不同工程堆积体坡面治理措施对土壤抗冲刷侵蚀能力的影响
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摘要
为量化不同区域堆积体坡面水流分离土壤能力,评价植被恢复模式、恢复年限和削坡分级治理对堆积体土壤抗冲刷侵蚀的调控作用。选取秦巴山区、关中平原、黄土丘陵沟壑区(陕西省境内)高速公路不同工程堆积体,通过在堆积体坡面原位采集土壤样品,室内水槽冲刷试验进行系统研究土壤分离能力大小。结果表明,秦巴山区、关中平原、黄土丘陵沟壑区典型堆积体土壤分离能力变化范围分别为0.034～1.659、0.311～0.816、0.346～1.042 kg/(m2·s)。相比冰草,堆积体坡面自然恢复植被为小冠花可以显著降低土壤分离能力,其降低幅度高达94.97%。相比未复垦,在石渣土堆积体坡面短期人为复垦种植玉米和黄豆对土壤分离能力均无显著调控效益。相比恢复1 a,恢复2 a未能显著降低堆积体土壤分离能力,恢复5a可以显著降低堆积体土壤分离能力,其降低幅度为57.35%,相比耕地,恢复5a土壤分离能力降低60.41%。黑垆土堆积体短坡长(<60 m)坡面土壤分离能力空间变异不显著。相比未治理坡面,削坡分级治理可以显著降低堆积体坡面土壤分离能力,治理后堆积体平台和坡面土壤分离能力显著降低66.79%和49.04%。根重密度、粘结力、含水量、中值粒径、黏粒含量与土壤分离能力之间存在极显著负相关关系,可用指数函数关系表达,并建立了基于根重密度和水流剪切力土壤分离能力预测模型。该研究不仅可为堆积体水土流失预测提供基础数据支撑,也可为堆积体坡面治理措施配置提供指导。
Accumulation has become the main source of soil erosion in the production and construction projects. Soil detachment is a key process affecting soil erosion since it determines the amount of sediment that is potentially transferred to surface water bodies. Soil detachment capacity is a key parameter in many process based erosion models such as the Water Erosion Prediction Project model. Therefore, quantifying detachment capacity of the engineering accumulation under different conditions is pivotal to calibrate and validate the process based on the erosion models. In the study, we used the soil detachment capacity to quantify the variation ranges of the engineering accumulation in the different area, and evaluate the regulation of vegetation restoration patterns, years of recovery and the slope cutting and grading control on the soil anti-scour erodibility. Different engineering accumulations of the expressways in the Qin-ba mountain area, Guanzhong Plain and Hilly region of Loess Plateau(in Shaanxi Province) were selected. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from the surface soil using the cutting rings with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 6.37 cm for the measurement of soil detachment capacity. The soil detachment capacity was measured in a 2.0 m long and 0.15 m wide hydraulic flume indoors. Flow discharge was controlled by six valves and measured 5 times with plastic buckets and a volumetric cylinder. After the flow became stable, the flow surface velocity was measured using a fluorescent dye technique for 10 times. The velocity was multiplied by a reduction factor of 0.67 to obtain the mean flow velocity. The results indicated that the variation ranges of the soil detachment capacity on typical accumulation in the Qinba mountainous area, Guanzhong Plain and Hilly area of Loess Plateau were 0.034-1.659, 0.311-0.816 and 0.346-1.042 kg/(m2·s), respectively. Compared with agropyron cristatum, the natural restoration of vegetation on the slope of the engineering accumulation with coronilla varia can significantly reduce the soil detachment capacity, and the reduction was 94.97%. Compared with no-reclamation, there was no significant effect on soil detachment capacity of the corn and beans on the slope of accumulation which was constituted with rock fragments and soil in the short term. Compared with recovering in one year, there were no significant(P>0.05) differences in recovering two years, but the soil detachment capacity was remarkably decreased by recovering five years, and the reduction was 57.35%. Furthermore, compared with the cultivated land, the reduction of soil detachment capacity was 60.41% in recovering five years. There was no significant difference in the spatial variation of soil detachment capacity for accumulation with Heilu soil in the short slope(the length of slope was less than 60 m). Compared with untreated slope, the soil detachment capacity was remarkably decreased by the slope cutting and grading control on the engineering accumulation. And compared with the untreated slope, the reduction of soil detachment capacity in the platform and slope by the regulated measures were 66.79% and 49.04%, respectively. There was significant negative(P<0.05) correlation between root mass density, soil cohesion, soil water content, median soil grain size, the clay content and the soil detachment capacity, using an exponential function. The prediction model of soil detachment capacity was well fitted with on root mass density and flow shear stress. This research can not only provide the basic data for the prediction soil detachment capacity of accumulation, but also provide guidance for the treatment measures in the slope of engineering accumulation.
