鄂西北山区土地利用的地形梯度效应与空间结构特征
|
摘要
地形因素在一定程度上影响着土地利用变化,对区域土地利用格局与空间结构特征有着重要影响。该文以鄂西北山区房县为研究对象,利用DEM提取高程和坡度信息,并生成地形位指数,借助GIS的空间分析功能,采用地形位指数、分布指数和土地利用强度综合指数,系统分析房县土地利用的地形梯度效应;在此基础上,应用分形理论探讨其土地利用的空间结构特征。结果表明:(1)房县各土地利用类型的空间分布具有明显的地形梯度特征,高程、坡度及地形位对房县土地利用格局的形成有着重要影响;(2)水域、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地、耕地的优势分布区间集中在低地形位区间,园地、草地和未利用地的优势分布区间集中在中地形位区间,林地的优势分布区间集中在高地形位区间;(3)房县土地利用强度综合指数随着地形位指数的增加逐渐降低;(4)房县各土地利用类型分布具有明显的分形特征,分维数介于1. 275 3～1. 759 3之间,各类用地的稳定性大小依次为:水域>居民点及工矿用地>园地>林地>耕地>草地>交通用地>未利用地。研究结果可为该地区土地利用总体规划及土地资源优化配置提供科学的决策依据。
Topographic factors affect land use changes to a certain extent and have an important influence on regional land use patterns and spatial structure characteristics. The study area of this study is Fang County in the Northwestern Hubei Province. We used DEM to extract elevation and slope information,and generated the topographic index. With the help of the spatial analysis function of GIS,we systematically analyzed the land use terrain gradient effect of Fang County by using terrain index,distribution index and land use intensity index.Subsequently,we explored the land use spatial structure characteristics of Fang County using the fractal theory.The results showed that:( 1) The spatial distribution of land use types in Fang County had obvious topographic gradient characteristics. Height,slope and topography had an important influence on the formation of land use patterns in Fang County.( 2) Waterbody,transportation land,residential area and industrial and mining land,and arable land were mainly distributed in area with low terrain niche index. Garden land,grassland,and unused land were mainly distributed in area with medium terrain niche index,while forest land were mainly distributed in high terrain niche index area.( 3) The comprehensive index of land use intensity in Fang County decreased gradually with the increase of topographic index.( 4) The distribution of land use types in Fang County had obvious fractal characteristics,and the fractal dimension was between 1. 275 3-1. 759 3. The orders of stability of all types of land were: waterbody,residential area and industrial and mining land,garden land,forest land,arable land,grass land,transportation land,unused land. The results of this study can provide scientific supports for decision-making of the overall land use planning and land resource allocation in this region.
Topographic factors affect land use changes to a certain extent and have an important influence on regional land use patterns and spatial structure characteristics. The study area of this study is Fang County in the Northwestern Hubei Province. We used DEM to extract elevation and slope information,and generated the topographic index. With the help of the spatial analysis function of GIS,we systematically analyzed the land use terrain gradient effect of Fang County by using terrain index,distribution index and land use intensity index.Subsequently,we explored the land use spatial structure characteristics of Fang County using the fractal theory.The results showed that:( 1) The spatial distribution of land use types in Fang County had obvious topographic gradient characteristics. Height,slope and topography had an important influence on the formation of land use patterns in Fang County.( 2) Waterbody,transportation land,residential area and industrial and mining land,and arable land were mainly distributed in area with low terrain niche index. Garden land,grassland,and unused land were mainly distributed in area with medium terrain niche index,while forest land were mainly distributed in high terrain niche index area.( 3) The comprehensive index of land use intensity in Fang County decreased gradually with the increase of topographic index.( 4) The distribution of land use types in Fang County had obvious fractal characteristics,and the fractal dimension was between 1. 275 3-1. 759 3. The orders of stability of all types of land were: waterbody,residential area and industrial and mining land,garden land,forest land,arable land,grass land,transportation land,unused land. The results of this study can provide scientific supports for decision-making of the overall land use planning and land resource allocation in this region.
引文
[1] KANIANSKA R,KIZEKOVA M,NOVACEK J,et al. Landuse and Land-cover changes in rural areas during different political systems:A case study of Slovakia from 1782 to 2006[J].Land Use Policy,2014,36(1):554-566.
[2] WU K,YE X,QI Z,et al. Impacts of land use/land cover change and socioeconomic development on regional ecosystem services:The case of fast-growing Hangzhou metropolitan area,China[J]. Cities,2013,31(2):276-284.
