8]唐海萍,陈姣,薛海丽.生态阈值:概念、方法与研究展望[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(9):932-940.
[9] LARSEN S,ALP M. Ecological thresholds and riparian wetlands:an overview for environmental managers[J].Limnology,2015,16(1):1-9.
[10] HUGGETT A J. The concept and utility of‘ecological thresholds’in biodiversity conservation[J]. Biological Conservation,2005,124(3):301-310.
[11] SUDING K N,HOBBS R J. Threshold models in restoration and conservation:a developing framework[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2009,24(5):271-279.
[12] SWIFT T L,HANNON S J. Critical thresholds associated with habitat loss:a review of the concepts,evidence,and applications[J]. Biological Reviews,2010,85(1):35-53.
[13] LITE S J,STROMBERG J C. Surface water and ground-water thresholds for maintaining Populus-Salix,forests,San Pedro River,Arizona[J]. Biological Conservation,2005,125(2):153-167.
[14] GONZáLEZ E,GONZáLEZ-SANCHIS M,COMíN F A,et al. Hydrologic thresholds for riparian forest conserva?tion in a regulated large Mediterranean River[J]. River Research&Applications,2012,28(1):71-80.
[15]纪伟涛,李海辉,葛刚,等.鄱阳湖—地形·水文·植被[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[16]谢冬明,郑鹏,邓红兵,等.鄱阳湖湿地水位变化的景观响应[J].生态学报,2011,31(5):1269-1276.
[17] DAI X,WAN R,YANG G,et al. Responses of wetland vegetation in Poyang Lake,China to water-level fluctua?tions[J]. Hydrobiologia,2016,773(1):1-13.
[18] FENG L,HAN X,HU C,et al. Four decades of wetland changes of the largest freshwater lake in China:Possible linkage to the Three Gorges Dam?[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment,2016,176:43-55.
[19]胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林,等.鄱阳湖湿地植物生态系统结构及湖水位对其影响研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(6):597-605.
[20]张萌,倪乐意,徐军,等.鄱阳湖草滩湿地植物群落响应水位变化的周年动态特征分析[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(10):1057-1063.
[21]葛刚,陈少风.鄱阳湖湿地植物[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[22]方春明,曹文洪,毛继新,等.鄱阳湖与长江关系及三峡蓄水的影响[J].水利学报,2012,43(2):175-181.
[23] ZHANG Q,YE X C,WERNER A D,et al. An investigation of enhanced recessions in Poyang Lake:Comparison of Yangtze River and local catchment impacts[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2014,517(2):425-434.
[24]胡振鹏,傅静.长江与鄱阳湖水文关系及其演变的定量分析[J].水利学报,2018,49(5):570-579.
[25]杨中华,朱政涛,槐文信,等.鄱阳湖水利调控对湖区典型丰枯水年水动力水质影响研究[J].水利学报,2018,49(2):156-167.
[26]胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林.鄱阳湖湿地植被退化原因分析及其预警[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(3):381-386.
[27]齐述华,张起明,江丰,等.水位对鄱阳湖湿地越冬候鸟生境景观格局的影响研究[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(8):1345-1355.
[28]游海林,徐力刚,刘桂林,等.鄱阳湖湿地景观类型变化趋势及其对水位变动的响应[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(9):2487-2493.
[29]许秀丽,张奇,李云良,等.鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地土壤含水量和地下水位年内变化特征[J].湖泊科学,2014,26(2):260-268.
[30]李文,王鑫,潘艺雯,等.不同水淹深度对鄱阳湖洲滩湿地植物生长及营养繁殖的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(9):26-33.
[31] HUANG A P,PENG W Q,LIU X B,et al. Characteristics and factors influencing the hysteresis of water areastage curves for Poyang Lake[J]. Water,2017,9(12):956-961.
[32]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[33]张鸿燕,耿征. Levenberg-Marquardt算法的一种新解释[J].计算机工程与应用,2009,45(19):5-8.
[34]王永生,谢晓方,赵锋,等.基于Levenberg-Marquardt算法的遥测数据建模预测[J].测试技术学报,2014,28(5):449-455.
[35]周勋,范泽孟,岳天祥.黑河流域植被类型分布模拟分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2017,19(4):493-501.
[36] ELITH J,GRAHAM C H,ANDERSON R P,et al. Novel methods improve prediction of specie′s distributions from occurrence data[J]. Ecography,2010,29(2):129-151.
[37] TONINI F,DIVINO F,LASINIO G J,et al. Predicting the geographical distribution of two invasive termite spe?cies from occurrence data[J]. Environmental Entomology,2014,43(5):1135-1144.
[38]王丽,胡金明,宋长春,等.水分梯度对三江平原典型湿地植物小叶章地上生物量的影响[J].草业学报,2008,17(4):19-25.
[39]汤章城.植物对水分胁迫的反应和适应性——Ⅰ.抗逆性的一般概念和植物的抗涝性[J].植物生理学报,1983(3):26-31.
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