Accumulation has become the main source of soil erosion in the production and construction projects. Soil detachment is a key process affecting soil erosion since it determines the amount of sediment that is potentially transferred to surface water bodies. Soil detachment capacity is a key parameter in many process based erosion models such as the Water Erosion Prediction Project model. Therefore, quantifying detachment capacity of the engineering accumulation under different conditions is pivotal to calibrate and validate the process based on the erosion models. In the study, we used the soil detachment capacity to quantify the variation ranges of the engineering accumulation in the different area, and evaluate the regulation of vegetation restoration patterns, years of recovery and the slope cutting and grading control on the soil anti-scour erodibility. Different engineering accumulations of the expressways in the Qin-ba mountain area, Guanzhong Plain and Hilly region of Loess Plateau(in Shaanxi Province) were selected. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from the surface soil using the cutting rings with a diameter of 10 cm and a height of 6.37 cm for the measurement of soil detachment capacity. The soil detachment capacity was measured in a 2.0 m long and 0.15 m wide hydraulic flume indoors. Flow discharge was controlled by six valves and measured 5 times with plastic buckets and a volumetric cylinder. After the flow became stable, the flow surface velocity was measured using a fluorescent dye technique for 10 times. The velocity was multiplied by a reduction factor of 0.67 to obtain the mean flow velocity. The results indicated that the variation ranges of the soil detachment capacity on typical accumulation in the Qinba mountainous area, Guanzhong Plain and Hilly area of Loess Plateau were 0.034-1.659, 0.311-0.816 and 0.346-1.042 kg/(m2·s), respectively. Compared with agropyron cristatum, the natural restoration of vegetation on the slope of the engineering accumulation with coronilla varia can significantly reduce the soil detachment capacity, and the reduction was 94.97%. Compared with no-reclamation, there was no significant effect on soil detachment capacity of the corn and beans on the slope of accumulation which was constituted with rock fragments and soil in the short term. Compared with recovering in one year, there were no significant(P>0.05) differences in recovering two years, but the soil detachment capacity was remarkably decreased by recovering five years, and the reduction was 57.35%. Furthermore, compared with the cultivated land, the reduction of soil detachment capacity was 60.41% in recovering five years. There was no significant difference in the spatial variation of soil detachment capacity for accumulation with Heilu soil in the short slope(the length of slope was less than 60 m). Compared with untreated slope, the soil detachment capacity was remarkably decreased by the slope cutting and grading control on the engineering accumulation. And compared with the untreated slope, the reduction of soil detachment capacity in the platform and slope by the regulated measures were 66.79% and 49.04%, respectively. There was significant negative(P<0.05) correlation between root mass density, soil cohesion, soil water content, median soil grain size, the clay content and the soil detachment capacity, using an exponential function. The prediction model of soil detachment capacity was well fitted with on root mass density and flow shear stress. This research can not only provide the basic data for the prediction soil detachment capacity of accumulation, but also provide guidance for the treatment measures in the slope of engineering accumulation.
引文
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[2]Zhang L T,Gao Z L,Li Z B,et al.Downslope runoff and erosion response of typical engineered landform to variable inflow rate patterns from upslope[J].Natural Hazards,2016,80(2):775-796.
[3]Li Z W,Zhang G H,Geng R,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil detachment capacity by overland flow at a hillslope with ephemeral gullies on the Loess Plateau[J].Geomorphology,2015,248:264-272.
[4]王瑄,李占斌,李雯,等.土壤剥蚀率与水流功率关系室内模拟实验[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(2):185-187.Wang Xuan,Li Zhanbin,Li Wen,et al.Indoor simulation experiment of the relationship between soil detachment rate and stream power[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(2):185-187.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]何小武,张光辉,刘宝元.坡面薄层水流的土壤分离试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(6):52-55.He Xiaowu,Zhang Guanghui,Liu Baoyuan.Soil detachment by shallow flow on slopes[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(6):52-55.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Li Z W,Zhang G H,Geng R,et al.Land use impacts on soil detachment capacity by overland flow in the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2015,124:9-17.
