西部乡村旅游社区社会景观敏感度分析——以甘南郎木寺镇为例
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摘要
旅游开发使得乡村旅游社区社会构成复杂化,多人群的空间竞争与冲突日益明显。如果能够建立社会景观敏感度的指标,对旅游开发干扰下社会问题出现的可能性进行评估,将对乡村旅游社区规划管理有重要的意义。利用参与式制图和半结构访谈的方法,对甘南郎木寺镇的藏族居民、回族居民、游客和经营者四类群体进行景观价值调查,最终获得396份访谈表和填图。在此基础上,利用地方竞争理论和景观价值理论构建旅游社区社会景观敏感度模型,并基于GIS工具计算和揭示其空间特征。研究表明:(1)社会景观敏感度分析从社会互动和空间格局两个方面对旅游社区进行评价,一定程度上能够表征社会景观的格局与效应,为旅游社区规划管理提供依据;(2)研究揭示的景观敏感区域空间上呈现斑状分布,承载着多人群的关注和竞争关系,与社区资源分布、多人群文化认同和环境心理因素相联系;(3)田野调查,多人群地方竞争理论和PPGIS空间分析技术的结合,为地方感研究提供了新的视角,也为社会景观研究提供了新的机遇。
Tourism development makes the social composition of rural tourism community more complex, where multi-groups compete and conflict with each other. It will be meaningful for planning and management of rural tourism community to develop the index of social landscape sensitivity and evaluate the possibility of the social problem under the disturbance of tourism development. Using participatory mapping technique and semi-structure interview, we investigated the local Tibetan residents, Hui residents, tourists and merchants at Langmusi town in Gannan. Finally, we obtained 396 sets of questionnaires, interviews and mappings that measured landscape values. On this basis, theories of place contention and landscape value provide a theoretical framework to develop a social landscape sensitivity model for the tourism community. Then based on the GIS tools, we calculate and reveal its spatial characteristics.The results show that:(1) Social landscape sensitivity analysis, which evaluates the tourism community from social interaction and spatial pattern, reflects the patterns and effects of social landscape to a certain extent and provides evidence of tourism planning and management;(2) Sensitive areas of landscape in this study show a patchy distribution of multigroups' attention and competition, which is associated with the distribution of community resources, cultural identity and environmental psychological factors.(3) The combination of field work, multi-groups' competition theory and PPGIS spatial analysis technology provides a new perspective for the study of sense of place, and also provides new opportunities for the study of social landscape.
Tourism development makes the social composition of rural tourism community more complex, where multi-groups compete and conflict with each other. It will be meaningful for planning and management of rural tourism community to develop the index of social landscape sensitivity and evaluate the possibility of the social problem under the disturbance of tourism development. Using participatory mapping technique and semi-structure interview, we investigated the local Tibetan residents, Hui residents, tourists and merchants at Langmusi town in Gannan. Finally, we obtained 396 sets of questionnaires, interviews and mappings that measured landscape values. On this basis, theories of place contention and landscape value provide a theoretical framework to develop a social landscape sensitivity model for the tourism community. Then based on the GIS tools, we calculate and reveal its spatial characteristics.The results show that:(1) Social landscape sensitivity analysis, which evaluates the tourism community from social interaction and spatial pattern, reflects the patterns and effects of social landscape to a certain extent and provides evidence of tourism planning and management;(2) Sensitive areas of landscape in this study show a patchy distribution of multigroups' attention and competition, which is associated with the distribution of community resources, cultural identity and environmental psychological factors.(3) The combination of field work, multi-groups' competition theory and PPGIS spatial analysis technology provides a new perspective for the study of sense of place, and also provides new opportunities for the study of social landscape.
引文
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[6]褚玉杰,赵振斌,张铖,等.旅游社区多群体态度差异和冲突倾向的空间特征:以西安汤峪镇为例.地理学报,2016,71(6):1045-1058.[Chu Yujie,Zhao Zhenbin,Zhang Cheng,et al.Spatial features of preference difference and conflict potential among multi-groups in tourism community:A case of Tangyu town in Xi'an.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):1045-1058.]
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[12]潘峰,田长彦,邵峰,等.新疆克拉玛依市生态敏感性研究.地理学报,2011,66(11):1497-1507.[Pan Feng,Tian Changyan,Shao Feng,et al.Evaluation of ecological sensitivity in Karamay,Xinjiang,Northwest China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(11):1497-1507.]
[13]Muzik I.Sensitivity of hydrologic systems to climate change.Canadian Water Resources Journal,2001,26(2):233-252.
