长白山阔叶红松林和杨桦次生林土壤有机碳氮的协同积累特征
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摘要
次生演替是森林土壤有机碳、氮库变化的重要驱动因素.本研究以长白山原始阔叶红松林和杨桦次生林为例,通过成对样地途径,研究了森林土壤有机碳、氮的数量分布及其协同积累特征,探讨了次生演替导致的温带森林土壤碳库和碳汇效应变化及其碳氮耦合机制.结果表明:杨桦次生林比原始阔叶红松林在土壤表层和亚表层(0～20 cm)积累了更多的有机碳和氮,其土壤C/N值也显著低于阔叶红松林;相对于阔叶红松林,杨桦次生林土壤(0～20 cm)有机碳储量平均增加了14.7 t·hm~(-2),相当于29.4 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)的土壤碳汇增益.土壤有机碳和全氮在不同林型的不同土层中均表现为极显著正相关,二者具有明显的协同积累特征.与阔叶红松林生态系统相比,相对富氮的杨桦次生林生态系统的上部土层中氮对有机碳的决定系数明显高于阔叶红松林,说明杨桦次生林土壤有机碳的积累在更大程度上依赖含氮有机质积累.在有机质最丰富的表层(0～10 cm),两种林型间轻组有机碳、氮储量无显著差异,但杨桦次生林重组有机碳、氮的含量、储量及分配比例均显著高于阔叶红松林,其中,重组有机碳储量平均增加了8.5 t·hm~(-2),表明次生演替过程中土壤有机碳、氮库的增加主要在于矿物质结合态稳定性土壤有机碳、氮库的增容.凋落物分解和稳定性土壤有机质形成中的碳氮耦合机制是次生演替过程中土壤有机碳、氮库变化的重要驱动机制.
The retrogressive succession is an important driver for dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN). We studied the quantitative distribution and synergistic accumulation characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the primary broadleaved Korean pine(KP) forest and Betula platyphylla(BP) secondary forest in Changbai Mountain through paired plot approach. Further, we analyzed the changes of carbon pool and carbon sink effect in temperate forest soil caused by secondary succession and their carbon-nitrogen coupling mechanism. The results showed that the BP forest accumulated more organic carbon and nitrogen in the surface and subsurface soil(0-20 cm) than the KP forest, with relatively low soil C/N. Compared with KP forest, soil organic carbon storage in BP forest(0-20 cm) was higher by 14.7 t·hm~(-2), equivalent to a soil carbon sink gain of 29.4 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1). SOC and TN concentrations were positively correlated in each soil layer of all forest types, causing a co-accumulative relationship between SOC and TN. The coefficient of determination(R~2) between SOC and TN in the upper soil layers of BP forest was significantly higher than that of the KP forest, indicating that SOC accumulation under the relatively N-rich BP forest was more dependent on the accumulation of organic nitrogen. In the upper soil layers(0-10 cm) where organic matter concentrated, there was no significant difference in light fraction organic carbon and nitrogen stock between the two forest types, whereas the content, stock, and allocation percentage of heavy fraction organic carbon and nitrogen of BP forest were all significantly higher than that of the KP forest, with an average increment of 8.5 t·hm~(-2) in heavy fraction organic carbon stock. Those results indicated that the increase of soil organic carbon and nitrogen during secondary succession was mainly due to the increases of soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools in mineral-bound stability. The carbon-nitrogen coupling mechanisms in litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation was an important driving mechanisms underlying the changes of soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools during secondary succession.
The retrogressive succession is an important driver for dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN). We studied the quantitative distribution and synergistic accumulation characteristics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the primary broadleaved Korean pine(KP) forest and Betula platyphylla(BP) secondary forest in Changbai Mountain through paired plot approach. Further, we analyzed the changes of carbon pool and carbon sink effect in temperate forest soil caused by secondary succession and their carbon-nitrogen coupling mechanism. The results showed that the BP forest accumulated more organic carbon and nitrogen in the surface and subsurface soil(0-20 cm) than the KP forest, with relatively low soil C/N. Compared with KP forest, soil organic carbon storage in BP forest(0-20 cm) was higher by 14.7 t·hm~(-2), equivalent to a soil carbon sink gain of 29.4 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1). SOC and TN concentrations were positively correlated in each soil layer of all forest types, causing a co-accumulative relationship between SOC and TN. The coefficient of determination(R~2) between SOC and TN in the upper soil layers of BP forest was significantly higher than that of the KP forest, indicating that SOC accumulation under the relatively N-rich BP forest was more dependent on the accumulation of organic nitrogen. In the upper soil layers(0-10 cm) where organic matter concentrated, there was no significant difference in light fraction organic carbon and nitrogen stock between the two forest types, whereas the content, stock, and allocation percentage of heavy fraction organic carbon and nitrogen of BP forest were all significantly higher than that of the KP forest, with an average increment of 8.5 t·hm~(-2) in heavy fraction organic carbon stock. Those results indicated that the increase of soil organic carbon and nitrogen during secondary succession was mainly due to the increases of soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools in mineral-bound stability. The carbon-nitrogen coupling mechanisms in litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation was an important driving mechanisms underlying the changes of soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools during secondary succession.