[3]李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域——土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553-558.LI X B. A review of the international researches on land use/land cover change[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1996,51(6):553-558.
[4]陈百明,刘新卫,杨红. LUCC研究的最新进展评述[J].地理科学进展. 2003,22(1):22-29.CHEN B M,LIU X W,YANG H. Review of most recent progresses of study on land use and land cover change[J]. Progress in Geography,2003,22(1):22-29.
[5] FAN X,MA Z,YANG Q,et al. Land use/land cover changes and regional climate over the loess plateau during 2001-2009.PartⅡ:Interrelationship from observations[J]. Climatic Change. 2015,129(3-4):441-455.
[6] SALAZAR A,BALDI G,HIROTA M,et al. Land use and land cover change impacts on the regional climate of non-amazonian south america:A review[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2015,128:103-119.
[7]刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等. 20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.LIU J Y,KUANG W H,ZHANG Z X,et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.
[8] LI S,HE F,ZHANG X. A spatially explicit reconstruction of cropland cover in China from 1661 to 1996[J]. Regional Environmental Change,2016,16(2):417-428.
[9]路昌,雷国平,周浩,等.挠力河流域土地利用变化及地形梯度效应分析[J].中国土地科学,2017,31(8):53-60.LU C,LEI G P,ZHOU H,et al. Terrain gradient effect analysis of land use change in Naoli River basin[J]. China Land Sciences,2017,31(8):53-60.
[10]孙丕苓,许月卿,王数.环京津贫困带土地利用变化的地形梯度效应分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(14):277-288.SUN P L,XU Y Q,WANG S. Terrain gradient effect analysis of land use change in poverty area around Beijing and Tianjin[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(14):277-288.
[11]张静,任志远.秦巴山区土地利用时空格局及地形梯度效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(14):250-257.ZHANG J,REN Z Y. Spatiotemporal pattern and terrain gradient effect of land use change in Qinling-Bashan Mountains[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(14):250-257.
[12]吴见,王帅帅,谭靖.基于安徽省土地利用变化的地形梯度效应分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(2):239-248.WU J,WANG S S,TAN J. Analysis on terrain gradient effect based on land use change in Anhui Province[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(2):239-248.
[13]李京京,吕哲敏,石小平,等.基于地形梯度的汾河流域土地利用时空变化分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,34(7):230-236.LI J J,LU Z M,SHI X P,et al. Spatiotemporal variations analysis for land use in Fen River basin based on terrain gradient[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,34(7):230-236.
[14]郭洪峰,许月卿,吴艳芳.基于地形梯度的土地利用格局与时空变化分析——以北京市平谷区为例[J].经济地理,2013,33(1):160-166.GUO H F,XU Y Q,WU Y F. Analysis of the land use spatial pattern and Spatio-temporal changes based on terrain gradient:A case study of Pinggu district in Beijing[J]. Economic Geography,2013,33(1):160-166.
[15]梁发超,刘黎明.基于地形梯度的土地利用类型分布特征分析——以湖南省浏阳市为例[J].资源科学,2010,32(11):2138-2144.LIANG F C,LIU L M. Analysis on distribution characteristics of land use types based on terrain gradient:A case of Liuyang city in Hunan Province[J]. Resources Science,2010,32(11):2138-2144.
[16]阿如旱,杨持,同丽嘎.基于分形理论的沙漠化土地空间结构——以内蒙古多伦县为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(2):283-290.A R H,YANG C,TONG L G. Spatial structure of desertified land based on fractal theory:Taking Duolun County, Inner Mongolia as an example[J]. Geographical Research,2010,29(2):283-290.
[17]荣琨.基于分形理论的山美水库流域土地利用结构变化研究[J].生态科学,2016,35(3):129-133.RONG K. Land use structure change of Shanmei Reservoir watershed based on fractal theory[J]. Ecological Science,2016,35(3):129-133.
[18]刘莹,胡敏,余桂英,等.分形理论及其应用[J].江西科学. 2006,24(2):205-209.LIU Y,HU M,YU G Y,et al. Theory of fractal and its applications[J]. Jiangxi Science,2006,24(2):205-209.
[19]王锐,郑新奇.分形理论在土地利用类型研究中的应用[J].海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,18(4):377-380.WANG R,ZHENG X Q. Application of fractual theory in the distribution of land use[J]. Journal of Hainan Normal University(Natural Science),2005,18(4):377-380.
[20]郭碧云,王光谦,傅旭东,等.黄河中游清涧河流域土地利用空间结构和分形模型[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(14):223-228.GUO B Y,WANG G Q,FU X D,et al. Spatial structure and fractal model of land use in Qingjian river basin of middle Yellow River[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(14):223-228.