[14]王娇,程维明,祁生林,等.基于USLE和GIS的水土流失敏感性空间分析:以河北太行山区为例.地理研究,2014,33(4):614-624.[Wang Jiao,Cheng Weiming,Qi Shenglin,et al.Sensitive evaluation and spatial analysis of soil and water loss based on USLE and GIS:Taking Taihang Mountain area of Hebei province as an example.Geographical Research,2014,33(4):614-624.]
[15]宋晓龙,李晓文,白军红,等.黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区生态敏感性评价.生态学报,2009,29(9):836-846.[Song Xiaolong,Li Xiaowen,Bai Junhong,et al.The ecological sensitivity evaluation in Yellow River Delta National Natural Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(9):836-846.]
[16]钟林生,唐承财,郭华.基于生态敏感性分析的金银滩草原景区旅游功能区划.应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1813-1819.[Zhong Linsheng,Tang Chengcai,Guo Hua.Tourism function zoning of Jinyintan Grassland Scenic Area in Qinghai province based on ecological sensitivity analysis.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(7):1813-1819.]
[17]李德旺,李红清,雷晓琴,等.基于GIS技术及层次分析法的长江上游生态敏感性研究.长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(5):633-639.[Li Dewang,Li Hongqing,Lei Xiaoqin,et al.Ecological sensitivity in the upper Changjiang River with GIS technology and hierarchy analysis method.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(5):633-639.]
[18]李东梅,高正文,付晓,等.云南省生态功能类型区的生态敏感性.生态学报,2010,30(1):138-145.[Li Dongmei,Gao Zhengwen,Fu Xiao,et al.Characteristic of ecological sensitivity in Yunnan ecological zones.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(1):138-145.]
[19]尹海伟,徐建刚,陈昌勇,等.基于GIS的吴江东部地区生态敏感性分析.地理科学,2006,26(1):64-69.[Yin Haiwei,Xu Jiangang,Chen Changyong,et al.GIS-based ecological sensitivity analysis in the east of Wujiang city.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(1):97-103.]
[20]朱东国,谢炳庚,陈永林.基于生态敏感性评价的山地旅游城市旅游用地策略:以张家界市为例.经济地理,2015,35(6):184-189.[Zhu Dongguo,Xie Binggeng,Chen Yonglin.The strategy of tourism land in mountain tourism city based on evaluation of ecological sensitivity:A case study of Zhangjiajie city.Economic Geography,2015,35(6):184-189.]
[21]Masuda J R,Garvin T.Whose Heartland?The politics of place in a rural-urban interface.Journal of Rural Studies,2008,24(1):112-123.
[22]Sack R D.Place,Modernity,and the Consumer's World:A Relational Framework for Geographical Analysis.Johns Hopkins University Press,1992.
[23]Williams D R,Stewart S I.Sense of place:An elusive concept that is finding a home in ecosystem management.Journal of Forestry,1998,96(5):18-23.
[24]Du Puis M,Vandergeest P.Creating the Countryside:The Politics of Rural and Environmental Discourse.Temple University Press,1996.
[25]Greider T,Garkovich L.Landscapes:The social construction of nature and the environment.Rural Sociology,1994,59(1):1-24.
[26]van Riper C J,Kyle G T,Sutton S G,et al.Mapping outdoor recreationists'perceived social values for ecosystem services at Hinchinbrook Island National Park,Australia.Applied Geography,2012,35(1):164-173.
[27]Raymond C M,Brown G.Methods for identifying land use conflict potential using participatory mapping.Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,122:196-208.
[28]Masso A D,Dixon J,Pol E.On the contested nature of place:'Figuera's Well','The Hole of Shame'and the ideological struggle over public space in Barcelona.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2011,31(3):231-244.
[29]Brown G.Public Participation GIS(PPGIS)for regional and environmental planning:Reflections on a decade of empirical research.Journal of Urban and Regional Information Systems Association,2012,25(2):7-18.
[30]Sieber R.Public participation geographic information systems:A literature review and framework.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2006,96(3):491-507.
[31]Alessa L,Kliskey A,Brown G.Social-ecological hotspots mapping:A spatial approach for identifying coupled socialecological space.Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,85(1):27-39.
[32]Brown G,Brabyn L.The extrapolation of social landscape values to a national level in New Zealand using landscape character classification.Applied geography,2012,35(1):84-94.
[33]Zhu X,Pfueller S,Whitelaw P,et al.Spatial differentiation of landscape values in the Murray River Region of Victoria,Australia.Environmental Management,2010,45(5):896-911.