引文
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[2] Schimel DS.Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle.Global Change Biology,1995,1:77-91
[3] Dixon,RK,Brown,S,Houghton,RA,et al.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems.Science,1994,263:185-190
[4] Post WM,Emanuel WR,Zinke PJ,et al.Soil carbon pools and world life zones.Nature,1982,298:156-159
[5] Tateno M,Chapin III FS.The logic of carbon and nitrogen interactions in terrestrial ecosystems.American Naturalist,1997,149:723-744
[6] Henriksen TM,Breland TA.Nitrogen availability effects on carbon mineralization,fungal and bacterial growth and enzyme activities during decomposition of wheat straw in soil.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31:1121-1134
[7] Liu J,Price DT,Chena JM.Nitrogen controls on ecosystem carbon sequestration:A model implementation and application to Saskatchewan,Canada.Ecological Modelling,2005,186:178-195
[8] G?rden?s AI,?gren GI,Bird JA,et al.Knowledge gaps in soil carbon and nitrogen interactions:From molecular to global scale.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:702-717
[9] Knicker H.Soil organic N:An under-rated player for C sequestration in soils?Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:1118-1129
[10] Ulery AL,Graham RC,Chadwick OA,et al.Decade-scale changes of soil carbon,nitrogen and exchangeable cations under chaparral and pine.Geoderma,1995,65:121-134
[11] Kaur B,Gupta SR,Singh G.Soil carbon,microbial activity and nitrogen availability in agroforestry systems on moderately alkaline soils in northern India.Applied Soil Ecology,2000,15:283-294
[12] Hobbie SE,Reich PB,Oleksyn J,et al.Tree species effects on decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden.Ecology ,2006,87:2288-2397
[13] Vesterdal L,Schmidt IK,Callesen I,et al.Carbon and nitrogen in forest floor and mineral soil under six common European tree species.Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255:35-48
[14] Schmidt MWI,Torn MS,Abiven S,et al.Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property.Nature,2011,478:49-56
[15] Vesterdal L,Clarke N,Sigurdsson BD,et al.Do tree species influence soil carbon stocks in temperate and boreal forests?Forest Ecology and Management,2013,309:4-18
[16] Halaj J,Peck RW,Niwa CG.Trophic structure of a macro arthropod litter food web in managed coniferous forest stands:A stable isotope analysis with δ15N and δ13C.Pedobiologia,2005,49:109-118
[17] De Vries W,Reinds GJ,Gundersen P,et al.The impact of nitrogen deposition on carbon sequestration in European forests and forest soils.Global Change Biology,2006,12:1151-1173
[18] Benham SE,Vanguelova EI,Pitman RM.Short and long term changes in carbon,nitrogen and acidity in the forest soils under oak at the Alice Holt Environmental Change Network site.Science of the Total Environment,2012,421/422:82-93
[19] Akselsson C,Berg B,Meentemeyer V,et al.Carbon sequestration rates in organic layers of boreal and temperate forest soils:Sweden as a case study.Global Eco-logy and Biogeography,2005,14:77-84
[20] Cremer M,Kern NV,Prietzel J.Soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks under pure and mixed stands of European beech,Douglas fir and Norway spruce.Forest Ecology and Management,2016,367:30-40
[21] Finzi AC,van Breemen N,Canham CD.Canopy tree-soil interactions within temperate forests:Species effects on soil carbon and nitrogen.Ecological Applications,1998,8:440-446
[22] Oostra S,Majdi H,Olsson M.Impact of tree species on soil carbon stocks and soil acidity in southern Sweden.Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research,2006,21:364-371
[23] Pregitzer KS,Burton AJ,Zak DR,et al.Simulated chronic nitrogen deposition increases carbon storage in northern temperate forests.Global Change Biology,2008,14:142-153
[24] Jastrow JD,Miller RM,Matamala R,et al.Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide increases soil carbon.Global Change Biology,2005,11:2057-2064
[25] Davidson EA,Janssens IA,Luo Y.On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems:Moving beyond Q10.Global Change Biology,2006,12:154-164