[7]Malam Issa O,Le Bissonnais Y,Planchon O,et al.Soil detachment and transport on field-and laboratory-scale interrill areas:Erosion processes and the size-selectivity of eroded sediment[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31(8):929-939.
[8]Zhang L T,Gao Z L,Yang S W,et al.Dynamic processes of soil erosion by runoff on engineered landforms derived from expressway construction:A case study of typical steep spoil heap[J].Catena,2015,128:108-121.
[9]罗榕婷,张光辉,曹颖.坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2009,28(4):567-574.Luo Rongting,Zang Guanghui,Cao Ying.Progress in the research of hydrodynamic characteristics of sediment-laden overland flow[J].Progress in Geography,2009,28(4):567-574.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Shi D,Wang W,Jiang G,et al.Effects of disturbed landforms on the soil water retention function during urbanization process in the three gorges reservoir region,China[J].Catena,2016,144:84-93.
[11]王瑄,李占斌,尚佰晓,等.坡面土壤蚀率与水蚀因子关系室内模拟试验[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(9):22-26.Wang Xuan,Li Zhanbin,Shang Baixiao,et al.Indoor simulation experiment of the relationship between soil detachment rate and water erosion factor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(9):22-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]牛耀彬,高照良,李永红,等.工程堆积体坡面细沟形态发育及其与产流产沙量的关系[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(19):154-161.Niu Yaobin,Gao Zhaoliang,Li Yonghong,et al.Rill morphology development of engineering accumulation and its relationship with runoff and sediment[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(19):154-161.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]李永红,牛耀彬,王正中,等.工程堆积体坡面径流水动力学参数及其相互关系[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(22):83-88.Li Yonghong,Niu Yaobin,Wang Zhengzhong,et al.Hydrodynamic parameters and their relationships of runoff over engineering accumulation slope[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(22):83-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]张乐涛,高照良,田红卫.工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学过程[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):94-102.Zhang Letao,Gao Zhaoliang,Tian Hongwei.Hydrodynamic process of soil erosion in steep slope of engineering accumulation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(24):94-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]管新建,李占斌,王民,等.坡面径流水蚀动力参数室内试验及模糊贴近度分析[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(6):1-6.Guan Xinjian,Li Zhanbin,Wang Min,et al.Laboratory experiment and fuzzy nearness degree analysis of runoff hydrodynamic erosion factors on slope land surface[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(6):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]牛耀彬,高照良,刘子壮,等.工程措施条件下堆积体坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学特性[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(6):105-111.Niu Yaobin,Gao Zhaoliang,Liu Zizhuang,et al.Hydrodynamic characteristics of soil erosion on deposit slope under engineering measures[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,13(6):105-111.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Beuselinck L,Govers G,Steegen A,et al.Evaluation of the simple settling theory for predicting sediment deposition by overland flow[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1999,24(11):993-1007.
[18]张少伟,郭勇,权红花.陕西省地理国(省)情监测中的基本地貌类型及划分指标[J].测绘标准化,2012,28(4):13-16.Zhang Shaowei,Guo Yong,Quan Honghua.Fundamental relief types and their classification index used in provincial geographic conditions monitoring in Shaanxi[J].Standardization of Surveying and Mapping,2012,28(4):13-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]Luk S H,Merz W.Use of the salt tracing technique to determine the velocity of overland-flow[J].Soil Technology,1992,5:289-301.
[20]Wang B,Zhang G H,Shi Y Y,et al.Soil detachment by overland flow under different vegetation restoration models in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Catena,2014,116:51-59.
[21]Govers G,Gimenez R,Oost K V.Rill erosion:Exploring the relationship between experiments,modelling and field observations[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2007,84(3):87-102.
[22]Baets S D,Poesen J.Empirical models for predicting the erosion-reducing effects of plant roots during concentrated flow erosion[J].Geomorphology,2010,118(3/4):425-432.
[23]Zhang G H,Tang K,Ren Z,et al.Impact of grass root mass density on soil detachment capacity by concentrated flow on steep slopes[J].Transactions of the ASABE,2013,56(3):927-934.
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