[21]郄瑞卿,刘富民.基于分形理论的土地利用景观格局变化研究——以镇赉县镇赉镇为例[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(2):217-222.QIE R Q,LIU F M. Study on changes in landscape pattern of land use based on fractal theory-A case study of Zhenlai Town of Zhenlai county[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(2):217-222.
[22]哈凯,丁庆龙,门明新,等.山地丘陵区土地利用分布及其与地形因子关系——以河北省怀来县为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(5):909-921.HA K,DING Q L,MEN M X,et al. Spatial distribution of land use and its relationship with terrain factors in hilly area-A case study of Huailai County in Hebei Province[J]. Geographical Research,2015,34(5):909-921.
[23] TD/1014-2007.第二次全国土地调查技术规程[S].中华人民共和国国土资源部,2007.
[24]崔步礼,李小雁,姜广辉,等.基于DEM的山地丘陵区土地利用/覆被研究:以青海湖流域为例[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(5):871-880.CU B L,LI X Y,JIANG G H,et al. Study on land use/cover in mountain area based on the DEM:Taking the Qinghai Lake basin as an example[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(5):871-880.
[25]汤国安,宋佳.基于DEM坡度图制图中坡度分级方法的比较研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(2):157-160,192.TANG G A,SONG J. Comparison of slope classification methods in slope mapping from DEM[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(2):157-160,192.
[26]庄大方,刘纪远.中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究[J].自然资源学报,1997(2):105-111.ZHUANG D F,LIU J Y. Study on the model of regional differentiation of land use degree in China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,1997(2):105-111.
[27]张丽,杨庆媛,冯应斌.基于分形理论的区域土地利用类型探讨——以重庆市沙坪坝区为例[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2008,30(8):137-141.ZHANG L,YANG Q Y,FENGY B. Discussion of regional land use types based on fractal theory-A case study of Shapingba distract in Chongqing city[J]. Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),2008,30(8):137-141.
[2] WU K,YE X,QI Z,et al. Impacts of land use/land cover change and socioeconomic development on regional ecosystem services:The case of fast-growing Hangzhou metropolitan area,China[J]. Cities,2013,31(2):276-284.
[3]李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域——土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553-558.LI X B. A review of the international researches on land use/land cover change[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1996,51(6):553-558.
[4]陈百明,刘新卫,杨红. LUCC研究的最新进展评述[J].地理科学进展. 2003,22(1):22-29.CHEN B M,LIU X W,YANG H. Review of most recent progresses of study on land use and land cover change[J]. Progress in Geography,2003,22(1):22-29.
[5] FAN X,MA Z,YANG Q,et al. Land use/land cover changes and regional climate over the loess plateau during 2001-2009.PartⅡ:Interrelationship from observations[J]. Climatic Change. 2015,129(3-4):441-455.
[6] SALAZAR A,BALDI G,HIROTA M,et al. Land use and land cover change impacts on the regional climate of non-amazonian south america:A review[J]. Global and Planetary Change,2015,128:103-119.
[7]刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等. 20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.LIU J Y,KUANG W H,ZHANG Z X,et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics,patterns and causes of land use changes in China since the late 1980s[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.
[8] LI S,HE F,ZHANG X. A spatially explicit reconstruction of cropland cover in China from 1661 to 1996[J]. Regional Environmental Change,2016,16(2):417-428.
[9]路昌,雷国平,周浩,等.挠力河流域土地利用变化及地形梯度效应分析[J].中国土地科学,2017,31(8):53-60.LU C,LEI G P,ZHOU H,et al. Terrain gradient effect analysis of land use change in Naoli River basin[J]. China Land Sciences,2017,31(8):53-60.
[10]孙丕苓,许月卿,王数.环京津贫困带土地利用变化的地形梯度效应分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(14):277-288.SUN P L,XU Y Q,WANG S. Terrain gradient effect analysis of land use change in poverty area around Beijing and Tianjin[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(14):277-288.
[11]张静,任志远.秦巴山区土地利用时空格局及地形梯度效应[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(14):250-257.ZHANG J,REN Z Y. Spatiotemporal pattern and terrain gradient effect of land use change in Qinling-Bashan Mountains[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(14):250-257.
[12]吴见,王帅帅,谭靖.基于安徽省土地利用变化的地形梯度效应分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(2):239-248.WU J,WANG S S,TAN J. Analysis on terrain gradient effect based on land use change in Anhui Province[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(2):239-248.