[34]禹文豪,艾廷华,杨敏,等.利用核密度与空间自相关进行城市设施兴趣点分布热点探测.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2016,41(2):221-227.[Yu Wenhao,Ai Tinghua,Yang Min,et al.Detecting:"Hot spots"of facility POIs based on Kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation technique.Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2016,41(2):221-227.]
[35]汤国安,杨昕.Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程(第二版).北京:科学出版社,2012.[Tang Guoan,Yang Xin.Arc GIS Geographic Information System Spatial Analysis Experiment Tutorial(2nd ed).Beijing:Science Press,2012.]
[36]De Smith M J,Goodchild M F,Longley P.Geospatial Analysis:A Comprehensive Guide to Principles,Techniques and Software Tools.Leicester:Troubador Publishing Ltd.,2007.
[37]Shannon C E,Weaver W.The Mathematical Theory of Communication.Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1949.
[2]Ryan R L.The social landscape of planning:Integrating social and perceptual research with spatial planning information.Landscape and Urban Planning,2011,100(4):361-363.
[3]Yung L,Freimund W A,Belsky J M.The politics of place:Understanding meaning,common ground,and political difference on the Rocky Mountain Front.Forest Science,2003,49(6):855-866.
[4]Anderson N M,Williams K J H,Ford R M.Community perceptions of plantation forestry:The association between place meanings and social representations of a contentious rural land use.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2013,34:121-136.
[5]高艳,赵振斌.民族旅游社区空间的竞争性:基于地方意义的视角.资源科学,2016,38(7):1287-1296.[Gao Yan,Zhao Zhenbin.Space competition in the national tourism community and place meaning.Resources Science,2016,38(7):1287-1296.]
[6]褚玉杰,赵振斌,张铖,等.旅游社区多群体态度差异和冲突倾向的空间特征:以西安汤峪镇为例.地理学报,2016,71(6):1045-1058.[Chu Yujie,Zhao Zhenbin,Zhang Cheng,et al.Spatial features of preference difference and conflict potential among multi-groups in tourism community:A case of Tangyu town in Xi'an.Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(6):1045-1058.]
[7]Temme A J A M,Vanwalleghem T.LORICA:A new model for linking landscape and soil profile evolution:Development and sensitivity analysis.Computers&Geosciences,2016,90:131-143.
[8]Koenig A M,Eagly A H.Stereotype threat in men on a test of social sensitivity.Sex Roles,2005,52(7-8):489-496.
[9]俞孔坚.景观敏感度与阀值评价研究.地理研究,1991,10(2):38-51.[Yu Kongjian.Evaluation on landscape sensibility and its threshold.Journal of Geographical Research,1991,10(2):38-51.]
[10]周锐,李月辉,胡远满,等.基于景观敏感度的森林公园景点评价.应用生态学报,2008,19(11):2460-2466.[Zhou Rui,Li Yuehui,Hu Yuanman,et al.Evaluation of view points in forest park based on landscape sensitivity.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2008,19(11):2460-2466.]
[11]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国生态环境敏感性及其区域差异规律研究.生态学报,2000,20(1):10-13.[Ouyang Zhiyun,Wang Xiaoke,Miao Hong.China's eco-environmental sensitivity and its spatial heterogeneity.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(1):10-13.]
[12]潘峰,田长彦,邵峰,等.新疆克拉玛依市生态敏感性研究.地理学报,2011,66(11):1497-1507.[Pan Feng,Tian Changyan,Shao Feng,et al.Evaluation of ecological sensitivity in Karamay,Xinjiang,Northwest China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(11):1497-1507.]
[13]Muzik I.Sensitivity of hydrologic systems to climate change.Canadian Water Resources Journal,2001,26(2):233-252.
[14]王娇,程维明,祁生林,等.基于USLE和GIS的水土流失敏感性空间分析:以河北太行山区为例.地理研究,2014,33(4):614-624.[Wang Jiao,Cheng Weiming,Qi Shenglin,et al.Sensitive evaluation and spatial analysis of soil and water loss based on USLE and GIS:Taking Taihang Mountain area of Hebei province as an example.Geographical Research,2014,33(4):614-624.]
[15]宋晓龙,李晓文,白军红,等.黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区生态敏感性评价.生态学报,2009,29(9):836-846.[Song Xiaolong,Li Xiaowen,Bai Junhong,et al.The ecological sensitivity evaluation in Yellow River Delta National Natural Reserve.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(9):836-846.]
[16]钟林生,唐承财,郭华.基于生态敏感性分析的金银滩草原景区旅游功能区划.应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1813-1819.[Zhong Linsheng,Tang Chengcai,Guo Hua.Tourism function zoning of Jinyintan Grassland Scenic Area in Qinghai province based on ecological sensitivity analysis.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(7):1813-1819.]