[26] Pitman R,Vanguelova EI,Benham S.Effects of phytophagous insects on water and soil nutrient concentrations and fluxes through forest stands in the level Ⅱ monitoring network in the UK.Science of the Total Environment,2010,409:169-181
[27] Wynn JG,Bird MI,Vellen L,et al.Continental-scale measurement of the soil organic carbon pool with climatic,edaphic,and biotic controls.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2006,20:89-96
[28] Lugo A,Brown S,Management of tropical soils as sinks or sources of atmospheric carbon.Plant and Soil,1993,149:27-41
[29] Wei Y-W (魏亚伟),Yu D-P (于大炮),Wang Q-J (王清君),et al.Soil organic carbon density and its influencing factors of major forest types in the forest region of Northeast China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(12):3333-3340 (in Chinese)
[30] Song Y-Y (宋彦彦),Shi B-K (史宝库),Zhang Y (张言),et al.Contents and vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of eight forest types in the Changbai Mountain.Journal of Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学学报),2014,42(12):94-97 (in Chinese)
[31] Guo X (郭鑫),Wu P (吴鹏),Han W (韩威).The influence of succession stages and climate on soil organic carbon density of broad-leaved Korean pine forest.Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报),2016,38(7):55-63 (in Chinese)
[32] Cui X-Y (崔晓阳).The Ecology of Forest Nitrogen Nutrition in Northeast China.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,1998 (in Chinese)
[33] Janzen HH,Campbell CA,Brandt SA,et al.Light-fraction organic matter in soils from long-term crop rotations.Soil Science Society of America Journal.1992,56:1799-1806
[34] Martins MR,Angers DA,et Corá JE.Co-accumulation of microbial residues and particulate organic matter in the surface layer of a no-till Oxisol under different crops.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,50:208-213
[35] Neirynck J,Mirtcheva S,Sioen G,et al.Impact of Tilia platyphyllos Scop.,Fraxinus excelsior L.,Acer pseudoplatanus L.,Quercus robur L.and Fagus sylvatica L.on earthworm biomass and physicochemical properties of a loamy topsoil.Forest Ecology and Management,2000,133:275-286
[36] Dijkstra FA,Fitzhugh RD.Aluminum solubility and mobility in relation to organic carbon in surface soils affected by six tree species of the northeastern United States.Geoderma,2003,114:33-47
[37] Wirth C,Gleixner G,Heimann M.Ecological Studies,Vol.207,Old-growth Forests:Function,Fate and Value.Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag,2009
[38] Hagen-Thorn A,Callesen I,Armolaitis K,et al.The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land.Forest Ecology and Management,2004,195:373-384
[39] Lovett GM,Weathers KC,Arthur MA,et al.Nitrogen cycling in a northern hardwood forest:Do species matter?Biogeochemistry,2004,67:289-308
[40] Jandl R,Lindner M,Vesterdal L,et al.How strongly can forest management influence soil carbon sequestration?Geoderma,2007,137:253-268
[41] Chen D-K (陈大珂),Zhou X-F (周晓峰),Zhu N (祝宁),et al.Natural Secondary Forest:Structure,Function,Dynamics and Management.Harbin:Northeast Forestry University Press,1994 (in Chinese)
[42] Yanai R,Stehman S,Arthur M,et al.Detecting change in forest floor carbon.Soil Science Society America Journal,2003,67:1583-1593
[43] Zummo L,Friedland A.Soil carbon release along a gradient of physical disturbance in a harvested northern hardwood forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2011,261:1016-1026
[44] Johnson C,Driscoll C,Fahey T,et al.Carbon dynamics following clear-cutting of a northern hardwood forest// McFee WW,Kelly JM,eds.Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils.Madison,WI:SSSA,1995:463-488
[45] Kreutzweiser D,Hazlett P,Gunn J.Logging impacts on the biogeochemistry of boreal forest soils and nutrient export to aquatic systems:A review.Environmental Reviews,2008,16:157-179
[46] Goetz SJ,Bond-Lamberty B,Law BE,et al.Observations and assessment of forest carbon dynamics following disturbance in North America.Journal of Geophysical Research,2012,117,G02022,doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001733.
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