[13]李京京,吕哲敏,石小平,等.基于地形梯度的汾河流域土地利用时空变化分析[J].农业工程学报,2016,34(7):230-236.LI J J,LU Z M,SHI X P,et al. Spatiotemporal variations analysis for land use in Fen River basin based on terrain gradient[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,34(7):230-236.
[14]郭洪峰,许月卿,吴艳芳.基于地形梯度的土地利用格局与时空变化分析——以北京市平谷区为例[J].经济地理,2013,33(1):160-166.GUO H F,XU Y Q,WU Y F. Analysis of the land use spatial pattern and Spatio-temporal changes based on terrain gradient:A case study of Pinggu district in Beijing[J]. Economic Geography,2013,33(1):160-166.
[15]梁发超,刘黎明.基于地形梯度的土地利用类型分布特征分析——以湖南省浏阳市为例[J].资源科学,2010,32(11):2138-2144.LIANG F C,LIU L M. Analysis on distribution characteristics of land use types based on terrain gradient:A case of Liuyang city in Hunan Province[J]. Resources Science,2010,32(11):2138-2144.
[16]阿如旱,杨持,同丽嘎.基于分形理论的沙漠化土地空间结构——以内蒙古多伦县为例[J].地理研究,2010,29(2):283-290.A R H,YANG C,TONG L G. Spatial structure of desertified land based on fractal theory:Taking Duolun County, Inner Mongolia as an example[J]. Geographical Research,2010,29(2):283-290.
[17]荣琨.基于分形理论的山美水库流域土地利用结构变化研究[J].生态科学,2016,35(3):129-133.RONG K. Land use structure change of Shanmei Reservoir watershed based on fractal theory[J]. Ecological Science,2016,35(3):129-133.
[18]刘莹,胡敏,余桂英,等.分形理论及其应用[J].江西科学. 2006,24(2):205-209.LIU Y,HU M,YU G Y,et al. Theory of fractal and its applications[J]. Jiangxi Science,2006,24(2):205-209.
[19]王锐,郑新奇.分形理论在土地利用类型研究中的应用[J].海南师范学院学报(自然科学版),2005,18(4):377-380.WANG R,ZHENG X Q. Application of fractual theory in the distribution of land use[J]. Journal of Hainan Normal University(Natural Science),2005,18(4):377-380.
[20]郭碧云,王光谦,傅旭东,等.黄河中游清涧河流域土地利用空间结构和分形模型[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(14):223-228.GUO B Y,WANG G Q,FU X D,et al. Spatial structure and fractal model of land use in Qingjian river basin of middle Yellow River[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(14):223-228.
[21]郄瑞卿,刘富民.基于分形理论的土地利用景观格局变化研究——以镇赉县镇赉镇为例[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(2):217-222.QIE R Q,LIU F M. Study on changes in landscape pattern of land use based on fractal theory-A case study of Zhenlai Town of Zhenlai county[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,20(2):217-222.
[22]哈凯,丁庆龙,门明新,等.山地丘陵区土地利用分布及其与地形因子关系——以河北省怀来县为例[J].地理研究,2015,34(5):909-921.HA K,DING Q L,MEN M X,et al. Spatial distribution of land use and its relationship with terrain factors in hilly area-A case study of Huailai County in Hebei Province[J]. Geographical Research,2015,34(5):909-921.
[23] TD/1014-2007.第二次全国土地调查技术规程[S].中华人民共和国国土资源部,2007.
[24]崔步礼,李小雁,姜广辉,等.基于DEM的山地丘陵区土地利用/覆被研究:以青海湖流域为例[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(5):871-880.CU B L,LI X Y,JIANG G H,et al. Study on land use/cover in mountain area based on the DEM:Taking the Qinghai Lake basin as an example[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(5):871-880.
[25]汤国安,宋佳.基于DEM坡度图制图中坡度分级方法的比较研究[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(2):157-160,192.TANG G A,SONG J. Comparison of slope classification methods in slope mapping from DEM[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,20(2):157-160,192.
[26]庄大方,刘纪远.中国土地利用程度的区域分异模型研究[J].自然资源学报,1997(2):105-111.ZHUANG D F,LIU J Y. Study on the model of regional differentiation of land use degree in China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,1997(2):105-111.
[27]张丽,杨庆媛,冯应斌.基于分形理论的区域土地利用类型探讨——以重庆市沙坪坝区为例[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2008,30(8):137-141.ZHANG L,YANG Q Y,FENGY B. Discussion of regional land use types based on fractal theory-A case study of Shapingba distract in Chongqing city[J]. Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),2008,30(8):137-141.