[17]李德旺,李红清,雷晓琴,等.基于GIS技术及层次分析法的长江上游生态敏感性研究.长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(5):633-639.[Li Dewang,Li Hongqing,Lei Xiaoqin,et al.Ecological sensitivity in the upper Changjiang River with GIS technology and hierarchy analysis method.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2013,22(5):633-639.]
[18]李东梅,高正文,付晓,等.云南省生态功能类型区的生态敏感性.生态学报,2010,30(1):138-145.[Li Dongmei,Gao Zhengwen,Fu Xiao,et al.Characteristic of ecological sensitivity in Yunnan ecological zones.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(1):138-145.]
[19]尹海伟,徐建刚,陈昌勇,等.基于GIS的吴江东部地区生态敏感性分析.地理科学,2006,26(1):64-69.[Yin Haiwei,Xu Jiangang,Chen Changyong,et al.GIS-based ecological sensitivity analysis in the east of Wujiang city.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(1):97-103.]
[20]朱东国,谢炳庚,陈永林.基于生态敏感性评价的山地旅游城市旅游用地策略:以张家界市为例.经济地理,2015,35(6):184-189.[Zhu Dongguo,Xie Binggeng,Chen Yonglin.The strategy of tourism land in mountain tourism city based on evaluation of ecological sensitivity:A case study of Zhangjiajie city.Economic Geography,2015,35(6):184-189.]
[21]Masuda J R,Garvin T.Whose Heartland?The politics of place in a rural-urban interface.Journal of Rural Studies,2008,24(1):112-123.
[22]Sack R D.Place,Modernity,and the Consumer's World:A Relational Framework for Geographical Analysis.Johns Hopkins University Press,1992.
[23]Williams D R,Stewart S I.Sense of place:An elusive concept that is finding a home in ecosystem management.Journal of Forestry,1998,96(5):18-23.
[24]Du Puis M,Vandergeest P.Creating the Countryside:The Politics of Rural and Environmental Discourse.Temple University Press,1996.
[25]Greider T,Garkovich L.Landscapes:The social construction of nature and the environment.Rural Sociology,1994,59(1):1-24.
[26]van Riper C J,Kyle G T,Sutton S G,et al.Mapping outdoor recreationists'perceived social values for ecosystem services at Hinchinbrook Island National Park,Australia.Applied Geography,2012,35(1):164-173.
[27]Raymond C M,Brown G.Methods for identifying land use conflict potential using participatory mapping.Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,122:196-208.
[28]Masso A D,Dixon J,Pol E.On the contested nature of place:'Figuera's Well','The Hole of Shame'and the ideological struggle over public space in Barcelona.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2011,31(3):231-244.
[29]Brown G.Public Participation GIS(PPGIS)for regional and environmental planning:Reflections on a decade of empirical research.Journal of Urban and Regional Information Systems Association,2012,25(2):7-18.
[30]Sieber R.Public participation geographic information systems:A literature review and framework.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2006,96(3):491-507.
[31]Alessa L,Kliskey A,Brown G.Social-ecological hotspots mapping:A spatial approach for identifying coupled socialecological space.Landscape and Urban Planning,2008,85(1):27-39.
[32]Brown G,Brabyn L.The extrapolation of social landscape values to a national level in New Zealand using landscape character classification.Applied geography,2012,35(1):84-94.
[33]Zhu X,Pfueller S,Whitelaw P,et al.Spatial differentiation of landscape values in the Murray River Region of Victoria,Australia.Environmental Management,2010,45(5):896-911.
[34]禹文豪,艾廷华,杨敏,等.利用核密度与空间自相关进行城市设施兴趣点分布热点探测.武汉大学学报:信息科学版,2016,41(2):221-227.[Yu Wenhao,Ai Tinghua,Yang Min,et al.Detecting:"Hot spots"of facility POIs based on Kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation technique.Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2016,41(2):221-227.]
[35]汤国安,杨昕.Arc GIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程(第二版).北京:科学出版社,2012.[Tang Guoan,Yang Xin.Arc GIS Geographic Information System Spatial Analysis Experiment Tutorial(2nd ed).Beijing:Science Press,2012.]
[36]De Smith M J,Goodchild M F,Longley P.Geospatial Analysis:A Comprehensive Guide to Principles,Techniques and Software Tools.Leicester:Troubador Publishing Ltd.,2007.
[37]Shannon C E,Weaver W.The Mathematical Theory of Communication.Urbana:University of Illinois Press,1949.